UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


Agric.  Dept. 


THE  COCCIDAE 


TABLES   FOR  THE  IDENTIFICATION   OF  THE  SUBFAMILIES   AND   SOME  OF 

THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  GENERA  AND  SPECIES   TOGETHER  WITH 

DISCUSSIONS  OF  THEIR  ANATOMY  AND  LIFE  HISTORY 


BY 


ALEX.  D.  MACGILLIVRAY 


I  will  speak  what  I  believe  to-day, 

even  if  it  contradicts   everything   that 

I  said  yesterday.  Gladstone. 


SCARAB  COMPANY 

URBANA,  ILLINOIS 

1921 


COPYRIGHT,  1921 

BY 

SCARAB   COMPANY 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 

INCLUDING  THOSE  OF  TRANSLATION 


ISSUED 
JANUARY  10,  1921 


PRINTED    BY 

FLANIGAN-PEARSON    COMPA> 
CHAMPAIGN,    ILLINOIS 


'  '  '   '   : 


Agric.   Dept 


TO 

MY   FORMER   STUDENTS   OF    THE    COCCIDAE   WHO    THROUGH 

THEIR   INSISTENCE   ARE   RESPONSIBLE   FOR   THE 

COMPLETION  AND  PUBLICATION  OF 

THIS  VOLUME 


268019 


PREFACE 

The  following  materials  were  originally  collected  for  the  use 
of  students  in  the  indentification  of  coccids.  They  were  based 
upon  printed  descriptions  and  original  studies  of  specimens.  There 
were,  when  the  tables  were  first  prepared,  no  extensive  or  limited 
analyses  that  could  be  used  for  this  purpose.  The  first  plan  was 
to  arrange  analyses  of  all  the  genera  and  species  of  all  the  sub- 
families, but  it  was  soon  found  that  this  was  impractical.  The 
first  draft  was  prepared  about  fifteen  years  ago.  This  was  later 
greatly  extended,  modified,  revised,  and  mimeographed  for  issu- 
ance to  students. 

The  mimeographed  edition  contained  the  following  preface: 
"The  tables  given  herewith  are  compilations  to  facilitate  the  deter- 
mination of  species.  In  making  the  compilations,  numerous  studies 
were  made  on  the  phylogeny  of  the  different  subfamilies,  genera, 
and  species  and  the  results  of  the  studies  thus  made  are  embodied 
herein.  Although  compilations  from  descriptions  in  the  main,  yet 
they  contain  names  not  used  elsewhere  (all  those  marked  MacG.) 
and  hence  unpublished.  The  preparation  of  mimeographed  papers 
does  not  constitute  publication  according  to  the  rules  of  systematic 
zoologists.  Hence  these  new  names  and  this  manuscript  has  no 
standing  in  entomological  literature.  In  justice  to  the  writer,  there- 
fore, the  names  and  tables  given  herewith  should  be  considered  the 
personal  property  of  the  writer  and  are  not  to  be  referred  to  by 
any  person  using  the  tables  in  any  paper  that  may  be  published 
until  after  the  names  and  facts  here  given  have  been  printed  in 
such  a  way  by  the  writer  as  to  be  recognized  as  published  by 
zoologists."  This  statement  is  included  in  order  to  fix  the  status 
of  the  mimeographed  copies  in  case  any  of  them  should  find  their 
way  into  libraries. 

Besides  the  preparation  of  the  tables  there  was  accumulated 
from  various  sources  in  addition  to  my  own  studies  upon  speci- 
mens, many  facts  bearing  upon  the  preparation,  anatomy,  meta- 
morphosis, and  habits  of  coccids.  These  facts  were  presented  to  the 
students  in  the  form  of  a  course  of  lectures.  Most  of  the  students 
who  have  taken  this  coccid  course  have  been  provided  with  a  set  of 
the  mimeographed  tables.  I  have  had  many  requests  from  former 
students  and  others  to  purchase  the  tables  or  asking  for  permis- 


VI  PREFACE 

sion  to  be  allowed  to  copy  them  and,  when  these  requests  have  been 
denied  have  urged  that  "the  material  might  be  printed  and  made 
available  for  the  use  of  all.  For  this  reason  the  accumulated 
materials  have  been  again  revised  and  extended  and  are  offered 
on  the  following  pages. 

The  number  of  separate  publications  or  papers  dealing  with 
the  family  Coccidae  is  legion.  Mrs.  M.  E.  Fernald  prepared  a 
catalogue  which  gives  references  to  the  literature  dealing  with  all 
the  species.  This  catalogue  is  of  inestimable  value  to  every 
student  of  the  Coccidae.  The  numerous  titles  to  papers  have  not 
been  accumulated  thus  far  by  any  one  and  I  have  given  a  consider- 
able list  of  the  books  and  papers  dealing  with  the  family.  No 
attempt  has  been  made  to  make  it  complete. 

The  fact  that  no  figures  are  included  in  this  volume  may 
appear  to  many  as  an  error.  The  tables  were  prepared  primarily 
for  the  use  of  students.  Those  who  have  had  any  experience  in 
teaching  know  that  most  students  will  not  undertake  anything 
they  are  not  forced  to  do.  The  omission  of  figures  makes  it  neces- 
sary for  them  to  study  their  specimens  rather  than  figures. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  figures  and  descriptions  of  the 
species  of  Diaspidinae  has  made  it  possible  to  refer  a  considerable 
number  of  the  species  to  the  generic  groups  recognized  in  this 
volume.  A  number  of  species,  however,  either  from  the  meagerness 
of  their  descriptions  or  the  imperfections  of  their  figures,  have 
been  included  under  the  generic  group  where  they  were  originally 
described.  Further  investigation  will  show  that  some  of  these 
species  are  misplaced. 

The  materials  accumulated  are  from  such  varied  sources,  that  it 
is  impossible  to  name  all  the  authors.  I  take  this  opportunity  to 
acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  all  students  of  the  Coccidae  for 
the  material  that  I  have  culled  from  their  writings.  The  following 
are  deserving  of  special  mention :  Berlese,  Cockerell,  Comstock, 
Green,  Hempel,  Kuwana,  Leonardi,  Marlatt,  Maskell,  Newstead, 
and  Signoret.  I  am  also  greatly  indebted  to  all  my  former  students 
of  the  Coccidae  for  many  suggestions  and  criticisms  of  the  form  and 
arrangement  of  the  various  tables  and  of  the  characterizations  used 
therein. 

A.  D.  M. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

URBANA,  ILLINOIS, 

July  15,  1920. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

CHAPTER  I. 
INTRODUCTION  1 

CHAPTER  II 
PREPARATION     11 

CHAPTER  III 
EXTERNAL  ANATOMY 24 

CHAPTER  IV. 
CLASSIFICATION    40 

CHAPTER  V. 
SUBFAMILY  MONOPHLEBINAE 62 

CHAPTER  VI. 

SUBFAMILY  KUWANIINAE 76 

CHAPTER  VII. 
SUBFAMILY  XYLOCOCCINAE  80 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
SUBFAMILY  MARGARODINAE  _.  -88 


CHAPTER  IX. 
SUBFAMILY  CALLAPAPPINAE   94 

CHAPTER  X. 

SUBFAMILY    COCCINAE    99 

CHAPTER  XI. 
SUBFAMILY   OETHEZIINAE   105 

CHAPTER  XII. 
SUBFAMILY  PHENACOLEACHIINAE   115 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
SUBFAMILY  ERIOCOCCINAE 118 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
SUBFAMILY  TACHARDIINAE  148 

CHAPTER  XV. 
SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE   155 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
SUBFAMILY  ASTEROLECANIINAE   _.  ._  183 


PAGE 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
SUBFAMILY  KEBMESHNAE  191 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
SUBFAMILY  APIOMOBPHINAE 199 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
SUBFAMILY  CYLINDBOCOCCINAE 205 

CHAPTER  XX. 
SUBFAMILY  CONCHASPINAE 212 

CHAPTER  XXI. 
SUBFAMILY  DIASPIDINAE 217 

CHAPTER  XXII. 
TBIBE  PABLATOBHNI  245 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 
TBIBE  LEUCASPINI 258 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 
TBIBE  LEPIDOSAPHINI 269 

CHAPTER  XXV. 
TBIBE  DIASPIDINI  297 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 
TBIBE  FIOBINHNI   367 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 
TBIBE  ASPIDIOTINI   380 

BlBLIOGBAPHY      466 

INDEX    ._  475 


THE    COCCIDAE 

CHAPTER  I 

INTRODUCTION 

The  subdivision  of  the  body  into  a  series  of  somewhat  similar 
rings  or  areas  and  the  modification  of  the  external  surface  of  the 
rings  into  a  hardened  skeleton  or  cuticle  are  important  character- 
istics. They  denote  that  any  animal  possessing  them  is  an 
Arthropod.  The  rings,  known  as  segments,  are  separated  by  dis- 
tinct constrictions  or  infoldings.  A  portion  of  each  infolded 
portion,  known  as  a  conjunctiva  or  coria,  is  generally  different  in 
color  and  more  flexible.  The  presence  of  a  pair  of  segmented 
appendages  on  each  or  a  few  of  the  segments  is  a  further  indi- 
cation of  an  arthropodan  relationship.  The  fact  that  the  segments 
are  assembled  into  three  groups  or  regions,  a  cephalic  region  or 
head  which  is  apparently  unsegmented  but  in  reality  consists  of 
six  segments,  an  intermediate  region  or  thorax  consisting  of  three 
segments,  and  a  caudal  region  or  abdomen  consisting  typically  of 
eleven  segments,  is  an  indication  of  an  affinity  with  the  hexapods 
or  insects.  This  relationship  is  usually  emphasized  by  the  presence 
of  a  pair  of  legs  on  each  segment  of  the  thorax,  the  absence  of  legs 
on  the  abdomen,  and  the  modification  of  the  appendages  of  the 
segments  of  the  head  into  mouth-parts.  The  evidences  of  relation- 
ship of  coccids  to  arthropods  and  insects  are  in  part  wanting  in 
many  coccids  and  are  all  wanting  in  some. 

The  insects  of  the  order  Hemiptera,  to  which  the  family  Coc- 
cidae  belongs,  possess  typically  the  following  characteristics.  The 
constriction  between  the  head  and  prothorax,  the  procoria,  is  dis- 
tinct. The  coria  between  the  prothorax  and  mesothorax,  the  meso- 
coria,  is  also  distinct,  while  the  one  between  the  mesothorax  and 
metathorax,  the  metacoria,  as  well  as  the  coria  between  the  met- 
athorax  and  the  first  abdominal  segment,  the  unacoria,  are  usually 
more  or  less  obscure.  The  head  bears  a  pair  of  compound  eyes, 
a  pair  of  antennae  of  varying  size  and  shape,  and  three  pairs  of 
mouth-parts.  These  latter  are  of  the  sucking  type.  Two  of  the 

1 


THE   COCCIDAE 


pairs  of  mouth-parts,  the  mandibles  and  the  maxillae,  are  long, 
slender,  bristle-like  appendages  that  are  similar  in  appearance. 
The  third  pair,  the  labium,  is  in  the  form  of  a  long  segmented  tube 
which  is  fitted  for  sucking  and  piercing  and  is  known  as  the  ros- 
trum. This  tube  is  normally  folded  against  the  ventral  aspect  of 
the  head  and  thorax.  It  contains  a  longitudinal  furrow  which  is 
open  on  the  dorsal  aspect.  The  sides  of  this  furrow  are  adjacent, 
forming  a  lumen  in  which  the  bristle-like  mandibles  and  maxillae 
are  held  and  supported.  Each  segment  of  the  thorax  bears  a  pair 
of  legs,  which  consist  of  the  usual  number  of  sclerites  or  segments. 
The  mesothorax  and  metathorax  usually  bear  also  a  pair  of  wings. 
The  thorax  generally  bears  two  and  the  abdomen  a  varying  num- 
ber, never  more  than  eight  and  usually  about  six,  pairs  of 
spiracles.  Certain  eoccids  lack  all  these  features  indicating  rela- 
tionship with  the  Hemiptera  except  the  presence  of  two  pairs  of 
thoracic  spiracles  and  of  a  thin  external  body  skeleton  or  cuticle. 

The  great  diversity  and  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  many 
eoccids  and  the  similarity  to  them  in  general  external  appearance 
of  certain  species  of  some  of  the  related  families  of  Hemiptera  has 
led  even  some  specialists  into  the  error  from  time  to  time  of 
describing  insects  other  than  eoccids  as  such.  All  orders  of  insects 
can  be  divided  into  two  large  groups  according  to  the  number  of 
tarsal  segments,  in  one  group  would  fall  those  with  five  segments, 
assumed  to  be  the  primitive  condition,  and  in  the  other  those  with 
less  than  five  segments.  The  Hemiptera  and  the  closely  related 
orders  of  Exometabola  with  sucking  mouth-parts  belong  to  the 
group  with  less  than  five  tarsal  segments.  This  latter  group  can 
be  divided  into  two  series  upon  the  size  of  the  pronotum  and  the 
condition  of  the  wings.  In  one  of  the  series  the  mesothoracic  wings 
are  modified  into  veinless  wing-covers  or  elytra  and  the  pronotum 
is  a  large  subquadrangular  area  loosely  articulated  to  the 
mesonotum,  while  in  the  other  group  the  wings,  although  sometimes 
thickened,  are  never  modified  into  elytra  and  the  pronotum  is 
reduced  in  size,  collar-like  and  immovably  united  with  the 
mesothorax.  The  Hemiptera  and  their  allies,  which  belong  to  the 
latter  series,  are  easily  separated  from  all  other  insects  with  tarsi 
of  less  than  five  segments,  because  their  mouth-parts,  in  immature 
individuals  as  well  as  adults,  are  fitted  for  sucking.  It  is  very 
unusual  to  have  immature  insects  with  sucking  mouth-parts. 

The  form  and  structure  of  the  sucking  mouth-parts  of  the 
orders  with  less  than  five  segments  in  their  tarsi  are  sufficiently 
distinctive  and  typical  to  differentiate  them  from  each  other.  The 


INTRODUCTION  3 

characters  recorded  in  the  following  table  will  serve  not  only  to 
separate  these  orders  from  each  other,  but  will  also  serve  to 
separate  them  from  all  the  other  orders  of  insects : — 

a.  Legs  normal  in  form,  fitted  for  walking  or  swimming,  never  scan- 
sorial  or  with  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw  of  each  leg  combined  to 
form  an  opposed  thumb  and  finger  for  clinging  to  hairs;  labium 
modified  into  a  distinct  always  exposed  sucking  tube,  if  wanting, 
thorax  with  a  single  pair  of  wings  or  the  tarsi  with  a  single  claw 
or  legs  wanting. 

b.  Tarsi  with  the  distal  segment  bladder-like  or  hoof-like  in  form; 
wings  long,  narrow,  subequal  in  size,  margins  parallel  and  fringed 
with  setae  as  long  as  the  width  of  wins;  labium  a  conical  tube 
enclosing  one  mandible  and  two  maxillae;  mazillae  and  labium 
provided  with  palpi;  clypeus  asymmetrical  in  the  adult;  legs  and 

mouth-parts    always    present PHYSOPODA. 

bb.  Tarsi  with  the  distal  segment  never  bladder-like  or  hoof-like  in 
form;  wings  triangular  or  subtriangular  in  outline,  one  of  the 
wings  of  each  side  usually  larger  than  the  other,  never  with 
margins  parallel  and  fringed  with  long  setae;  labium  a  segmented 
tube  enclosing  bristle-like  mandibles  and  maxillae;  maxillae  and 
labium  never  provided  with  palpi;  clypeus  always  symmetrical; 

legs  and  mouth-parts  sometimes  wanting HEMIPTEBA. 

aa.  Legs  abnormal  in  form,  never  fitted  for  walking  or  swimming, 
always  scansorial  or  with  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw  of  each  leg 
combined  to  form  an  opposed  thumb  and  finser  for  clinging  to 
hairs;  labium  modified  into  a  sucking  tube  that  is  usually  retracted 

and  concealed;  wings  always  wanting  and  legs  always  present 

ANOPLUBA, 

The  Anoplura  or  lice  are  generally  included  as  a  suborder 
of  Hemiptera  under  the  name  of  Parasitica.  The  evidence  that 
they  are  degraded  Hemiptera  is  not  very  conclusive.  The  form  of 
their  mouth-parts,  a  closed  sucking  tube  without  mandibles  or 
maxillae,  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  species  of  this  order. 
The  order  Hemiptera  can  be  characterized  more  definitely  and  the 
Anoplura  more  easily  differentiated  from  the  Hemiptera  if  it  is 
considered  as  a  distinct  order. 

The  order  Hemiptera  is  usually  divided  into  three  suborders, 
Heteroptera,  Homoptcra,  and  Parasitica.  The  last  of  these  has 
been  recognized  as  a  distinct  order  as  already  indicated.  The 
texture  of  the  wings,  the  shape  and  position  of  the  head,  the  point 
of  attachment  and  structure  of  the  labium  or  rostrum,  the  form  of 
the  tarsi,  and  the  form,  size,  and  presence  of  the  antennae  are 
the  characteristics  generally  used  to  distinguish  the  suborders 
Heteroptera  and  Homoptera.  The  difference  in  the  form  of  the 


4  THE  COCCIDAE 

antennae  and  in  the  general  appearance  of  the  families  of  this 
suborder,  as  generally  recognized,  has  led  to  its  subdivision  into 
two  groups  or  suborders.  The  structure  of  the  wings,  the  form 
and  origin  of  the  mouth-parts,  and  the  presence  of  many  other 
minor  differences  emphasize  the  desirability  of  this  subdivision: — 

SUBORDERS  OF  HEMIPTERA 

a.  Head  with  rostrum  attached  to  its  cephalic  end,  distant  from  the 
prothoracic  legs,  ventro-meson  of  the  head  distinctly  longer  than 
the  distance  on  the  venter  between  compound  eyes;  mesothoracic 
wings,  when  present,  with  proximal  portion  thickened  and  distal 

portion   membranous.    HETEBOPTEBA. 

aa.  Head  with  rostrum  attached  to  its  ventral  aspect  near  the  articula- 
tion of  prothoracic  legs,  ventro-meson  distinctly  shorter  than  distance 
on  the  venter  between  compound  eyes;  mesothoracic  wings,  when 
present,  always  of  same  texture  throughout,  never  thickened  on 
proximal  and  membranous  on  distal  portion, 
b.  Antennae  minute  and  inconspicuous,  setiform  or  awl-shaped;  tarsi 

with  three  segments;  prothorax  large  and  conspicuous 

HOMOPTEBA. 

bb.  Antennae  long  and  filiform,  rudimentary,  or  wanting,  never  seti- 
form or  awl-shaped;  tarsi  with  one  or  two  segments;  prothorax 
small  and  frequently  inconspicuous.  GULABOSTBIA. 

The  suborder  Heteroptera  as  here  denned  includes  the  super- 
families  and  families  usually  assigned  to  it.  The  suborder 
Homoptera  includes  the  superfamilies  Cicadoidea,  Jassoidea,  Ful- 
goroidea,  and  Membraeoidea,  while  to  the  suborder  Gularostria  is 
assigned  the  Psyllidae,  Aphididae,  Aleyrodidae,  and  Coccidae. 
These  groups  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following  table : — 

FAMILIES  OF  GULAROSTRIA 

a.     Tarsi  of  adult  rarely  with  less  than  two  segments  and  usually  with 
two  claws,  legs  never  wanting;  wings,  when  present,  four  in  number; 
eyes   in   adult   always  compound,   if  present   in   nymph,   compound; 
rostrum  always  present  in  nymphs  and  adults,  usually  greatly  elon- 
gated   and   projecting   beyond    the   mesocoxae;    adult    insects    never 
scale-like,  grub-like,  or  gall-like  in  form  and  never  immovably  fixed 
to  the  food  plant;  nymphs  sometimes  scale-like,  legless,  and  immov- 
able, if  so,  abdomen  always  provided  with  a  vasiform  orifice. 
b.    Wings,   when   present,   membranous;    the  metathoracic  wings   al- 
ways much  smaller  than  the  mesothoracic;  body  of  adult  and  its 
wings    sometimes    bearing    filaments,    threads,    or    tufts    of    wax, 
never    densely    covered    with    a   fine,    white,    and    powdery    wax; 
nymphs  and  adults  frequently  associated,  subsimilar  in  form,  both 
provided    with    antennae    and    legs,   both    capable    of   locomotion, 
nymphs  never  provided  with  a  vasiform  orifice. 


INTRODUCTION  5 

c.  Antennae  with  eight  to  ten  segments;  rostrum  with  three 
segments,  reaching  to  mesocoxae;  metacoxae  near  together, 
about  length  of  their  coxae  apart;  adults  always  provided  with 
wings,  veins  arising  as  branches  from  both  sides  of  a  short 
median  proximal  stem;  nymphs  with  body  usually  strongly 
depressed,  wing  pads  horizontal  and  usually  ending  beyond 

the  body.  PSYLLIDAE. 

cc.  Antennae  with  three  to  six  segments;  rostrum  with  four  or 
five  segments,  reaching  to  and  frequently  beyond  the  mesocoxae ; 
metacoxae  distant,  four  or  five  times  as  far  apart  as  the  length 
of  their  coxae;  adults  winged  or  wingless,  veins  arising  as 
branches  from  the  caudal  margin  only  of  a  large  cephalic  vein; 
nymphs  with  body  cylindrical,  rarely  depressed,  wing  pads  not 

horizontal  and  usually  held  against  the  body APHIDIDAE. 

bb.  Wings  membranous  and  rarely  absent  in  adult;  metathoracic 
wings  subequal  in  size  to  mesothoracic;  body  of  adult  and  wings 
always  densely  covered  with  a  fine  white,  powdery  wax;  nymphs 
and  adults  sometimes  closely  associated,  always  different  in  form, 
adults  insect-like,  nymphs  always  scale-like  or  grub-like  in  form 
and  never  covered  with  a  white  waxy  powder,  frequently  with 
marginal  plates  of  wax,  always  without  antennae  and  legs,  and 

abdomen  always  provided  with  a  vasiform  orifice ALEYRODIDAE. 

aa.  Tarsi  of  the  adult  rarely  with  more  than  one  segment  and  always 
with  a  single  claw,  legs  frequently  wanting;  wings,  when  present, 
two  in  number;  eyes  in  adult  and  nymphal  female  never  compound 
and  frequently  wanting,  wanting  in  nymphal  male  and  rarely  com- 
pound in  adult  male;  rostrum  very  short,  rarely  reaching  mesocoxae 
or  as  far  as  metathoracic  spiracles  if  mesocoxae  are  wanting  in  fe- 
male, wanting  in  older  nymphal  stages  and  always  in  cdult  male  and 
rarely  wanting  in  adult  female;  adult  male  usually  winged  and 
insect-like,  adult  female  scale-like,  grub-like,  or  gall-like  in  form, 
frequently  inbedded  in  mass  of  wax  of  its  own  excretion,  frequently 
fixed  to  the  food  plant  and  immovable;  legs  and  antennae  frequently 
greatly  reduced  in  size,  rudimentary,  or  wanting  in  nymphal  and 

adult  females;  abdomen  never  provided  with  vasiform  orifice 

COCCIDAE. 

The  members  of  the  family  Coccidae  live  upon  the  stems, 
leaves  and  roots  of  plants.  While  a  great  majority  of  the  species 
are  fixed  to  the  host-plant  for  at  least  a  part  of  their  life,  some 
are  always  active.  The  fixity  or  quiesence  of  the  different  species 
is  confined  for  the  most  part  to  the  female  sex  and  is  always 
associated  with  the  production  of  eggs  and  young.  There  is  the 
greatest  diversity  in  the  external  form  of  coccids.  This  is  due 
more  to  the  form  of  the  waxy  excretion  with  which  the  body  is 
covered  than  to  the  general  form  of  the  body  itself.  The  amount 
of  wax  and  the  form  it  assumes  are  also  associated  with  repro- 
duction. There  is  frequently  considerable  variation  in  the  external 


6  THE   COCCIDAE 

appearance  of  different  individuals  of  the  same  species  due  to 
their  being  crowded  into  crevices  and  depressions  upon  the  host- 
plant  and  also  to  the  close  crowding  together  of  the  different 
individuals.  While  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  form  and 
structure  of  the  body,  these  differences  are  always  so  minute  that 
they  can  not  be  seen  without  the  aid  of  a  miscroscope  and  many 
of  them  are  difficult  to  interpret  even  by  the  use  of  a  microscope 
of  considerable  magnification.  In  the  classification  of  coccids  the 
early  systematists  used  the  superficial  characters,  those  based  on 
the  shape  and  consistency  of  the  wax.  Comstock  demonstrated 
not  only  the  validity  of  the  structural  characters  of  the  pygidium, 
but  used  them  in  differentiating  species  of  Diaspidinae  so  that  it 
is  now  possible  with  a  considerable  degree  of  accuracy  to  identify 
species  of  this  subfamily.  The  genera  and  species  of  the  other 
subfamilies  are  still  based  to  a  large  extent  upon  superficial 
characters. 

The  greatest  development  in  number  of  genera  and  species  is 
found  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  but  many  genera  and 
species  extend  into  and  are  peculiar  to  temperate  regions.  The 
number  of  peculiar  or  bizarre  species  that  have  been  described 
from  Australia  and  the  islands  connecting  this  continent  with  the 
Asiatic  mainland  is  large.  While  certain  species  of  coceids  are 
found  only  upon  certain  plants  and  frequently  only  upon  certain 
parts  of  the  plant,  other  species  whether  limited  to  a  particular 
part  of  the  plant  or  not  may  occur  on  all  the  species  of  plants  of 
a  genus,  of  a  family,  or  all  the  families  of  an  order.  Some  species 
are  found  apparently  indiscriminately  upon  almost  any  plant, 
regardless  of  its  taxanomic  association  and  upon  any  part  of  the 
plant  but  the  roots.  Only  a  few  coccids  feed  upon  the  roots  of 
plants.  They  are  peculiar  to  this  situation  and  belong  as  a  rule 
to  particular  coccid  genera. 

The  individual  insects  are  usually  small  and  inconspicuous 
and  easily  overlooked.  While  this  is  true'  of  most  coccids,  some 
of  the  species  of  the  generalized  subfamilies  attain  a  size  of  one 
inch  or  more.  Many  of  the  large  or  medium  sized  species  are 
conspicuous  in  the  adult  stage  because  of  the  mass  of  white  wax 
which  surrounds  their  body  or  its  attachment  to  it.  This  is  partic- 
ularly true  of  colonies  of  Pulvinaria  which  are  usually  overlooked 
until  they  begin  to  form  their  ovisacs.  The  amount  of  wax 
excreted  by  the  female  before  and  during  the  deposition  of  her 
eggs  varies  with  the  subfamily  and  to  a  certain  extent  with  the 
species.  Some  females  excrete  a  long  ribbon  of  doughy  wax  five 


INTRODUCTION  7 

or  six  inches  long  as  in  Takahashia.  In  certain  of  the  species 
forming  an  abundance  of  wax,  it  is  a  thick  homogenous  mass  and 
in  the  case  of  Tachardia,  the  shellac  forming  insects,  the  wax  is 
an  important  article  of  commerce.  A  long  time,  several  weeks 
to  three  months,  is  sometimes  required  in  the  production  of  the 
ovisac,  as  in  Icerya.  The  small  species  may  become  conspicuous 
from  the  large  number  of  individuals  present  in  a  given  area, 
this  is  also  increased  sometimes  by  the  color,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
male  scales  of  Chionaspis  and  Aulacaspis.  The  number  may  be 
so  large  that  the  surface  is  completely  covered  or  encrusted  and 
hence  the  name  of  scale  insects.  Most  -of  the  species  that  occur  in 
considerable  numbers,  as  the  species  of  Aspidiotus,  Lepidosaphes, 
or  Chionaspis,  form  only  a  minute  leaf-like  disk  of  wax  and  molted 
skins.  The  females  of  Icerya  and  of  other  large  species  when  they 
are  ready  to  form  their  large  conspicuous  ovisacs,  seem  to  con- 
gregate in  the  same  place  so  that  many  adjacent  ovisacs  are 
frequently  found  close  together. 

The  coccids  and  aleyrodids  of  all  the  insects  that  undergo 
a  direct  or  incomplete  metamorphosis  show  the  farthest  departure 
from  the  generalized  orthopteran  type  of  metamorphosis.  In  the 
case  of  the  Coccidae  there  is  more  difference  between  the  two  sexes 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  their  life  than  exists  between  many 
species  of  insects  of  other  families  or  orders. 

When  the  recently  emerged  coccid  is  compared  with  the 
diagnosis  of  a  typical  hemipterous  insect  and  of  a  gularostrian, 
it  is  seen  that  there  is  still  retained  most  of  the  features  peculiar 
to  these  types.  The  most  striking  change  is  the  modification  of 
the  compound  eyes  into  a  pair  of  simple  eyes  or  ocellanae,  the 
great  reduction  in  the  size  of  the  constrictions  between  the  head 
and  prothorax  and  the  prothorax  and  mesothorax,  the  procoria 
and  the  mesocoria,  so  that  it  is  often  difficult  to  determine  the 
limits  of  the  head  and  of  the  thoracic  segments.  The  antennae  and 
legs,  while  they  are  typical  in  form  so  far  as  segmentation  and 
number  of  parts  are  concerned,  are  different  in  appearance.  They 
are  large  and  ungainly  in  appearance  and  are  apparently  out  of 
all  proportion  in  size  with  the  remainder  of  the  body.  This  is  not 
true  of  other  nymphal  Hemiptera  or  of  nymphal  insects  in  general. 

The  two  sexes,  while  so  different  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  their  life,  are  indistinguishable  during  the  first  nymphal  stage. 
The  nymphs,  when  they  emerge  from  the  egg,  remain  perfectly 
quiescent  for  a  time,  a  few  hours  to  two  days,  in  the  place  where 
the  eggs  were  laid.  These  young  nymphs  are  suddenly  seized  with 


8  THE   COCCIDAE 

a  desire  to  get  out  and  wander.  It  acts  upon  them  suddenly  as 
if  they  were  seized  with  hysteria,  they  become  not  only  active  but 
they  literally  swarm  out  over  the  branches  of  the  host-plant  until 
frequently  it  is  completely  covered.  The  function  of  this  migration 
period  is  apparently  for  the  dissemination  of  the  species  and  to 
find  an  unencumbered  portion  of  the  host-plant  where  the  nymph 
can  attach  itself  and  begin  to  draw  food. 

The  generalized  coccids  are  active  throughout  their  entire 
nymphal  life  and  in  some  even  throughout  their  entire  life  as  the 
females  of  the  genus  Orthezia.  The  great  majority  are  quiescent 
during  the  adult  stage.  It  would  not  be  strange,  therefore,  to  find 
that  the  length  of  the  active  period  had  been  shortened  and  the 
quiescent  period  lengthened  from  just  the  adult  condition  to 
practically  the  entire  life  of  the  insects.  The  quiescent  period  in 
many  specialized  coccids  begins  just  as  soon  as  the  migrating 
nymphs  of  the  first  nymphal  period  fix  themselves  to  the  host- 
plant.  In  many  species  the  appendages,  including  the  legs  and 
antennae,  and  even  the  mandibles  and  maxillae  in  the  male,  but 
not  the  labium  or  rostrum,  are  lost  at  the  first  molt,  so  that  the 
animals  are  capable  of  only  slight  movements. 

The  males  are  easily  identified  after  their  entrance  into  the 
quiescent  period  which  is  after  the  first  molt  in  the  Eriococcinae, 
because  the  mouth-parts  are  wanting.  They  can  usually  be  identi- 
fied a  short  time  before  the  first  molt  in  mounted  specimens.  The 
developing  mandibles  and  maxillae  of  the  female  which  are  func- 
tional during  the  second  stage  can  be  identified  as  a  coiled  watch- 
spring-like  structure  within  the  cuticle  on  each  side  of  the  rostrum. 
These  coiled  structures,  since  the  mandibles  and  maxillae  are 
wanting  in  the  second  and  following  stages  of  the  male,  are  never 
present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage. 

The  nymphal  males  usually  molt  about  four  times  and  there 
are  four  nymphal  stages.  The  young  nymphs  form  a  cocoon  or 
scale  from  threads  of  wax  at  sometime  before  or  near  the  beginning 
of  the  quiescent  period.  This  quiescence  may  begin  early  in  the 
second  nymphal  period  or  it  may  be  delayed  to  as  late  as  the 
fourth  nymphal  period.  The  molted  skins  are  usually  pushed  out 
under  the  nymphal  ease  or  scale  as  they  are  cast.  The  nymphal 
appendages  and  legs  are  lost  at  the  molt  when  the  male  enters  the 
quiescent  period.  The  appendages  of  the  adult,  including  a  single 
pair  of  wings  in  most  males,  are  developed  from  imaginal  discs. 
It  has  been  maintained  by  some  that  the  male  coccid  passes 
through  an  indirect  or  complete  metamorphosis.  Their  determi- 
nation is  based  upon  the  presence  of  a  quiescent  period  during  the 


INTRODUCTION 

latter  part  of  the  nymphal  life  and  by  some  to  the  fact  that  the 
wings  are  developed  from  imaginal  discs.  The  great  variation  in 
the  length  of  the  quiescent  period  and  the  development  of  the 
wings  of  all  insects  with  an  incomplete  metamorphosis  from 
imaginal  discs  would  show  that  the  hypothesis  that  the  male  coccid 
has  a  complete  metamorphosis  is  without  foundation.  This  is 
further  accentuated  by  the  fact  that  the  wings  of  the  male  coccid 
are  always  developed  externally,  never  internally,  as  in  all  insects 
with  an  incomplete  metamorphosis. 

The  adult  male  is  identical  in  form  with  the  hemipterous  type 
except  that  the  bristle-like  mandibles  and  maxillae  are  wanting 
and  the  rostrum  is  represented  by  a  slight  conical  projection.  The 
mouth-parts  are  often  incorrectly  stated  to  be  wanting.  The  state- 
ment that  the  ventral  pair  of  ocellanae  are  developed  from  and 
replace  the  mouth-parts  is  groundless.  The  transverse  constrictions 
between  the  segments  of  the  body,  the  coriae,  are  of  the  usual 
insectean  type  and  always  more  distinct  than  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage. 

The  females  are  generally  stated  to  have  an  incomplete  meta- 
morphosis. This  has  probably  arisen  through  the  absence  of  wings 
which  are  the  most  important  external  structures  that  can  be  used 
in  determining  what  type  of  metamorphosis  exists.  It  is  safe  to 
conclude,  however,  since  the  male  has  an  incomplete  metamorphosis 
and  that  the  members  of  the  other  families  of  this  order  have  a 
typical  incomplete  metamorphosis  that  the  females  of  this  family 
have  a  similar  type.  The  females  of  the  different  genera  show  a 
greater  diversity  in  the  number  of  nymphal  stages  than  the  males. 
There  may  be  two,  three,  or  four  molts  and  a  corresponding  num- 
ber of  nymphal  stages.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  generalized 
female  coccids  have  the  same  number  of  molts  as  most  of  the  males 
and  that  it  approximates  the  condition  found  in  most  insects. 
There  is  a  direct  correlation  between  the  specialization  of  the 
structures  of  the  female  and  the  reduction  in  the  number  of  molts. 
The  most  specialized  species  exist  in  only  three  conditions  or 
stages,  two  of  which  are  nymphal.  The  first  nymphal  stage  is  an 
active  one  for  migration  and  location,  the  second  nymphal  stage 
is  for  feeding  and  growth,  and  the  third  stage  or  adult  stage  is  for 
the  production  of  eggs  or  young.  The  developing  female  differs 
from  the  male  in  that  she  departs  farther  and  farther  after  each 
molt  from  the  form  and  structure  of  hemipterous  and  other  insects 
while  the  males  approximate  them  closer  and  closer  in  form.  The 
females  become  grub-like  or  bag-like  while  the  males  become 
insect-like. 


10  THE  COCDIDAE 

The  transverse  constrictions  of  the  body  of  the  female  in  each 
succeeding  nymphal  stage  after  the  first  become  more  and  more 
obscure,  until  in  the  adult  females  of  many  species  the  coriae 
are  wanting  or  so  indefinite  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine, 
except  in  a  general  way,  the  caudal  extent  of  the  head.  The  eyes 
are  represented  by  a  single  ocellana  on  each  side  of  the  head  or 
are  wanting.  The  body  increases  in  size  and  becomes  plumper  so 
that  the  antennae  and  legs  do  not  appear  so  long  and  large  and 
out  of  proportion  to  the  remainder  of  the  body.  The  adult  females 
of  many  coccids  are  without  legs  and  frequently,  where  they  are 
retained  as  in  most  Coccinae,  they  do  not  project  beyond  the 
lateral  margin  of  the  body. 

The  female  like  the  male  may  pass  through  a  quiescent  period 
and,  as  in  the  case  of  the  male,  it  varies  greatly  in  length.  The 
legs  and  antennae  which  are  wanting  in  most  of  the  nymphal 
stages  of  Margarodes  are  regained  in  the  adult.  The  function  of 
the  quiescent  period  is  entirely  different,  not  only  for  the  making 
over  of  the  organs  and  tissues  of  the  body,  but  for  the  production 
and  laying  of  eggs  or  for  the  giving  birth  to  young.  In  a  few 
cases,  as  the  Ortheziinae,  the  female  never  becomes  quiescent.  She 
excretes  a  sack  of  wax  which  remains  attached  to  her  body.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  in  this  sack,  which  is  carried  about  until  the 
eggs  hatch  and  the  young  nymphs  emerge  from  the  free  and  open 
end.  In  the  great  majority  of  the  species,  generalized  as  well  as 
specialized,  the  female  forms  a  mass  or  sack  of  wax  or  a  scale  which 
is  attached  to  the  host-plant.  This  wax,  which  varies  greatly  in 
consistency,  is  either  interposed  between  the  body  of  the  female 
and  the  host-plant  or  forms  a  covering  over  her  body  or  completely 
encases  her  body  in  a  flocculent  or  dense  mass.  It  is  the  color  of 
the  wax,  which  is  generally  white,  that  makes  the  individuals  or 
colonies  of  coccids  conspicuous  and  attracts  attention  to  their 
presence. 

The  members  of  the  family  Coccidae  are  of  great  economic 
importance  because  of  the  injuries  that  they  do  to  growing  plants. 
They  subsist  upon  the  sap  which  they  obtain  by  means  of  the 
tube  formed  by  the  close  apposition  of  the  bristle-like  mandibles 
and  maxillae.  Even  if  the  great  diversity  and  complexity  of  their 
metamorphosis,  their  complicated  anatomy,  and  the  different  ways 
in  which  they  produce  substances  useful  to  man  were  not  con- 
sidered of  sufficient  importance  to  warrent  spending  so  much  time 
on  the  study  of  these  insects,  sufficient  reason  is  found  in  the  great 
number  of  injurious  species  belonging  to  this  family  and  the 
enormous  amount  of  damage  which  they  do. 


CHAPTER  II 

PREPARATION 

The  characters  used  for  the  separation  of  the  various  sub- 
families, genera,  and  species  of  Coccidae  are  confined  almost 
entirely  to  the  females.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  the  males  are 
rarely  encountered  unless  special  efforts  are  made  to  locate  them 
or  to  breed  them.  They  are  consequently  not  so  well  known  and 
have  not  been  subjected  to  such  extensive  studies  as  the  females 
which,  if  found  at  all,  usually  occur  in  considerable  numbers.  It 
is  not  strange,  therefore,  that  the  classification  has  been  based  on 
the  structures  and  excretions  of  the  female.  All  individuals, 
either  from  their  size  or  from  the  presence  of  the  excretions  which 
cover  them,  need  to  be  treated  with  chemicals  before  their  finer 
structures  can  be  examined. 

The  body  in  the  great  majority  of  the  species  is  small.  In 
many  it  is  microscopic  in  size.  Whether  the  body  is  large  or  small, 
it  has  been  greatly  modified,  specialized  by  reduction,  so  that  there 
is  an  astonishing  simplification  of  the  external  form.  In  certain 
adult  females  the  body  is  hardly  more  than  a  simple  cuticular  bag. 
The  external  appendages  and  the  structures  associated  with  them 
have  been  modified,  greatly  reduced  in  size,  or  are  wanting.  The 
great  number  of  species  and  the  dearth  of  usable  characters,  because 
of  the  simplification  of  their  external  form  and  structure,  makes 
it  necessary  to  employ  every  available  structure.  The  females 
have  their  bodies  covered  with  wax.  The  amount  of  wax  varies 
with  the  species,  the  volume  excreted  by  some  is  much  greater 
than  the  volume  of  their  bodies.  The  wax  must  be  removed  and 
the  body  and  its  appendages  clarified  so  that  the  form  and  struc- 
ture of  the  various  parts  can  be  determined. 

The  difficulty  is  apparently  further  increased  by  the  fact  that 
in  most  cases  the  specimens  usually  available  for  study  are  the 
dried  wrinkled  bodies  of  females  that  have  laid  their  eggs  and 
that  have  been  stored  in  museums  from  a  few  to  many  years.  The 
bodies  of  such  individuals  must  be  removed  so  that  all  parts  can 
be  examined.  It  is  desirable  that  the  body  be  returned  as  nearly 
as  possible  to  its  original  form,  to  that  of  the  living  individual. 

11 


12  THE   COCCIDAE 

This  can  be  accomplished  fortunately  just  as  readily  from  speci- 
mens that  have  been  dried  for  a  long  period  of  years  as  from  fresh 
or  living  specimens. 

The  dried  specimen  is  transformed  by  treating  it  with  chemicals 
which  will  not  only  dissolve  the  wax,  but  soften  the  cuticle,  expand 
the  wrinkles  until  the  body  is  of  its  original  size  and  shape,  and 
clarify  the  dark  and  clouded  portions.  The  making  of  a  good 
preparation  of  a  coccid  is  not  an  easy  matter.  It  does  not  consist 
in  dumping  some  specimens  roughly  and  carelessly  into  a  dish 
with  certain  chemicals,  and,  then  by  juggling  them  through  a  series 
of  other  dishes  and  chemicals,  expect  them  to  come  out  a  finished 
product.  Those  wfib  undertake  the  task  with  this  attitude  of  mind 
have  a  sad  awakening  before  them  and  the  fewer  number  of 
bunglers  of  this  type  who  undertake  the  preparation  and  study  of 
the  classification  of  the  Coccidae,  the  better  off  the  subject  will  be. 
The  making  of  a  good  preparation  is  an  operation  that  requires 
time,  unbounded  patience,  and  skill  in  manipulation.  It  frequently 
occurs  even  when  all  of  these  are  applied  to  the  very  best  of  one's 
ability  that  a  large  proportion  or  all  of  the  resulting  mounted 
specimens  may  be  practically  worthless  for  study.  There  is  no 
easy  road  to  follow  at  such  times.  The  only  thing  to  do  is  to  try 
again  and  to  keep  on  trying  until  preparations  that  will  answer 
every  necessity  of  the  case  are  secured. 

Equipment. — The  making  of  good  microscopic  preparations 
presupposes  that  the  preparator  is  provided  with  all  the  necessary 
tools,  chemicals,  and  glassware.  A  considerable  equipment  is 
desirable  but  not  essential  in  the  preparation  of  coccids.  Such  an 
outfit  is  not  in  use  continuously  and  it  is  frequently  advantageous 
to  remove  the  bottles  and  glassware  at  such  times  from  the  table. 
This  is  more  easily  accomplished  if  it  is  arranged  in  a  drawer  that 
can  be  shoved  into  a  locker  or  cabinet.  The  outfit  named  below 
can  be  arranged  compactly  in  a  drawer  eighteen  inches  long,  twelve 
inches  wide,  and  three  inches  deep.  If  an  inch  board  with  holes 
bored  in  it  in  which  the  various  bottles  and  jars  will  fit,  is  placed 
in  the  bottom  of  the  drawer,  there  will  be  less  shifting  about  and 
the  various  vessels  will  always  be  in  their  proper  places. 

Such  a  drawer  should  be  provided  with  the  following 
articles : — 

1.  Rubber  stoppered  bottle  for  ten  per  cent  caustic  potash 
and  holding  500  cc. 

2.  Glass  stoppered  bottle  for  95  per  cent  alcohol  and  holding 
500  cc. 


PREPARATION  13 

3.  Glass  stoppered   bottle   for   distilled   water  and   holding 
500  cc. 

4.  Glass    stoppered    bottle    holding    100    cc.    for    staining 
solution. 

5.  Bottle  with  dropper  for  carbol-xylol  and  holding  250  cc. 

6.  Stender  jar,  60  x  90  mm.  for  clean  slides. 

7.  Stender  jar,  60  x  35  mm.  for  clean  cover-glasses. 

8.  Stender  jar,  60  x  90  mm.  for  burnt  matches. 

9.  Ointment  jar  for  waste.     A  large  covered  jar,  preferably 
one  of  the  colored  glass  jars  sold  as  ointment  jars,  about  three  and 
one-half  inches  broad  and  about  six  inches  high,  is  needed  into 
which  can  be  drained  waste  liquids  as  used  caustic  potash,  water, 
and  alcohol.     A  quart  fruit  jar  can  be  used  if  nothing  else  is 
available. 

10.  A  jar  of  xylol  balsam  with  a  solid  glass  rod. 

11.  Box  of  safety  matches. 

12.  Bunsen  burner  stand  with  shelf.     The  best  type  is  that 
where  one  of  the  legs  is  provided  with  a  shelf  which  can  be  raised 
or  lowered  and  fastened  in  place  with  a  set  screw. 

13.  Alcohol  lamp.    Better  results  can  be  obtained  by  the  use 
of  an  alcohol  lamp  than  by  the  use  of  a  gas  flame.     The  alcohol 
lamp  should  be  of  good  size  so  as  not  to  need  refilling  too  frequently. 
Care  should  be  used  not  to  fill  the  lamp  too  full  or  when  it  gets 
hot  the  alcohol  may  explode. 

14.  Casserole  with  cover  and  wooden  handle.    The  best  vessel 
in  which  to  boil  coccids  is  a  casserole  about  three  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter  and  holding  about  four  ounces.     Any  sort  of 
chemical  glassware,  as  beakers  or  test  tubes,  can  be  used,  but 
when  considerable  heat  is  applied  to  caustic  potash,  causing  it  to 
boil  vigorously,  it  is  liable  to  pop  out  of  any  vessel  with  a  restricted 
mouth  or  neck  and  to  carry  the  specimens  with  it.     There  is  no 
danger   from   popping-out    if   a   wide-mouthed   vessel   such   as    a 
casserole  is  used.     It  will  be  found  that  the  wooden  handle  will 
save  burnt  fingers  and  temper. 

15.  Syracuse    Watch-glasses.     The    watch-glasses    with    flat 
bottoms  and  grooved  so  that  they  can  be  stacked  up  are  the  most 
convenient  receptacles  in  which  to  perform  many  of  the  operations 
necessary    in   the    treatment   of    the    specimens,    as   dehydrating, 
staining,  or  clearing.    A  considerable  number,  twenty-five  or  more, 
will  be  found  useful.    Those  with  the  beveled  surface  ground,  upon 
which  the  name  of  the  substance  or  the  name  or  number  of  the 


14  THE   COCCIDAE 

insect  can  be  written  with  an  ordinary  pencil,  are  the  most 
convenient. 

The  student  should  supply  himself  with  a  good  stock  of  slides 
and  cover- glasses.  The  slides  should  be  of  the  ordinary  size, 
75  x  25  mm.,  with  ground  edges.  There  are  two  kinds,  those  known 
as  thin  or  extra  thin  which  have  the  advantage  that  twice  as 
many  can  be  stored  in  an  ordinary  slide  box,  those  known  as  thick 
slides  which  require  more  space  but  they  are  not  so  easily  broken. 

The  cover-glasses  should  be  No.  1  as  to  thickness  and  not 
over  15  mm.  in  diameter  and  preferably  only  12  mm.  The  use  of 
small  covers,  where  the  great  majority  of  the  objects  to  be  mounted 
are  minute,  saves  time  in  locating  the  specimens  under  the  cover. 

Slides  and  cover-glasses  as  they  come  from  the  dealer  are 
greasy  and  should  always  be  cleaned  before  using.  The  slides 
should  be  placed  in  water  containing  about  five  per  cent  of 
ammonia  or  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  acidulated  with  one  per  cent 
of  hydrochloric  acid.  The  cover-glasses  should  be  placed  in  acidu- 
lated alcohol.  They  should  be  added  to  the  solution  one  at  a  time  sc 
that  the  solution  will  cover  all  parts  and  should  remain  in  it  for 
five  or  six  hours.  The  slides  and  covers  should  be  wiped  with  a 
towel  or  piece  of  cheese  cloth  and  stored  in  covered  jars  until 
needed. 

Tools. — The  person  making  preparations  of  coccids  should  be 
provided  with  the  following  tools: — 

1.  Forceps. — The   forceps   should   have   fine   smooth   points 
without  corrugations  of  any  sort.     The  spring  should  be  weak. 
This  serves  a  double  purpose,  they  will  not  tire  the  hand  so 
quickly  and  there  is  less  danger  of  injuring  the  specimen,  since 
only  slight  force  is  needed  to  close  them.     Two  pairs  of  such 
forceps  will  often  be  found  convenient. 

2.  Dissecting  Needles. — The  needles  with  a  fixed  ebony  or 
aluminum  handle  with  straight  points  are  best.    Two  are  essential, 
more  will  be  found  convenient. 

3.  Embryo  Knives. — Dissecting  needles  with  a  spear  point, 
one  with  a  double  cutting  edge  and  one  with  a  single  cutting  edge. 

4.  Section  Lifter. — One  with  a  small,  thin,  flexible  blade. 

5.  Scissors. — A  pair  115  mm.  long  with  fine  curved  points. 

6.  Pipettes. — The   rubber   bulb   should  hold   2   cc.    and   the 
glass  tube  should  be  long,  straight,  and  with  a  large  opening.     One 
at  least  for  each  kind  of  solution  used. 

7.  Brushes. — Two  artist's  sable  brushes  of  different  sizes  will 


PREPARATION  15 

be  found  very  convenient  at  times  for  handling,  transferring,  and 
cleaning  specimens. 

Clarifying. — The  removal  or  dissolving  of  the  wax  excreted 
by  all  or  certain  cells  of  the  hypodermis  and  the  making  of  the 
body  translucent  is  known  as  clarifying.  This  can  be  accomplished 
by  the  use  of  several  substances,  the  best  of  which  is  a  solution  of 
caustic  potash. 

The  body  of  the  insect  or  the  wax  surrounding  it  is  usually 
closely  attached  to  the  host-plant.  It  must  be  detached  in  such  a 
way  as  not  to  injure  the  finer  microscopic  parts  which  are  fre- 
quently located  along  the  margin  of  the  body.  This  margin  is 
ordinarily  distinct  since  the  body  is  generally  more  or  less 
depressed  in  the  adult  female.  In  many  species  the  characters 
used  for  differentiation  are  the  presence  and  absence  and  form 
of  minute  setae  or  setae-like  projections  which  are  easily  destroyed. 
The  specimens  should  be  separated  from  the  host-plant  with  a  fine 
dissecting  needle  under  a  binocular  or  simple  microscope  or  a  hand 
lens.  Where  the  body  is  encased  in  a  homogenous  mass  of  wax, 
this  should  be  placed  directly  into  the  clarifying  solution.  In  the 
Diaspidinae  the  body  of  the  insect  is  covered  by  a  composite 
scale  consisting  of  wax  excreted  by  the  insect  and  one  or  two  cast 
nymphal  exuviae  which  are  imbedded  in  the  wax.  The  body  of  the 
insect  is  located  beneath  the  scale  and  can  be  exposed  in  most 
cases  by  simply  turning  the  scale  over.  In  certain  species  the  body 
can  be  separated  from  the  scale  only  with  great  difficulty,  this  is 
due  to  the  presence  of  a  pronounced  ventral  scale.  Where  it  is 
difficult  to  separate  the  insect  from  the  scale,  the  scale  and  the 
enclosed  insect  should  be  placed  in  the  clarifier.  When  the  insect 
is  exposed,  the  dried  body  should  not  be  lifted  or  handled  by 
holding  it  between  the  file-like  or  even  smooth  points  of  a  pair 
of  forceps.  Moisten  the  point  of  the  dissecting  needle  or  of  the 
forceps  with  water,  alcohol,  or  caustic  potash,  or  on  the  tongue  and 
lift  the  specimen  with  the  moistened  tool.  It  is  frequently 
desirable  to  mount  some  of  the  nymphal  exuviae  of  the  female 
attached  to  the  scale,  since  they  frequently  show  characters  not 
found  on  the  body  of  the  insect  itself.  In  certain  genera  of  the 
Diaspidinae  the  last  or  second  nymphal  exuvia  is  not  molted  and 
it  must  be  broken  open  to  obtain  the  body  of  the  insect. 

The  best  solvent  of  the  wax  is  a  solution  of  caustic  potash. 
It  is  also  the  best  substances  for  expanding  the  body  and  making 
it  translucent.  A  ten  per  cent  solution,  made  by  adding  ten  grams 
of  stick  potash  to  ninety  cubic  centimeters  of  distilled  water,  is 


16  THE   COCCIDAE 

the  best  strength  to  use.  The  effect  of  a  very  strong  solution  is 
different  from  that  of  a  weak  solution  which  destroys  the  cellular 
structures.  Distilled  water  should  always  be  used  in  making  the 
solution,  if  this  is  not  available,  fresh  rain  water  should  be  used. 
Water  containing  lime  or  tap  water  that  has  been  filtered  with 
chemicals  should  never  be  used  in  making  a  solution  of  caustic 
potash  or  used  in  washing  specimens.  When  such  water  is  used, 
the  various  chemicals  form  linear  or  spine-like  crystals  in  the 
specimens.  It  is  often  desirable  to  use  a  weaker  solution  than  ten 
per  cent,  such  a  solution  can  readily  be  made  by  diluting  the  stock 
solution  one-half,  one-third,  or  one-fourth  as  desired,  making  about 
five  or  three  or  two  per  cent  solutions. 

In  large  species  and  those  with  globular  bodies,  it  will  often 
be  found  desirable  to  separate  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces  and 
mount  the  two  portions  side  by  side  under  the  same  cover-glass. 
Large  species  after  they  have  been  boiled  for  a  time  often  have 
large  opaque  masses  within  them.  The  body  in  such  cases  should 
be  punctured  and  the  hard  opaque  mass  removed.  The  source  of 
these  masses  is  not  known.  If  the  specimen  is  left  in  the  caustic 
potash  until  the  mass  is  dissolved,  the  specimen  will  be  ruined. 
The  time  necessary  for  the  clarification  of  any  particular  species 
varies  with  the  individual.  Some  specimens  of  a  species  will  clear 
quickly  while  others  will  take  considerable  time.  The  specimens 
should  at  all  times  be  given  careful  attention.  The  length  of  time 
required  will  need  to  be  modified  with  each  species.  This  can 
be  determined  only  by  observing  the  rapidity  of  the  clarification. 

Those  specimens  in  which  the  body  is  soft  or  the  cuticle  is 
thin  must  be  handled  carefully  so  as  not  to  puncture  or  tear  the 
cuticle  unnecessarily,  but  particularly  so  as  not  to  get  the  body 
out  of  shape.  This  applies  especially  where  the  body  is  bag-like 
in  form.  Species  that  normally  have  the  body  depressed  are  liable 
to  become  distorted  or  decidedly  compressed.  Many  specimens 
become  so  distorted  that  considerable  time  is  required  to  unravel 
the  relation  of  the  various  parts.  This  distortion  is  due  to  one 
or  both  of  two  causes,  carelessness  in  handling  the  specimens  with 
the  forceps  or  carelessness  in  boiling  them  too  vigorously,  frequently 
the  latter.  Specimens  that  are  badly  distorted,  unless  they  are 
very  rare,  are  not  worth  the  time  required  to  mount  them.  When 
the  caustic  potash  for  clarifying  or  the  water  for  washing  is  boiled 
vigorously,  the  specimens  are  forced  to  the  surface  of  the  liquid 
and  into  the  greatly  agitated  surface  film.  This  has  the  effect  of 
flattening  out  the  specimens,  folding  them  compactly,  and  twisting 


PREPARATION  17 

and  mixing  the  appendages.  If  there  are  several  specimens  in  the 
liquid,  the  mixing  and  fastening  together  may  be  so  complete  that 
it  is  practically  impossible  to  separate  them.  It  is  a.  waste  of 
time  to  try  and  untangle  such  specimens,  they  are  worthless  for 
mounting,  unless  they  are  very  rare  species. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  one  of  my  students,  J.  Howard 
Gage,  has  shown  that  specimens,  no  matter  how  badly  they  may 
be  tangled  and  distorted,  can  be  separated  and  inflated  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner.  The  specimens  to  be  inflated  should  be  washed 
as  described  later  and  placed  from  the  water  or  from  alcohol  in  a 
watch-glass  containing  chemically  pure  lactic  acid.  They  should 
remain  in  this  solution  from  three-fourths  to  one  hour  and  then 
be  placed  in  another  watch-glass  containing  sulphuric  ether  or 
chloroform,  preferably  the  former,  for  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes. 
The  inflation  occurs  while  in  this  latter  solution  and  when  com- 
pleted the  specimens  should  be  separated  and  as  plump  as  in  life. 
An  immersion  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  is  needed  to  remove  the  ether 
and  for  dehydration. 

There  is  always  difficulty,  except  in  the  case  of  large  speci- 
mens, in  transferring  them  from  one  solution  to  another,  particu- 
larly if  the  transferring  is  to  be  done  without  injury  to  the  speci- 
mens. It  should  be  done  with  a  section  lifter,  pipette,  sable  brush,  or 
forceps.  The  forceps,  while  apparently  more  difficult  to  use, 
will  be  found  the  best  at  all  times  for  this  purpose.  The  speci- 
mens, whether  large  or  small,  should  never  be  grasped  between  the 
points  of  the  forceps.  This  will  break  off  fine  projections  or  distort 
the  body.  The  specimen  should  be  floated  from  the  bottom  and 
taken  up  in  the  fluid  enclosed  between  the  points  of  the  forceps. 
This  method  will  seem  almost  impossible  at  first,  because  of  the 
difficulty  of  getting  the  specimens,  particularly  small  ones,  through 
the  surface  film.  The  knack  of  doing  this  is  readily  acquired,  if 
the  preparator  is  persistent.  It  will  soon  be  learned,  if  tried,  that 
it  is  not  as  easy  as  it  may  seem  to  transfer  specimens  with  a  section 
lifter  for  the  same  reason.  Float  the  specimens  around  in  the  fluid 
after  each  change  is  made  so  that  they  will  return,  if  slightly 
distorted,  to  their  original  form. 

The  clarifying  with  hot  caustic  potash  is  the  method  most 
generally  followed  and  may  be  known  as  the  fast  method.  The 
use  of  a  cold  solution  may  be  known  as  the  slow  method.  The  heat 
hastens  the  action  of  the  caustic  potash  and  it  is  possible  to  make 
preparations  in  a  few  hours  by  the  fast  method  which  would 
require  several  days  by  the  slow  method. 


18  THE   COCCIDAE 

The  fast  method  consists  in  placing  the  specimens  removed 
from  the  host-plant  in  a  casserole  into  which  should  be  poured 
enough  caustic  potash  to  cover  the  bottom  to  a  depth  of  one-fourth 
to  one-half  inch.  The  cover  should  be  added  and  the  solution 
should  be  heated  until  it  just  simmers.  If  the  solution  becomes  in 
great  part  evaporated  before  the  specimens  are  clarified,  either 
more  caustic  potash  should  be  added  or  some  distilled  water. 

The  slow  method  differs  from  the  fast  method  in  that  a  cold 
solution  is  used.  The  specimens  clarified  in  this  way  will  need 
from  eight  hours  to  several  days  depending  upon  the  size  of  the 
specimens,  the  amount  of  wax,  and  their  opacity.  Either  Syracuse 
watch-glasses  or  four  drachm  homeopathic  vials  should  be  used. 
This  method  does  away  with  a  great  part  of  the  handling  of  the 
specimens  and  the  chance  of  breakage  from  the  boiling  solution. 
The  fluids  can  be  decanted  off,  if  desired,  and  the  specimens  left 
in  the  vials  or  wateh-glasses.  This  method  is  not  practical  for 
those  species  that  require  a  long  treatment,  even  by  the  fast 
method,  as  many  Coccinae.  It  is  especially  useful  in  preparing 
specimens  of  Diaspidinae,  which  are  usually  clarified  by  a 
treatment  over  night.  The  action  can  be  hastened  by  pouring  a 
hot  solution  into  the  vials  containing  the  specimens.  Hot  solutions 
should  not  be  used  with  the  watch-glasses  as  the  danger  of  breakage 
from  the  heat  is  considerable. 

Other  substances  can  be  used  for  dissolving  the  wax,  as  carbon 
bisulphide,  sulphuric  ether,  xylol,  or  chloroform.  The  last  of  these 
is  the  only  one  of  much  value.  The  powdery  or  cottony  wax,  when 
present  in  small  quantities,  can  be  dissolved  with  chloroform.  It 
does  not  expand  shrivelled  specimens  and  its  most  important  use 
is  in  preparing  specimens  of  Diaspidinae  where  good  prepar- 
ations of  the  fringe  are  especially  to  be  desired.  Specimens  can 
be  mounted  in  xylol  balsam  directly  from  the  chloroform. 

Washing. — The  specimens  after  the  clarifying  is  completed 
need  to  be  thoroughly  washed  in  distilled  water  in  order  to  remove 
all  traces  of  the  caustic  potash.  If  the  fast  method  was  used,  the 
specimens  can  be  boiled  in  distilled  water.  The  washing  can  be 
done  whether  the  fast  or  slow  method  was  used,  by  soaking  the 
specimens  for  an  hour  or  more  in  cold  distilled  water.  They  should 
be  transferred  from  the  casserole,  if  the  fast  method  was  used,  to 
watch-glasses  or  vials,  if  already  in  such  receptables,  the  caustic 
potash  can  be  poured  off  and  replaced  by  water.  The  specimens 
should  be  carried  through  several  changes  of  distilled  water,  three 
to  five,  whether  they  are  boiled  in  it  or  not. 


PREPARATION  19 

Hardening. — When  the  washing  is  completed,  the  specimens 
should  be  transferred  to  95  per  cent  alcohol.  If  the  specimens 
are  hardened  by  remaining  in  this  solution  for  about  twenty 
minutes,  they,  particularly  the  soft  baggy  ones,  will  be  greatly 
benefited.  This  step  can  be  omitted  if  desired. 

Staining. — If  the  specimens  are  to  be  stained,  the  general  rule 
is  that  they  should  be  transferred  from  the  hardening  solution  to 
the  stain  if  an  alcoholic  stain  is  used  and  to  water  and  then  to 
the  stain  if  an  aqueous  stain  is  used.  This  will  be  found  unneces- 
sary if  the  stain  recommended  on  a  following  page  is  used  as 
specimens  can  be  placed  in  the  stain  from  either  water  or  alcohol. 
While  it  takes  more  time  to  stain  specimens,  the  greater  ease  with 
which  they  can  be  studied  and  the  much  greater  visability  of  many 
characters  that  are  just  or  not  at  all  perceptible  in  unstained 
specimens,  more  than  repays  for  the  extra  time  required. 

Many  solutions  have  been  suggested,  as  safrannin,  gentian 
violet,  picric  acid,  picro-creosote,  Delafield's  haematoxylin, 
fuchsin,  saurefuchsin,  and  carbolic  fuchsin.  Some  writers  have 
confused  fuchsin  and  saurefuchsin  and  their  various  commercial 
names.  Fuchsin  is  a  basic  stain  containing  rosanilin,  and  is 
variously  known  as  fuchsin,  analin  red,  rubin,  rosein,  magenta, 
etc.  Saurefuchsin  is  an  acid  stain  containing  rosanilin  and  known 
as  acid  fuchsin,  fuchsin  S,  acid  rubin,  saurerubin,  acid  magenta, 
and  saurefuchsin.  Gage,  who  experimented  extensively  with  these 
various  stains  and  most  of  the  others  named,  concluded  that  the 
best  results  were  obtained  by  the  use  of  an  aqueous  solution  of 
saurefuchsin.  As  he  pointed  out,  one  of  the  great  difficulties  with 
stained  specimens  of  coccids  is  that  they  may  be  sharply  stained 
and  well  differentiated  when  mounted,  but  in  the  course  of  a  few 
weeks  or  months  they  have  lost  all  trace  of  the  stain.  The  fading 
of  saurefuchsin  was  shown  to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  caustic 
potash  in  the  specimens.  The  washing  of  the  specimens  needs, 
therefore,  to  be  done  with  great  care  and  thoroughness  and,  if  there 
is  any  question  as  to  the  complete  removal  of  the  caustic  potash, 
the  specimen  should  be  washed  in  acidulated  water  or  alcohol, 
1  cc.  hydrochloric  acid  to  99  cc.  distilled  water. 

The  staining  should  be  done  while  the  specimens  are  in  vials 
or  watch-glasses.  It  will  require  from  ten  to  forty  minutes, 
depending  upon  the  size  of  the  specimens  and  the  condition  of  their 
cuticle.  If  the  specimens  are  overstained,  the  excess  stain  can  be 
removed  with  a  dilute  solution  of  caustic  potash,  one-half  per  cent 


20  THE   COCCIDAE 

to  one  hundred  ec.  of  water.    This  should  be  followed  by  acidulated 
water  or  alcohol. 

The  following  formula  for  Gage's  Saurefuchsin  contains 
considerable  hydrochloric  acid  in  order  to  reduce  any  cautsic  potash 
there  may  be  left  in  the  specimens : — 

Saurefuchsin    0.5  gr. 

Hydrochloric  acid,  10  per  cent 25.0  cc. 

Distilled  water 300.0  cc. 

The  excess  of  stain  should  be  removed  by  washing  with 
distilled  water.  The  use  of  acidulated  water  will  sharpen  the  color 
of  the  stain.  The  longer  the  specimen  has  to  remain  in  the  caustic 
potash  beyond  a  certain  time,  the  more  difficult  it  will  be  to  stain. 

A  stronger  solution,  one  gram  of  Saurefuchsin  to  the  same 
amount  of  water  and  hydrochloric  acid,  will  be  found  advan- 
tageous. This  is  particularly  true  in  staining  individuals  with  a 
very  thin  cuticle  and  in  staining  specimens  of  Eriococcinae  from 
which  the  anal  ring  is  to  be  dissected  and  mounted  separately 
under  a  cover. 

Dehydration. — The  removal  of  the  water  from  the  specimens, 
if  they  are  to  be  mounted  in  a  resinous  media,  as  Canada  balsam, 
is  known  as  dehydration.  The  water  must  be  removed  because  the 
balsam  and  water  are  not  miscible.  If  a  nonresinous  mounting 
media  is  used,  as  glycerin  jelly,  dehydration  is  unnecessary.  If 
the  specimens  are  to  be  cleared  in  a  clearer  containing  carbolic 
acid,  the  dehydration  can  be  done  in  commercial  or  95  per  cent 
alcohol,  otherwise  absolute  or  98  per  cent  alcohol  should  be  used. 
The  dehydration  is  best  done  in  a  vial  or  watch-glass.  The  speci- 
mens should  remain  in  the  alcohol  for  at  least  fifteen  minutes. 
If  a  complete  dehydration  is  not  accomplished,  the  specimens 
become  cloudy  or  foggy,  have  a  whitish  aqueous  bubbly  appearance, 
a  short  time  after  they  are  placed  in  the  balsam.  Time  will  be 
saved  by  allowing  the  specimens  to  remain  in  the  alcohol  for  a 
sufficient  length  of  time  to  insure  a  complete  dehydration.  If  the 
specimens  become  cloudy,  remove  the  cover-glass  and  return  the 
specimens  to  the  clearer  and  then  give  them  a  thorough  dehy- 
dration. They  should  then  be  returned  to  the  clearer  and  mounted 
in  balsam  again.  The  same  alcohol  should  not  be  used  too  long, 
renew  the  supply  from  time  to  time. 

Clearing. — The  placing  of  the  specimens  in  a  solution  that  is 
miscible  not  only  with  alcohol  but  with  the  resinous  mounting 
media  is  known  as  clearing.  It  can  be  done  in  a  watch-glass  or  a 


PREPAKATION  21 

vial  or  on  a  slide.  The  specimens  should  remain  in  the  clearer  for 
fifteen  minutes  or  more.  Where  the  specimens  are  to  be  mounted 
in  a  nonresinous  media  as  glycerin  jelly,  clearing  is  unnecessary. 
The  following  substances  can  be  used  for  clearing,  chloroform, 
xylol,  cedar  oil,  oil  of  bergamont,  benzol,  turpentine,  synthetic  oil 
of  wintergreen,  carbol-turpentine,  carbol-xylol,  and  oil  of  cloves. 
The  last  two  give  excellent  results. 

The  oil  of  cloves  can  be  used  after  dehydration  with  com- 
mercial alcohol.  It  differs  greatly  in  shades  of  color,  a  light 
colored  oil  should  be  used.  Specimens  cleared  with  clove  oil  become 
very  dark  colored  with  age. 

One  of  the  most  practical  clearers  for  use  with  coccids  is 
carbol-xylol.  It  can  be  used  after  commercial  alcohol,  clears 
rapidly,  evaporates  slowly,  and  specimens  do  not  discolor  with  age. 
The  solution  is  prepared  by  combining  one  part  by  measure  of  the 
melted  crystals  of  carbolic  acid  with  three  parts  of  xylol. 

If  it  is  inconvenient  to  complete  the  preparation  of  the 
specimens  immediately,  they  should  be  removed  from  the  caustic 
potash,  washed,  and  stored  in  alcohol.  A  stay  of  a  few  hours  in 
alcohol  will  not  injure  stained  specimens,  but  a  stay  of  two  or 
three  days  in  alcohol  or  carbol-xylol  does  effect  the  intensity 
of  the  stain.  An  examination  of  stained  cleared  specimens  of 
large  individuals  in  a  watch-glass  is  often  very  advantageous. 
Such  specimens  should  be  placed  in  clove  oil  for  study.  If  the 
specimens  are  to  be  mounted  after  the  completion  of  the  exam- 
ination, they  should  be  placed  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  to  remove 
the  clove  oil  and  for  dehydration  and  then  cleared  in  carbol-xylol. 

Mounting. — The  specimens  after  clearing  are  ready  for  mount- 
ing in  a  resinous  mounting  media,  as  Canada  balsam.  They 
in  most  cases  are  minute  and  the  use  of  cover-glasses  one-half  inch 
or  twelve  millimeters  in  diameter  will  be  found  more  economical 
of  time  when  the  specimens  are  studied.  Several  specimens,  except 
in  the  case  of  large  species,  can  be  placed  under  a  single  cover-glass. 
The  specimens  should  be  arranged  in  a  row,  thus  |  |  |  and 
sufficient  very  thin  balsam  to  cover  them  added.  The  balsam 
should  be  allowed  to  harden  for  a  short  time  and  fasten  the 
specimens  in  place.  When  sufficiently  hardened,  add  enough 
balsam  to  fill  the  space  under  the  cover  and  carefully  put  the 
cover-glass  in  place.  Do  not  use  more  balsam  than  is  absolutely 
necessary,  the  preparation  must  be  thin  if  an  oil  immersion 
objective  is  to  be  used.  In  order  to  secure  thin  preparations,  the 
balsam  should  be  diluted  until  it  is  about  as  thin  as  water.  If 


22  THE   COCCIDAE 

spaces  unfilled  with  balsam  appear  a  few  hours  after  completing 
the  mounting,  put  a  minute  drop  of  the  balsam  at  the  edge  of  the 
cover  adjacent  to  the  unfilled  spaces  and  allow  it  to  run  under  the 
cover.  If  the  balsam  gets  thick,  it  can  be  thinned  by  the  addition 
of  xylol,  chloroform,  or  benzol,  depending  upon  the  solution 
originally  used  to  dissolve  it.  The  solution  in  xylol  is  the  one 
most  generally  used.  Specimens  should  never  be  mounted  in  the 
natural  or  unthinned  Canada  balsam.  Such  balsam  will  never 
harden  and  the  preparations,  where  it  is  used,  are  always  soft  and 
sticky.  When  the  mounting  is  completed  or  before  the  slides  are 
handled  much,  they  should  be  heated  gently  by  placing  them  on  a 
steam  radiator  or  over  an  alcohol  lamp  to  drive  off  the  xylol  and 
to  fasten  the  cover-glass  in  place.  Care  must  be  used  in  heating 
with  a  lamp  not  to  allow  the  balsam  to  boil  and  fill  the  preparation 
with  bubbles. 

Specimens  mounted  in  glycerin  jelly  have  the  advantage  of 
being  more  opaque  than  those  mounted  in  balsam.  Such  prepar- 
ations are  likely,  especially  if  stored  in  a  warm  place,  to  have  the 
mounting  media  disintegrate  and  the  preparations  become  worth- 
less for  study.  Such  specimens  can  be  remounted  by  placing  the 
slides  in  hot  water  and  dissolving  the  glycerin  jelly.  They  can 
then  be  remounted  in  the  glycerin  jelly  or  dehydrated  and  cleared 
and  mounted  in  balsam.  The  prepared  glycerin  jelly  can  be  pur- 
chased from  dealers  in  microscopic  supplies. 

Labelling.— Each  slide  should  be  carefully  labelled.  This 
should  be  done  as  they  are  completed.  The  labels  should  be  written 
with  India  ink  or  waterproof  ink.  Ordinary  writing  fluids  become 
illegible  in  a  few  years.  It  is  always  of  great  advantage  to  mark 
the  slide  in  such  a  way  that  the  mounted  specimens  can  be  con- 
nected up  with  the  original  lot  of  material  from  which  they  were 
obtained. 

Rapid  Method. — While  many  entomologists  depend  upon  the 
external  appearance  of  the  scale  in  the  Diaspidinae,  the  only  abso- 
lutely safe  method  of  idenification  is  a  study  of  the  characters  of 
the  body  of  the  insect  itself.  Considerable  time  is  required  to  make 
a  preparation  for  such  a  study.  A  preparation  showing  the  pygidial 
fringe  will  often  serve  every  purpose.  Glycerin  jelly  alone  or 
combined  with  glacial  acetic  acid,  nine  parts  of  the  glycerin  jelly 
to  one  of  the  acetic  acid,  is  used  for  making  such  preparations. 
The  acetic  acid  acts  as  a  clearer  and  its  addition  is  an  advantage. 
The  specimens  should  be  removed  and  placed  on  a  slide  with  just 
sufficient  of  the  glycerin  jelly  to  mount  the  specimens.  The  slide 


PREPARATION  23 

should  be  heated  slowly  over  an  alcohol  lamp  until  the  glycerin 
jelly  is  melted  and  surrounds  the  specimens.  The  heating  should 
be  continued  until  the  mounting  media  has  thoroughly  penetrated 
the  specimens,  gently  boiled  if  necessary.  Care  must  be  used 
not  to  get  the  slide  too  hot  and  burned  or  heated  until  the  glycerin 
jelly  is  all  evaporated.  The  cover-glass  should  be  added  when 
the  heating  is  completed.  The  pygidial  fringe  is  easily  followed  in 
such  specimens  and  often  other  structures  of  the  pygidium  can  be 
identified. 

The  following  formula  shows  the  procedure  for  the  potash 
method : — 

Remove  Insect  from  Host-plant 


Treat  with  Caustic  Potash. 

Wash  in  Distilled  Water. 

Harden  in  95  per  cent  Alcohol. 

Stain  in  Alcoholic  or  Aqueous  Stain. 

I 

Dehydrate  in  95  per  cent  Alcohol. 

Clear  in  Carbol-xylol. 

Mount  in  Xylol  Balsam. 

Label  Slide. 


CHAPTER  III 

EXTERNAL   ANATOMY 

The  sclerites  and  sutures  of  the  Hemiptera  even  in  the  species 
of  the  most  generalized  families  are  generally  modified  in  form 
and  distinctness  from  the  same  parts  in  all  insects  of  the  orthop- 
teran  type.  In  the  specialized  Gularostria  the  sutures  are  effaced 
for  the  most  part.  The  intersegmental  coriae  are  frequently 
wanting  in  the  Coccidae  and,  when  present,  are  usually  indicated 
only  as  slight  transverse  furrows.  A  study  of  the  external  anatomy 
of  the  coccids  consists  in  an  examination  and  identification  of  the 
body  regions,  the  appendages,  and  the  numerous  new  or  secondary 
structures  that  have  arisen  as  a  result  of  their  peculiar  mode  of  life. 

The  body  of  a  coccid,  while  different  in  external  form  from 
that  of  most  Hemiptera,  has  retained  certain  characters  showing 
conclusively  their  relationship  to  the  other  families  of  the  order. 
The  variation  in  external  structure  is  not  limited  to  differences 
from  the  other  families  of  the  order,  but  there  is  a  great  dissim- 
ilarity in  form  even  among  the  various  subfamilies  of  Coccidae, 
particularly  among  the  adult  females.  This  difference  has  un- 
doubtedly resulted  from  the  dissimilarity  in  their  habits  and  from 
the  diverse  ways  in  which  the  females  shield  their  progeny.  Eggs 
are  laid  in  many  species  and  they  are  protected  by  a  waxy  covering 
which  varies  greatly  in  form,  consistency,  and  position  in  the 
different  genera.  With  the  variation  in  the  waxy  excretion  there 
is  a  corresponding  variation  in  the  structures  of  the  body  of  the 
insect  that  produces  the  excretion. 

The  two  sexes,  as  pointed  out,  are  very  different  in  size,  form, 
and  structure.  The  adult  males  are  distinctly  insect-like  in  form. 
Their  parts  are  normal  in  form  and  arrangement  and  do  not  differ 
markedly,  except  in  the  loss  of  mandibles  and  maxillae,  from  those 
of  other  winged  insects.  The  adult  females  on  the  contrary  are 
usually  more  or  less  grub-like  in  form.  They  possess  many  struc- 
tures not  found  in  the  males.  The  classification  is  based  almost 
entirely  upon  the  females  and  the  following  descriptions  unless 
otherwise  stated  refer  only  to  them. 

Body-wall. — The  exterior  covering  or  body-wall  of  coccids  is 
composed  of  the  three  layers  common  to  other  insects,  cuticle, 
hypodermis,  and  basement  membrane. 

24 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  25 

The  hypodermis  is  a  single  layer  of  pavement  epithelium  or 
cuboidal  cells.  It  is  the  living  part  of  the  body-wall  and  excretes 
the  cuticle  and  the  wax  in  which  the  body  is  imbedded  or  by  which 
it  is  covered.  The  wax  varies  in  form  according  to  its  method  of 
excretion.  In  such  genera  as  Ceroplastes  and  Tachardia,  where 
the  wax  is  a  homogenous  mass,  it  is  considered  as  excreted  by  all 
of  the  hypodermal  cells  and  as  poured  out  through  the  cuticle. 
In  most  coccids  the  wax  is  excreted  by  special  cells  of  the  hypo- 
dermis which  have  been  greatly  modified  and  enlarged.  Careful 
detailed  studies  of  the  form  of  the  wax  excreting  hypodermal  cells, 
the  wax  cells,  has  been  made  in  only  a  few  species.  Such  cells 
are  usually  more  numerous  during  the  adult  than  during  any  of 
the  nymphal  stages  and  are  fewest  in  number  during  the  first 
nymphal  stage.  In  many  genera  certain  wax  cells  are  wanting 
or  are  not  functional  until  during  the  adult  stage  as  the 
genacerores  of  the  Diaspidinae.  The  openings  of  these  cells  are 
usually  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  abdomen  or  are 
associated  with  the  external  opening  of  the  oviduct,  the  vulva. 
They  excrete  the  wax  in  which  the  eggs  are  enclosed. 

The  inner  ends  of  the  hypodermal  cells  are  bound  together 
by  a  thin  semicuticular  layer,  the  basement  membrane.  This 
membrane,  so  far  as  is  known,  does  not  perform  any  important 
function  in  the  Coccidae. 

The  outer  layer  of  the  body-wall  is  the  outer  skeleton,  cuticula, 
or  cuticle.  It  is  generally  comparatively  thin  and  flexible  in  this 
family.  The  cuticle  and  the  internal  skeleton  are  the  only  portions 
not  only  of  the  body-wall  but  of  the  body  remaining  after  the  coccid 
has  been  subjected  to  an  extended  treatment  to  caustic  potash. 
It  is,  therefore,  incorrect  to  consider  any  of  the  parts  remaining 
after  such  a  treatment  as  glandular  structures  or  apply  names  to 
them  that  would  suggest  such  a  condition.  When  the  body  is 
studied  in  section,  the  cuticle  is  found  to  be  indefinitely  lamellate. 
The  outer  thinner  portion,  hardened  by  the  deposition  of  chitin- 
is  usually  darker  in  color  and  inelastic.  It  is  the  outer  portion 
that  is  discarded  when  the  insect  molts.  The  much  thicker  inner 
portion  is  elastic  and  permits  of  the  increase  in  size  or  growth  of 
the  body  at  stated  intervals  when  the  outer  layer  of  cuticle  is  cast 
off  or  molted.  The  cuticle  covers  not  only  the  outer  surface  of 
the  body  but  lines  the  cephalic  and  caudal  portions  of  the  lumen  of 
the  alimentary  canal,  the  air  tubes  or  tracheae,  the  ducts  of  the 
salivary  glands,  and  the  caudal  portion  of  the  ducts  of  the  repro- 
ductive organs.  It  also  forms  the  basis  of  the  internal  skeleton 


26  THE   COCCIDAE 

or  endoskeleton  of  the  head  and  thorax  when  these  are  present. 

Setae,  Spinulae. — The  cuticle  bears  appendages  of  different 
kinds,  as  setae,  spinulae,  and  cerores,  the  openings  through  which 
the  wax  is  poured  from  the  wax  cells. 

Each  of  the  hair-like  appendages  borne  by  the  cuticle  is  a 
seta.  They  are  generally  designated  as  hairs  or  spines  although 
they  are  entirely  different  in  origin  from  both  of  these  structures. 
The  setae  are  hollow,  open  at  the  distal  end,  and  are  formed  by 
special  hypodermal  cells.  Each  seta  consists  of  a  slender  thread- 
like portion,  the  shaft,  which  is  articulated  in  a  small  cup  in  the 
cuticle,  the  alveolus  or  calyx.  It  appears  as  a  depressed  circular 
area  when  the  shaft  is  in  place  and  when  broken  off  the  shaft 
shows  as  a  minute  irregular  stub  in  the  bottom  of  the  depression 
The  presence  of  the  calyx  is  the  only  certain  means  of  proving 
whether  any  given  projection  is  a  seta  or  not.  The  opening  in  the 
shaft  of  the  seta,  the  lumen,  connects  with  an  opening  extending 
through  the  cuticle,  the  pore  canal  or  trichopore,  which  terminates 
at  the  large  cell  secreting  the  seta,  a  trichogen  cell.  This  cell 
forms  the  seta  and  in  most  cases  is  apparently  formed  by  the 
fusion  of  several  adjacent  cells  which  have  lost  their  body-wall, 
since  the  trichogen  cell  always  contains  several  independent  masses 
of  nuclear  matter.  The  setae  are  probably  primarily  sensory  in 
function  and  are  connected  with  the  nervous  system.  The  trichogen 
cells  often  elaborate  an  excretion  which  is  poured  out  through  the 
pore  canal  and  the  lumen  of  the  seta.  The  wax  of  coccids  is  never 
excreted  from  cells  of  this  type  so  far  as  known.  The  cuticle 
bearing  each  seta  is  sometimes  produced  pimple-like,  as  in  Icerya. 
The  swollen  portion  of  the  cuticle  together  with  the  seta  which  it 
bears  is  known  as  a  chalaza.  The  extent  of  the  cuticle  can  always 
be  determined  from  the  position  of  the  calyx.  The  wax  excreted 
by  the  wax  cells  is  never  poured  out  through  setae,  the  seta-like 
projections  of  Orthezia  lack  calices.  The  spines  of  insects  are 
extensions  of  the  body-wall  into  which  the  hypodermis  extends 
and  frequently  bear  setae.  True  hairs  are  found  only  in  the 
Vertebrata. 

The  surface  of  the  cuticle  may  be  prolonged  into  numerous 
minute  projections  which  are  frequently  seta-like.  These  projec- 
tions are  known  as  solid  setae,  solid  hairs,  or  spinulae.  They  lack 
not  only  the  calyx  of  the  seta  but  also  its  lumen,  are  not  formed 
by  special  hypodermal  cells,  and  are  usually  inflexible. 

Cerores,  Ceratubae. — The  setae  and  spinulae  are  projections 
of  the  cuticle.  It  usually  contains  in  addition  to  these  in  the 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  27 

family  Coccidae  minute  microscopic  openings  through  which  the 
wax  is  poured.  These  openings  vary  greatly  in  form  and 
arrangement,  are  sometimes  borne  on  minute  projections,  and  are 
known  as  cerores.  They  are  also  known  as  pores,  glandular  pores, 
wax  pores,  or  spinnerets.  The  cerores  are  sometimes  borne  on 
minute  projections  of  the  cuticle  and  for  this  reason  have  been 
considered  as  appendages  of  the  cuticle. 

The  simplest  and  probably  the  primitive  type  of  ceroris  is  one 
that  consists  of  a  single  opening  and  in  which  the  periphery  is 
flush  with  the  ectal  surface  of  the  cuticle.  Such  cerores  are  present 
in  the  Coccinae  and  Eriococcinae.  The  great  majority  of  the 
cerores  in  the  Ortheziinae  are  at  the  ends  of  seta-like  prolongations 
of  the  cuticle.  This  euticular  extension,  which  lacks  a  calyx,  has 
its  opening  in  the  free  end  and  is  a  pilaceroris.  One  of  the 
commonest  types  of  ceroris  is  where  there  are  six  openings  arranged 
in  a  circle  around  the  periphery  of  a  central  circular  area.  These 
are  known  as  paracerores.  The  cerores  located  in  the  rectum,  the 
anacerores,  are  also  known  as  rectal  wax  pores,  rectal  spinnerets, 
or  honey  dew  glands.  The  powdery  wax  in  most  species  of 
Pseudococcus  is  poured  out  through  cerores  that  are  triangular  in 
outline,  the  tricerores,  and  contain  numerous  irregularly 
arranged  pores.  In  the  Asterolecaniinae  the  cerores  are  arranged 
in  pairs  with  their  adjacent  margins  usually  flattened  so  that  they 
form  a  figure  8.  These  are  the  octacerores.  The  opening  or 
openings  of  each  ceroris  through  which  the  wax  is  poured  is  an 
oraceroris. 

In  the  Diaspidinae  the  openings  through  which  the 
wax  is  poured  are  generally  designated  as  wax  pores  or  spinnerets. 
These  openings  are  the  external  outlets  of  invaginated  euticular 
tubes  and  are  not  homologous  with  the  cerores.  The  tubes  are 
known  as  ceratubae  and  their  external  openings  as  oraceratubae. 
The  ceratubae  are  not  confined  to  the  Diaspidinae,  but  have  been 
observed  in  species  of  Lecaniinae,  Kermesiinae,  Eriococcinae,  and 
Asterolecaniinae.  They  will  probably  be  found  in  some  of  the 
other  subfamilies.  So  far  as  observed,  the  ceratubae  of  each  sub- 
family are  distinctive  in  form.  They  are  difficult  to  observe  in 
unstained  specimens. 

Segmentation. — The  cuticle  is  divided  by  transverse  constric- 
tions, coriae,  into  three  well  marked  regions,  the  head,  the  thorax, 
and  the  abdomen.  The  segmentation  of  the  head  is  lost  during 
embryonic  development,  but  the  three  segments  of  the  thorax  and 
the  eight  or  more  segments  of  the  abdomen  can  usually  be 


<S5  THE   COCCIDAE 

identified,  particularly  in  the  early  nymphal  stages.  The  con- 
stricted part  of  the  cuticle,  the  coria,  is  usually  flexible  and  marks 
the  division  between  adjacent  segments.  The  coriae  are  named 
from  the  segments  forming  their  caudal  boundary,  as  the  one 
cephalad  of  the  prothorax  is  the  procoria,  the  one  cephalad  of  the 
mesothorax  is  the  mesoeoria,  the  one  cephalad  of  the  first  abdominal 
segment  is  the  unacoria,  etc. 

The  segmentation  of  the  body  of  the  adult  coccid  is  greatly 
obscured  through  the  obliteration  of  the  coriae  by  the  expansion  of 
the  body  to  hold  the  ovaries  or  because  of  its  covering  of  wax  or 
probably  in  most  cases  to  both  of  these  causes.  In  the  first  nymphal 
stage  of  certain  species  the  segments  and  coriae  can  generally  be 
identified,  but  they  gradually  disappear  with  each  successive  molt. 
The  microthorax  can  not  be  identified  and  the  microcoria,  micro- 
thorax,  and  procoria  are  represented  by  a  single  continuous 
transverse  area,  which  is  separated  from  the  head  by  an  infolded 
area  which  has  been  designated  the  procoria.  Where  the  thoracic 
coriae  are  wanting,  the  thoracic  region  can  be  identified  from  the 
attachment  of  the  legs  when  these  are  present.  But  where  the 
coriae  are  obscure  or  wanting  and  the  legs  are  wanting,  the  extent 
of  the  thoracic  segments  can  be  approximated  only  by  the  attach- 
ment of  the  mouth-parts  and  the  location  of  the  thoracic  spiracles, 
the  mesospiracles  and  the  metaspiracles. 

Head. — The  head  is  an  area  of  considerable  extent  on  both 
dorsal  and  ventral  aspects.  It  typically  bears  a  pair  of  antennae, 
a  pair  of  simple  eyes,  a  rostrum  or  labium,  and  a  pair  of  bristle- 
like  mandibles,  and  a  pair  of  bristle-like  maxillae.  These  are 
usually  all  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  even  though  all  or  a 
part  of  them  are  wanting  in  all  the  later  nymphal  stages  and  the 
adult.  The  caudal  extent  of  the  head  is  marked  by  the  procoria, 
but  this  is  wanting  in  many  adults,  as  Diaspidinae  and  Lecaniinae, 
where  the  head  and  three  thoracic  segments  form  a  continuous 
undivided  area.  This  fused  area  is  designated  by  some  writers  as 
the  cephalothorax.  Something  as  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the 
head  can  frequently  be  determined  from  the  appendages  which 
it  bears  and  their  attachment.  The  head  is  generally  figured  and 
described  as  being  triangular  in  outline  and  limited  for  the  most 
part  to  the  ventral  aspect.  Its  true  size  and  shape  are  more 
easily  determined  in  nymphs  of  the  first  stage.  The  subtriangular 
ventral  area  frequently  described  as  the  head  is  only  a  part  of  it 
and  represents  the  fused  front  and  clypeus.  It  is  designated  as 
the  frons  in  the  Homoptera  and  this  name  should  be  used  here. 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  29 

The  labrum  so  far  as  observed  is  always  obsolete.  The  cephalic 
portion  of  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  bears  the  eyes  and  the 
antennae  and  the  caudal  portion  the  mouth-parts.  The  latter  are 
attached  between  the  first  pair  of  legs  and  usually  in  line  with  the 
first  pair  of  spiracles. 

Eyes. — The  eyes,  when  present  in  the  female,  are  always 
simple.  They  are  comparatively  large  in  the  active  species  and 
sometimes,  as  in  Orthezia,  are  placed  on  short  projections.  The 
portion  representing  the  eye  can  usually  be  recognized  even  in 
treated  specimens  from  the  presence  of  pigment.  The  eyes  of  the 
female  are  sometimes  designated  as  the  primary  eyes,  because  they 
persist  through  out  all  the  nymphal  stages  and  are  present  in  the 
adult.  The  eyes  of  the  male  are  compound  in  the  Monophlebinae, 
the  Xylococcinae,  the  Margarodinae,  and  the  Ortheziinae.  The 
external  part  of  each  separate  compound  eye,  a  facet,  is  strongly 
convex  so  that  the  compound  eye  appears  as  a  whole  coarsely 
granular.  In  the  subfamilies  with  compound  eyes  certain  species 
are  also  provided  with  two  simple  eyes  or  true  ocelli,  which  are 
sometimes  located  between  the  compound  eyes  but  more  often 
adjacent  to  their  caudal  margin.  In  the  other  subfamilies  the 
compound  eyes  are  represented  by  groups  of  simple  eyes  which 
are  arranged  in  a  semicircle  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  number 
of  simple  eyes  varies  greatly  in  the  different  genera.  They  are 
most  numerous  in  the  Phenacoleachiinae,  eight  on  each  side, 
where  they  form  almost  a  complete  circle,  but  the  usual  number  is 
from  three  to  five  on  each  side.  There  is  usually  a  pair  of  large 
facets  on  the  dorsal  and  another  on  the  ventral  aspect.  It  has 
been  claimed  by  some  that  the  ventral  pair  of  facets  is  developed 
from  the  mouth-parts  which  are  always  stated  to  be  wanting.  In  the 
wingless  males  the  eyes  are  limited  to  two  facets,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  head  as  in  the  female,  but  there  is  no  reason  other  than 
similarity  in  position  for  considering  them  homologous  with  the 
primary  eyes  of  the  female. 

Each  of  the  simple  eyes  of  the  nymphal  and  adult  female  and 
of  the  first  nymphal  male  and  of  the  adult  male  with  simple  eyes 
is  known  as  an  ocellana.  This  term  is  applied  to  all  the  simple 
eyes,  other  than  ocelli,  of  all  Exometabola.  In  order  to  distinguish 
the  simple  eyes  other  than  ocelli  of  other  insects,  those  found  in 
nymphal  and  adult  Apterygota  are  known  as  ocellalae  and  those  of 
the  larvae  of  Entometabola  as  ocellarae.  The  position  of  one  pair 
of  ocellanae  on  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  head  of  certain  males, 
which  are  not  in  line  with  the  other  ocellanae,  would  suggest  that 


30  THE   COCCIDAE 

they  are  probably  true  ocelli.  In  the  Diaspidinae  there  are  three 
pairs  of  ocellanae,  a  pair  of  large  dorsal  and  a  pair  of  large  ventral 
oeellanae  and  a  pair  of  minute  subdorsal  oeellanae.  These  latter 
are  designated  as  eyes  by  Newstead  and  the  large  ocellanae  as 
ocelli  while  in  Lichtensia,  where  there  are  five  pairs  of  ocellanae. 
two  pairs  of  ventral  ocellanae,  two  pairs  of  dorsal  ocellanae,  and 
a  pair  of  lateral  ocellanae,  the  latter  are  considered  as  eyes  and  all 
the  other  ocellanae  as  ocelli.  True  ocelli  are  never  present  in 
immature  insects  of  this  order  and  when  present  in  adults  are  never 
more  than  three  in  number.  A  very  different  nomenclature  is  used 
by  Signoret  for  the  ocellanae.  There  is  no  reason  for  considering' 
any  of  the  pairs  of  ocellanae  as  eyes  or  the  homologues  of  primary 
eyes.  The  pair  of  small  ocellanae  in  the  Diaspidinae  and  one 
pair  in  other  male  coccids  may  prove  to  be  homologous  with  the 
true  ocelli  of  other  insects. 

Antennae. — The  antennae  are  long  and  prominent  in  the 
active  species  and  usually  consist  of  about  eleven  segments.  This 
number  is  greatly  reduced  in  the  inactive  species  where  the 
antennae  may  be  wanting.  In  the  Diaspidinae  each  antenna  is 
generally  represented  by  a  minute  tubercle  bearing  from  one  to 
four  long  setae.  Where  the  antennae  are  large,  the  distal  segment 
is  usually  much  larger  than  the  others  and  is  sometimes  thickened 
or  clavate  and  irregularly  indented  or  notched.  The  notches  cause 
this  segment  to  appear  as  if  subdivided  or  composed  of  several 
subsegments.  These  have  been  described  by  some  writers  as  true 
segments.  The  indentations  mark  the  location  of  the  attachment 
of  setae.  The  comparative  length  of  the  various  segments  of  the 
antennae,  particularly  in  the  Briococcinae  and  Lecaniinae,  have 
been  used  extensively  for  the  separation  of  genera  and  species. 
The  variation  in  the  length  of  the  different  segments  is  usually 
expressed  in  the  form  of  a  formula,  thus:  (3,  4),  7,  2,  (1,  6). 
The  numbers  are  the  numbers  of  the  segments,  the  longest  segment 
is  always  indicated  at  the  left  end  of  the  formula  and  the  suc- 
cessively shorter  ones  are  arranged  in  order  from  left  to  right 
while  those  of  the  same  length  are  enclosed  in  a  parenthesis.  A 
formula  giving  the  actual  length  in  microns  is  used  by  some 
authors.  Kellogg  and  Bell  have  shown  from  an  examination  of 
several  individuals  from  the  same  colony  that  there  may  be  enough 
variation  between  the  segments  of  the  two  antennae  of  the  same 
individual  to  place  them  in  different  genera.  This  was  confirmed 
by  Thro  from  a  study  of  certain  species  of  Lecaniinae.  The 
number  and  arrangement  of  the  setae  borne  by  the  antennal 


EXTERNAL    ANATOMY  31 

segments  has  been  much  used  by  systernatists.  Careful  studies  of 
representative  species  of  several  genera  of  Lecaniinae  by  Thro 
showed  that  the  setae  were  practically  identical  in  number  and 
arrangement  in  the  species  studied  and  the  differences  described 
were  due  to  overlooking  the  calices  of  setae  that  had  been  broken 
off.  In  certain  genera  there  is  a  group  or  transverse  row  of  setae 
located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  between  the  articulations 
of  the  antennae  which  have  been  named  by  Green  the  interantennal 
setae. 

Rostrum. — The  rostrum  in  the  heteropterous  Hemiptera  has 
been  shown  to  be  homologous  with  the  labium  of  other  insects. 
That  the  rostrum  in  the  Coccidae  is  homologous  with  the  rostrum 
of  the  Heteroptera  and  the  labium  of  other  insects,  there  is  abso- 
lutely no  doubt.  It  is  an  elongate  projection  attached  between 
the  prothoracic  legs.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  rostrum  are 
normally  folded  so  that  it  is  U-shaped  in  cross-section  except  that 
the  margins  meet  on  the  dorso-meson.  By  this  folding  a  closed 
furrow  is  formed,  the  rostral  furrow,  which  extends  lengthwise 
through  the  rostrum  and  serves  for  holding,  guiding,  and  support- 
ing the  bristle-like  mandibles  and  maxillae.  The  rostrum  consists 
of  three  segments  in  Coelostoma  and  Phenacoleachia ;  of  two 
segments  in  Icerya,  Pseudocoecus,  and  many  other  coccids ;  and  of 
a  single  segment  in  the  Lecaniinae  and  Diaspidinae.  In  the  adults 
of  the  Margarodinae,  Xylococcinae,  Callipappinae,  and  Kuwaniinae 
the  rostrum  is  always  wanting.  It  is  usually  stated  that  the  rostrum 
is  lost  in  the  male  at  the  first  or  second  molt  and  is  wanting  in  all 
subsequent  stages,  including  the  adult.  But  in  the  adults  of  cer- 
tain species  as  those  of  the  genus  Pseudocoecus,  it  is  represented 
by  a  minute  conical  projection.  The  distal  end  of  the  rostrum  is 
frequently  provided  with  large  setae,  the  labial  setae.  In  the 
Coccidae  the  rostrum  is  always  much  shorter  than  in  the  closely 
related  families,  the  plant  lice  and  the  psyllids,  rarely  if  ever 
extending  beyond  the  thorax  and  usually  only  to  the  caudal  margin 
of  the  mesothorax. 

Mandibles,  Maxillae. — The  mandibles  and  maxillae  are  long 
and  bristle-like  as  in  all  other  Hemiptera.  It  is  very  difficult,  if 
not  impossible  in  most  cases,  to  distinguish  the  mandibles  from  the 
maxillae,  except  where  their  articulation  to  the  head  can  be  de- 
termined. They  can  be  distinguished  in  some  heteropterous 
Hemiptera  by  the  teeth  or  projections  on  their  distal  ends.  The 
margins  of  the  mandibles  and  maxillae  are  furrowed  in  such  a 
way  that  they  are  normally  so  closely  fastened  together  that  it  is 


32  THE   COCCIDAE 

difficult  to  separate  them.  When  they  are  separated,  which  some- 
times happens  from  the  handling  of  the  specimen,  there  is 
frequently  apparently  less  than  four  parts  present,  the  actual 
number.  The  usual  number  is  apparently  three.  The  mandibles 
in  such  cases  are  separated  from  each  other  and  from  the  maxillae. 
They  form  two  of  the  three  parts  and  the  closely  applied  maxillae 
the  third.  They  are  normally  all  fastened  together  and  form  a 
tube  through  which  the  liquid  food  is  drawn  into  the  pharynx. 
This  structure,  formed  of  the  closely  applied  mandibles  and 
maxillae,  is  the  rostralis.  It  is  frequently  longer  than  the  entire 
body  and  may  be  five  times  as  long.  The  rostrum  serves  simply 
as  a  support  for  the  rostralis  and  does  not  function  as  a  tube 
through  which  the  food  is  drawn.  The  free  end  of  the  rostralis 
in  individuals  which  are  not  attached  to  their  host-plant  usually 
does  not  project  beyond  the  free  end  of  the  rostrum.  The  mandi- 
bles and  maxillae  are  lost  at  the  first  .or  second  molt  and  are 
wanting  in  the  adult  male. 

Crumena. — The  thin  cuticle  of  the  head  adjacent  to  the 
proximal  portion  of  the  rostrum  is  deeply  infolded  or  invaginated, 
forming  a  long  slender  pocket  which  lies  free  in  the  body  cavity 
and  generally  extends  through  the  meso thorax  and  metathorax. 
The  rostralis  after  its  exit  from  the  mouth  extends  into  this  pocket. 
This  pocket  was  first  described  by  Mark  and  by  him  named  the 
crumena.  It  was  later  figured  and  described  by  Berlese  who 
designated  it  the  guaina  delle  setole  rostrali.  I  had  before  the 
name  of  Mark  was  discovered  designated  it  as  the  theca.  All  the 
slack  of  the  rostralis  is  held  in  the  crumena  and  the  proximal  part 
of  the  rostral  furrow  is  thickened  and  forms  a  sort  of  bumper,  the 
plena,  against  which  the  end  of  the  rostralis  rests.  The  crumena 
has  been  observed  in  many  coccids  and  is  probably  present  in  all. 
It  is  difficult  to  identify  in  unstained  specimens.  The  rostral  fold 
described  by  many  systematists  is  the  portion  of  the  rostralis 
retained  within  the  crumena. 

Endoskeleton. — There  is  a  well  developed  series  of  chitinized 
arms  or  bars  present  within  the  cavity  of  the  head  of  all  coccids. 
These  bars  are  a  part  of  the  endoskeleton  and  are  usually  desig- 
nated as  the  head  skeleton  or  chitinous  cradle.  The  parts  of  the 
endoskeleton  serve  for  the  attachment  of  the  muscles  that  operate 
the  rostralis,  rostrum,  and  the  parts  associated  with  them.  In  the 
differentiation  of  species  or  genera,  the  parts  of  the  endoskeleton 
have  not  been  used.  There  is  only  a  slight  variation  in  the  form 
and  arrangement  of  these  parts  in  the  different  subfamilies. 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  33 

Thorax. — The  thorax  is  divisible  into  three  clearly  marked 
regions  in  most  insects,  the  prothorax,  the  mesothorax,  and  the 
metathorax.  Such  a  condition  does  not  exist  among  coccids.  The 
prothorax  is  usually  continuous  with  the  head,  except  in  some 
nymphs  of  the  first  stage,  and  with  difficulty  separated  from  it. 
The  mesocoria  and  metacoria,  the  membranes  connecting  the  pro- 
thorax  and  mesothorax  and  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax,  are 
usually  limited  to  the  dorsal  and  lateral  aspects  and  then  only 
marked  as  slight  transverse  constrictions.  These  coriae  are  effaced 
without  passing  through  a  suture  stage.  The  combined  head  and 
thorax,  as  in  the  adult  female  of  the  Diaspidinae,  are  sometimes 
designated  as  a  cephalothorax. 

There  is  a  strongly  chitinized  area  extends  dorsad  and  laterad 
from  the  lateral  margin  of  the  proximal  segment  of  each  leg,  a 
coxa,  in  certain  of  the  leg  bearing  species.  This  linear  area  has 
been  designated  the  episternum  because  it  bears  a  projection  for 
the  articulation  of  a  coxa.  This  articular  surface  of  each  epis- 
ternum is  a  coxacoila  and  the  articular  surface  of  the  coxa  which 
is  applied  against  the  coxacoila  is  a  coxartis.  In  those  Hemiptera 
where  the  pleural  sclerites  can  be  identified,  the  episternum  is 
usually  large  and  forms  the  greater  part  of  each  pleural  area, 
while  the  epimeron  is  small  and  inconspicuous  and  forms  a  narrow 
area  along  the  caudal  margin  of  the  episternum  or  is  covered  by  it. 
The  coxacoila  is  typically  formed  from  the  episternum  and  epimeron 
not  only  in  the  Hemiptera  but  in  most  insects,  so  that  this  area  in 
the  Coccidae  undoutedly  contains  a  small  portion  of  each  of  these 
sclerites.  For  the  sake  of  brevity,  however,  each  of  the  entire 
areas  bearing  a  coxacoila  has  been  called  an  episternum.  This 
sclerite  is  distinct  in  Icerya. 

Those  species  of  coccids  provided  with  an  episternum  are  also 
usually  provided  with  an  apodema.  This  is  the  thin,  vertical, 
euticular  plate  extending  into  the  body  cavity  from  the  inner 
surface  of  each  episternum.  These  pleural  plates  form  a  part  of 
the  endoskeleton  of  the  thorax,  which  is  present  in  most  insects, 
but  wanting  in  all  legless  coccids.  This  structure  has  no  relation 
to  the  notal  area  of  the  male,  the  mesoscutellum,  to  which  the  name 
of  apodema  has  been  incorrectly  applied.  There  is  on  each  side 
of  the  meson  of  the  ventral  aspect  of  each  thoracic  segment  of 
most  insects  a  small  invaginated  lobe,  a  furca.  The  furcae  also 
constitute  a  part  of  the  endoskeleton  of  the  thorax.  In  the  coccids 
the  furcae  are  present  only  in  the  generalized  species  and  then  are 
represented  only  by  small  finger-like  projections  which  are  difficult 


34  THE   COCCIDAE 

to  identify  even  in  stained  mounted  specimens.  The  mesofurcae 
and  metafurcae  are  present  in  Icerya.  The  furcellae  another 
series  of  invaginated  lobes  forming  a  part  of  the  endoskeleton  of 
the  ventral  aspect  have  not  been  identified.  Each  of  the  lobes  of 
the  endoskeleton,  apodemae  or  furcae,  which  are  primitive  struc- 
tures, is  often  designated  as  an  apodeme ;  while  other  lobes  which 
are  identical  in  form  and  structure  but  are  secondary  in  origin 
are  known  as  parademes. 

Legs. — The  legs  are  of  the  ordinary  type  and  sequence  of  parts 
of  other  insects.  They  appear  much  larger  and  longer  in  the 
nymph  of  most  species  than  in  the  adult  because  of  the  size  of  the 
body.  The  profemur  is  greatly  enlarged  and  dilated  in  the  Mar- 
garodinae  and  the  protibia  is  fitted  with  a  hook-like  tarsus  for 
digging. 

The  proximal  segment  of  each  leg,  a  coxa,  is  subglobular  and 
its  proximal  end  is  usually  provided  with  a  thickened  rim.  The 
middle  of  the  lateral  margin  of  this  rim  or  ring  is  provided  with 
an  articular  surface,  an  artis  or  coxartis,  which  articulates  with  a 
coxacoila.  The  second  segment  or  trochanter  is  oval  or  triangulai 
in  outline.  The  largest  sclerite  or  segment  of  the  leg  is  the  third 
segment  or  femur.  It  is  usually  more  or  less  compressed.  The 
suture  between  the  femur  and  the  trochanter  is  obsolete  in  certain 
species  of  Orthezia.  The  fourth  segment,  the  tibia,  i^  usually  longer 
than  the  femur  but  smaller  in  diameter.  The  fif^p  segment  is  the 
tarsus.  Its  distal  end  frequently  bears  long  slender  clavate  setae, 
which  are  known  as  .tenant  hairs,  digitules,  or  empodial  hairs. 
They  are  probably  the  outlets  of  glands  secreting  a  sticky  substance 
which  aids  them  in  clinging  to  smooth  surfaces.  The  digitules 
are  more  frequently  present  in  the  males  than  in  the  females. 
The  suture  between  the  tibia  and  tarsus  is  always  wanting  in 
species  of  Conchaspis  and  in  certain  species  of  Orthezia.  The 
tarsus  consists  of  a  single  segment  except  the  protarsus  of  the 
males  of  Coccus  and  all  the  tarsi  of  the  females  of  Exaeretopus, 
which  have  two.  The  hook  borne  by  each  tarsus,  a  claw,  is  usually 
not  prominent  and  in  some  species  bears  digitules.  The  digitules 
of  the  legs  are  distinguished  as  the  tibial  digitules  and  the  ungual 
digitules. 

The  comparative  length  of  the  various  segments  of  the  leg 
is  frequently  indicated  by  systematists  and  used  in  the  separa- 
tion of  species.  This  is  usually  stated  in  microns  in  a  formula,  as 
follows :  c.  120-140 ;  tr.  68 ;  fern.  180-240 ;  tib.  120-152 ;  tar.  80-88  : 
claw  12-12. 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  35 

Abdomen. — The  third,  largest,  and  most  important  region  of 
the  body  is  the  abdomen.  It  is  of  importance  because  it  contains 
the  organs,  of  reproduction  and  their  external  opening  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  structures  that  excrete  the  wax  for  covering  the 
body  and  the  eggs.  The  abdomen  consists  typically  of  ten  seg- 
ments. In  the  Diaspidinae  the  segments  of  the  caudal  half  are 
fused  and  the  coriae  are  wanting.  Systematists  have  made  no  use 
of  the  number  of  abdominal  segments  and  usually  those  who  have 
described  and  figured  the  abdomen  have  not  always  been  consistent 
in  giving  the  same  number  for  the  same  species.  The  dorsal  aspect 
of  each  segment  is  known  as  a  tergum  and  the  ventral  aspect  as  a 
sternum. 

The  abdomen  in  the  Diaspidinae  is  divided  into  two  regions. 
The  cephalic  portion  consists  of  four  segments  with  distinct  flexible 
coriae,  the  preabdomen,  and  a  strongly  chitinized  caudal  portion 
without  coreae,  the  pygidium.  The  adult  females  of  the  Conehas- 
pinae  are  described  as  having  a  pygidium,  but  the  coriae  can  be 
identified  between  practically  all  of  the  segments  and  they  are 
provided  with  cerores  instead  of  ceratubae  as  in  the  Diaspidinae. 
In  the  abdomen  of  the  adult  Lecaniinae  all  the  segments  are  fused 
and  the  coriae  obsolete,  but  the  coriae  can  frequently  be  identified 
in  the  nymphal  stages,  particularly  the  first. 

The  segmentation  of  the  body  can  be  determined  or  approxi- 
mated in  many  species  of  coccids  even  if  the  legs  are  wanting 
and  the  intersegmental  coriae  are  obsolete.  This  can  be  accomp- 
lished by  means  of  the  row  of  setae,  cerores,  or  setae  and  cerores 
placed  along  each  lateral  margin  or  around  the  periphery  of  the 
body.  The  setae  of  these  rows  are  generally  larger  or  different 
in  form  from  the  other  setae  of  the  body  so  that  they  can  be 
readily  recognized  and  their  intersegmental  homology  determined. 
In  the  first  stage  nymphs  of  Icerya  these  structures  are  large  setae 
placed  on  prominent  chalazae  while  in  Pseudococcus  they  are 
groups  of  short  conical  setae,  usually  one  to  six,  surrounded  by  the 
tricerores  which  form  the  prominent  pencils  of  wax  projecting 
from  the  periphery  of  the  body  in  all  the  nymphal  stages  and  the 
adult.  While  there  is  some  variation  among  the  different  species 
and  genera  as  to  the  number  and  nature  of  these  groups,  they  are 
always  constant  for  a  given  species.  The  usual  arrangement  is  a 
single  group  on  each  side  of  each  abdominal  segment,  two  to  three 
groups  on  each  side  of  each  thoracic  segment,  and  four  to  six 
groups  on  each  half  of  the  head.  The  components  of  the  cephalic 


36  THE  COCCIDAE 

group  of  the  head  and  the  caudal  group   of  the  abdomen  are 
generally  subadjacent. 

Anus. — The  external  opening  of  the  caudal  end  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal,  the  anus,  is  normally  located  in  the  tenth  segment. 
In  the  Diaspidinae  the  caudal  portion  of  the  abdomen  is  strongly 
depressed  and  the  anus  is  usually  a  circular  opening  located  on  the 
dorsal  aspect.  It  varies  considerable  in  position,  in  some  species 
it  is  located  near  the  cephalic  portion  of  the  strongly  chitinized 
pygidium,  in  others  near  the  caudal  end,  and  in  still  others  it  is 
intermediate  in  position  between  these  two.  In  the  Lecaniinae 
and  Asterolecaniinae  the  anus  is  located  at  the  cephalic  end  of  the 
invaginated  barrel-shaped  anal  tube.  It  is  usually  surrounded  by 
an  anal  ring  at  this  point  and  is  not  located  on  the  exterior  of  the 
body  as  might  be  expected. 

Vulva. — The  external  opening  of  the  female  reproductive 
organs  is  the  vulva.  It  is  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  generally 
near  the  caudal  margin  of  the  sixth  segment.  There  are  frequently 
accessor}'  structures  associated  with  it  which  make  its  location  more 
easily  identified.  Figures  of  the  caudal  portion  of  the  dorsal  or 
ventral  aspects  of  the  abdomen  of  coceids  generally  show  the 
position  of  both  anus  and  vulva  on  the  same  drawing,  this  does  not 
mean  that  they  are  both  situated  on  the  same  aspect.  In  the 
Diaspidinae  the  vulva  is  usually  located  near  the  middle  of  the 
pygidium. 

Spiracles. — The  external  openings  of  the  respiratory  system 
the  spiracles,  also  known  as  stigmata,  are  usually  distinct  and  are 
always  four  in  number.  The  cephalic  pair,  the  mesopiracles 
belong  to  the  mesothorax  and  the  caudal  pair,  the  metaspiracles, 
to  the  metathorax.  These  spiracles  are  normally  located  in  the 
mesocoria  and  metacoria.  In  the  leg  bearing  species,  the 
mesospiracles  are  located  about  midway  between  the  articulations 
of  the  prothoracic  and  mesothoracic  legs  and  the  metaspiracles 
about  midway  between  those  of  the  mesothoracic  and  metathoracic 
legs.  In  the  Diaspidinae  the  adults  of  which  are  always  legless, 
the  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  located  one  on  each  side  of  the 
rostrum,  sometimes  designated  as  the  head  spiracles,  near  where  the 
prothoracic  legs  are  ordinarily1  (articulated.  The  metaspiracles 
are  apparently  not  different  in  location  from  that  of  the  species 
with  legs.  The  spiracles  are  the  only  landmarks  available  in 
many  legless  coceids  for  indicating  the  thoracic  segmentation. 
They  are  greatly  reduced  in  size  in  the  genus  Xylococcus  and  were 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  37 

described  by  Pergande  as  wanting,  while  in  Tachardia  the 
mesospiracles  leave  their  normal  position  during  nymphal  devel- 
opment and  through  a  readjustment  of  the  bag-like  body  assume 
a  position  near  the  anus. 

Peritreme. — The  spiracles  of  most  insects  are  surrounded  by 
a  thickened  area  of  cuticle  which  forms  a  rim  about  the  opening 
and  is  known  as  a  peritreme.  This  rim  varies  somewhat  in  form, 
but  in  most  coccids  is  simply  a  circular  plate  or  may  be  wanting. 
The  portions  of  the  peritreme  bordering  the  two  sides  of  the 
opening  or  slit,  the  cephalic  and  the  caudal,  may  be  modified  into 
lips  or  labiae  for  closing  the  spiracle. 

Spiracularia. — The  prominent  parademe  extending  from  the 
ental  surface  of  the  peritreme  into  the  body  cavity  in  certain 
coccids  may  be  known  as  the  spiracularia.  They  are  distinct  in 
Icerya  and  Monophlebus,  serve  for  the  attachment  of  muscles,  and 
are  so  far  as  known  peculiar  to  the  thoracic  spiracles. 

Cavaera. — The  tracheal  tube  connecting  with  each  spiracle,  a 
spiracular  trachea,  is  frequently  expanded  in  the  coccids  into  a 
chamber  of  varying  size  and  shape.  This  chamber  is  usually 
trumpet-shaped  or  globular  and  its  walls  are  generally  smooth, 
not  transversely  striate  like  the  ordinary  tracheal  tube.  This 
structure  may  be  known  as  the  cavaera.  It  is  also  known  as  the 
collar  chamber.  The  cavaera  constitutes  the  greater  part  of  the 
structure  usually  described  and  figured  by  students  of  coccids  as 
a  spiracle.  This  is  particularly  true  of  species  of  Lecaniinae. 
The  term  spiracle  is  limited  here  as  with  other  insects  simply  to  the 
opening.  There  are  folds  sometimes  present  in  the  cavaera  which 
serve  for  closing  the  spiracle,  these  should  not  be  confused  with 
the  labiae  which  are  modifications  of  the  peritreme. 

Abdominal  Spiracles. — The  abdominal  spiracles  are  generally 
smaller  than  those  of  the  thorax  and  may  be  provided  with  or  lack  a 
distinct  peritreme.  The  normal  number  of  abdominal  spiracles 
for  insects  in  general  is  eight  pairs,  a  pair  on  each  of  the  first  eight 
abdominal  segments.  When  less  than  this  number  is  present,  it 
is  due  to  the  reduction  or  fusion  of  the  first  abdominal  segment 
with  the  adjacent  segment  and  the  loss  of  its  spiracles  or  the 
atrophy  of  the  spiracles  or  their  loss  through  the  increase  in  size 
and  the  encroachment  of  the  metathorax  or  the  atrophy  of  the 
spiracles  at  the  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen.  Since  the  abdomen 
is  not  used  extensively  in  classification,  it  is  not  strange  that  the 
number  of  records  of  the  presence  of  abdominal  spiracles  in  coccids 
is  not  large.  They  have  been  recorded  more  frequently  from 


38  THE  COCCIDAE 

among  the  generalized  subfamilies,  particularly  the  Monophlebinae, 
than  from  the  specialized  subfamilies.  Eight  pairs  are  recorded  as 
present  in  species  of  Stigmacoccus,  seven  in  Perissopneumon, 
Monophlebus,  and  Droschia,  and  two  or  three  in  Icerya  on  segments 
six  to  eight  or  seven  to  eight.  Abdominal  spiracles  are  also  re- 
ported as  present  in  Cryptokermes,  Margarodes,  and  on  the  first 
segment  of  Conchaspis.  All  the  species  of  Orthezia  examined  have 
seven  pairs  and  there  are  eight  pairs  in  all  the  American  species 
of  Xylococcus.  Abdominal  spiracles  are  also  present  in  certain 
species  of  Steingelia,  Stomatacoccus,  Coelostomidea,  and  Kuwania. 
Cavaerae  are  rarely  if  ever  associated  with  the  abdominal  spiracles. 

Anal  Ring. — The  anus  in  certain  genera  is  surrounded  by  an 
elevated  ring-like  structure,  known  as  the  anal  ring.  It  was 
formerly  known  as  the  genital  ring  or  genito-anal  ring  from  the 
mistaken  notion  that  it  surrounded  the  vulva.  The  anal  ring 
generally  bears  a  number  of  setae,  typically  six,  which  are  longer 
and  stouter  than  the  other  setae  of  the  body.  There  are  cerores 
which  vary  in  form  and  position  in  the  different  genera  and  species 
which  are  arranged  irregularly  or  in  rows  between  the  setae. 
The  wax  excreted  by  the  anal  ring  is  generally  different  in 
character  from  that  excreted  by  the  cerores  on  other  parts  of  the 
body  and  frequently  forms  a  tube  through  which  the  honey-dew  or 
excrement  is  passed.  The  prominent  anal  wax-tube  formed  by 
species  of  Xylococcus  is  not  excreted  in  this  way  but  by  anacerores. 
The  anal  ring  is  usually  wanting  in  the  adults  of  the  Keraiesiinae 
but  present  in  a  rudimentary  condition  in  the  nymphs. 

Anal  Ring  Setae. — The  setae  borne  by  the  anal  ring  are  known 
as  the  anal  ring  spines,  the  anal  ring  hairs,  or  the  anal  ring  setae. 
They  are  usually  six  in  number.  There  may  be  as  few  as  two  and 
as  many  as  eight,  ten,  twelve,  or  even  thirty.  Newstead  reported 
twenty  to  twenty-four  in  Aclerda,  but  Green  does  not  consider 
these  as  anal  ring  setae.  Some  authors  have  recorded  a  large 
number  of  anal  ring  setae  as  present  in  certain  genera  of 
Lecaniinae,  but  these  are  according  to  Green  longitudinal  corruga- 
tions of  the  eversible  sac  of  the  rectum,  the  anal  tube. 

Anal  Lobes. — Most  coccids  with  an  anal  ring  are  also  provided 
with  anal  lobes.  These  are  the  shoulder-like  projections  or  lobes 
located  at  the  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen  on  each  side  of  the  anal 
ring.  They  may  be  present  in  the  nymphal  stages  and  wanting  in 
the  adult,  in  fact  they  are  usually  larger  and  more  prominent  in 
the  nymphal  stages.  They  vary  greatly  in  form  and  size.  In  some 
species  they  are  so  large  that  the  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen 


EXTERNAL   ANATOMY  39 

appears  cleft  or  emarginate.  Each  anal  lobe  bears  one  or  more 
large  setae,  the  anal  setae.  These  setae  probably  serve  as  a  core 
to  support  the  wax  filaments  excreted  by  the  cerores  of  the  anal 
lobes. 

The  presence  of  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae  and  of 
anal  lobes  with  anal  setae  seems  to  be  closely  correlated.  The 
modification  of  these  structures  shows  them  to  be  much  older  in 
their  development  than  the  pygidium  of  the  Diaspidinae  which  is 
typically  perfect  only  in  the  adult  female.  The  anal  ring  and 
anal  lobes,  if  present  in  any  stage,  are  more  likely  to  be  found  in 
the  first  nymphal  stage  and,  if  atrophy  or  modification  of  parts 
has  begun  to  take  place,  it  starts  with  the  adult  and  finally  extends 
into  the  older  nymphal  stages.  Such  changes  may  be  confined  to 
the  adult  alone.  The  typical  number  of  anal  ring  setae  is  six  in 
the  first  nymphal  stage,  although  there  may  be  more  or  less  in  the 
other  nymphal  stages  and  the  adult.  A  large  number  of  the 
species  lacking  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  in  the  adult  have 
six  anal  ring  setae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  modification 
of  these  structures  may  extend  into  the  first  nymphal  stage  which 
is  shown  in  the  reduction  in  the  size  of  the  anal  ring  setae  and 
later  in  the  number  of  these  setae  to  four,  two,  or  none,  and  going 
hand  in  hand  with  this  change  is  a  segmentation  of  the  anal  ring 
and  finally  the  complete  loss  of  the  anal  ring  itself.  There  is 
generally  a  change  in  the  form  and  a  reduction  in  the  size  of  the 
anal  lobes  associated  with  the  modification  of  the  anal  ring,  but 
the  anal  lobes  like  the  anal  ring  reach  their  most  perfect  develop- 
ment in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  Some  of  the  subfamilies,  as  the 
Diaspidinae,  which  have  evidently  been  derived  from  the  line  with 
anal  lobes,  an  anal  ring,  and  anal  ring  setae,  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage  of  many  species  have  the  anal  lobes  either  obscure  or  so  they 
can  be  traced,  but  are  always  provided  with  two  large  prominent 
anal  setae.  The  position  and  form  of  these  setae  show  unques- 
tionably their  homology.  They  are  peculiar  to  the  first  nymphal 
stage. 


CHAPTER  IV 

CLASSIFICATION 

The  early  students  of  the  Coccidae  were  not  particularly 
interested  in  the  describing  of  new  species  and  new  genera,  but  in 
discussing  the  habits  of  certain  common  species.  This  was  par- 
ticularly true  of  the  cochineal  insects  which  were  introduced  into 
Spain,  Italy,  and  northern  Africa  after  the  discovery  of  America. 
Upon  these  a  large  number  of  treatises  were  based.  Signoret 
after  deliberating  over  all  the  literature  of  the  family  published 
before  1868,  gives  a  list  of  the  described  species.  This  list  contains 
the  names  of  about  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  species.  Some 
of  these  names  have  been  referred  to  the  synonomy  and  many  others 
were  applied  to  species  that  were  so  poorly  described  that  they 
have  not  been  identified  since.  The  species  were  included  in 
thirty-five  genera.  Some  idea  of  the  amount  of  work  and  study 
that  has  been  given  to  this  family  in  recent  years  can  be  obtained 
from  a  comparison  of  the  number  of  species  and  genera  listed  by 
Signoret  and  those  included  in  the  catalogue  of  Mrs.  Fernald 
published  in  1903,  thirty-five  years  later.  This  list  contains  1514 
species  and  164  genera. 

The  subdivision  of  the  family  into  sections,  tribes,  or  sub- 
families varies  considerable  with  the  author.  The  variation 
consists  not  only  in  the  rank  assigned  the  various  groups  and  the 
distribution  of  the  groups,  but  in  their  number  and  the  genera 
apportioned  to  them. 

The  first  subdivision  of  the  family  worthy  of  consideration 
was  that  of  Targioni  Tozzetti,  '68,  where  four  groups  are  recog- 
nized: Orthezites,  Coccites,  Lecanites,  and  Diaspites.  Signoret 
prepared  the  first  comprehensive  account  of  the  family,  the 
publication  of  which  was  begun  in  1868,  consists  of  seventeen  parts, 
and  was  completed  in  1875.  In  a  portion  of  this  work  published 
in  1868  four  sections  are  recognized :  Diaspides,  Brachyscelides. 
Lecanides,  and  Coccides.  Targioni  Tozzetti  in  1869  added  another 
tribe  to  those  which  he  had  previously  proposed,  Lecanodiaspites. 
placing  it  between  his  Lecanites  and  Diaspites.  Comstock,  '81, 
adopted  the  sections  proposed  by  Signoret,  arranged  them  in  the 

40 


CLASSIFICATION  41 

same  order,  but  ranked  them  as  subfamilies.  The  new  tribe  of 
Targioni  Tozzetti  was  not  recognized  and  the  species  that  had  been 
referred  to  this  tribe  were  considered  as  belonging  to  one  of  the 
other  sections  or  subfamilies.  The  Orthezites  of  Targioni  Tozzetti 
were  included  among  the  Coccinae  of  Signoret  and  Comstock. 

W.  M.  Maskell  between  the  years  1879  and  1897  published 
many  papers  dealing  with  the  Coccidae.  In  "An  account  of  New 
Zealand  scale  insects"  this  author  divides  the  family  into  four 
groups,  Diaspidinae,  Lecanidinae,  Hemicoccidinae,  and  Coccidinae. 
The  first  two  of  these  groups  are  the  same  as  the  Diaspinae  and 
Lecaninae  of  Comstock  and  the  second  and  third  represent  the 
Coccinae  of  this  author  and  Signoret.  The  Brachyscelinae  of 
Signoret,  the  Apiomorphinae  of  this  work,  which  is  peculiar  to 
Australia,  was  omitted.  The  group  Lecanidinae  was  subdivided 
by  Maskell  into  three  groups :  Lecanodiaspidae  which  is  the  same 
as  the  Lecanodiaspidites  of  Targioni  Tozzetti,  Lecanidae,  and 
Lecano-coccidae ;  the  Hemicoccidinae  into  two  groups :  Kermetidae 
and  Cryptokermetidae ;  the  Coccidinae  into  five  groups :  Acantho- 
coccidae,  Dactylopidae,  Coccidae,  Monophlebidae,  and  Porphyro- 
phoridae.  These  names  although  terminating  with  the  usual 
suffixes  applied  to  subfamilies  and  families  are  specifically  desig- 
nated as  groups  and  subdivisions.  If  all  the  groups  and 
subdivisions  of  this  classification  are  taken  into  account,  this  would 
make  eleven  divisions  of  the  family  Coccidae.  In  a  list  of  New 
Zealand  species  published  by  the  same  author  in  1895,  a  similar 
arrangement  is  followed.  There  are  six  subfamilies  recognized: 
Diaspidinae,  Lecaninae,  Hemicoccinae,  Coccinae,  Monophlebinae. 
and  Brachyscelinae.  The  Lecaninae  is  subdivided  into  three 
sections  as  in  the  first  classification;  the  Cryptokermetidae  of  the 
Hemicoccinae  is  omitted;  the  Monophlebinae  of  the  Coceinae  is 
raised  to.  the  rank  of  a  subfamily  and  the  Porphyrophoridae,  the 
Margarodinae  of  later  writers,  which  does  not  occur  in  the 
Australian  region,  is  omitted ;  and  the  Brachyscelinae  omitted  from 
the  previous  list  is  recognized  as  a  subfamily. 

Cockerell,  '96,  in  a  "Check-list  of  the  Coccidae"  recognized 
ten  subfamilies  arranged  as  follows  in  an  ascending  order:  Mono- 
phlebinae, Porphyrophorinae,  Coccinae,  Hemicoccinae,  Ortheziinae, 
Asterolecaniinae,  Brachyscelinae,  Idiococcinae,  Lecaniinae  and 
Diaspinae.  The  very  different  order  in  which  the  subfamilies  are 
arranged,  also  the  appearance  of  the  Orthezites  of  Targioni  Tozzetti 
again  but  as  a  subfamily  and  the  substitution  of  the  name 


42  THE   COCCIDAE 

Asterolecaniinae  for  the  Lecanodiaspidites  of  Targioni  Tozzetti  and 
the  Lecanococcidae  of  Maskell,  is  worthy  of  note. 

Berlese  and  Leonard!,  '98,  in  their  "Notizie  intorno  alle 
cocciniglie  americane  che  minaciano  la  frutticultura  europea" 
recognize  eight  groups,  tribes  as  they  designate  them,  but  with 
subfamily  suffixes,  which  are  arranged  in  the  following  order: 
Monophlebinae,  Porphyrophorinae,  Coccinae,  Hemicoccinae, 
Ortheziinae,  Asterolecaniinae,  Lecaninae,  and  Diaspinae.  In  a 
table  for  the  separation  of  the  subfamilies  two  additional  tribes, 
Brachyscelinae  placed  between  the  Lecaninae  and  Coccinae  and 
Idiococcinae  placed  before  the  Monophlebinae,  are  recognized. 
This  arrangement  does  not  differ  from  that  of  Cockerell.  The  five 
subgroups  of  their  tribe  Diaspinae  which  are  recognized  by 
Leonardi  in  his  "Generi  e  specie  di  Diaspiti,"  the  first  part  of 
which  was  printed  early  in  1898,  are  adopted  in  the  "Notizie" 
and  arranged  in  the  same  order:  Parlatoriae,  Aspidioti,  Leucas- 
pides,  Diaspides,  and  Mytilaspides. 

Green,  '96,  in  the  first  volume  of  his  "Coccidae  of  Ceylon" 
proposes  eleven  subfamilies  arranged  as  follows  in  an  ascending 
order:  Conchaspinae,  Diaspinae,  Lecaniinae,  Hemicoccinae, 
Dactylopiinae,  Tachardiinae,  Coccinae,  Idiococcinae,  Brachy- 
sceliinae,  Ortheziinae,  and  Monophlebinae.  In  remarking  upon 
the  classification  of  Cockerell,  he  states,  "I  should  be  inclined  to 
include  the  Porphyrophorinae  with  the  Monophlebinae  ....  nor 
does  the  separation  of  the  Asterolecaniinae  from  the  Coccinae  (as 
generally  constituted)  seem  necessary-"  In  volume  four  of  this 
work,  published  in  1909,  Green,  however,  adopts  the  subfamily 
Asterolecaniinae  and  places  it  between  the  Dactylopiinae  and 
Tachardiinae.  This  is  the  first  recognition  of  a  subfamily 
Tachardiinae  which  includes  the  genus  Tachardia,  the  lac  insects. 
The  name  of  Conchaspis  also  appears  in  this  list  of  subfamilies  for 
the  first  time,  erected  to  include  the  genus  Conchaspis  described  in 
1893.  It  is  here  associated  by  Green  with  his  subfamily  Diaspinae. 

In  a  series  of  tables  for  the  identification  of  genera,  Cockerell 
in  1899  shows  eight  subfamilies  arranged  in  the  following  order : 
Ortheziinae,  Monophlebinae,  Margarodinae,  Conchaspinae,  Coccinae, 
Tachardiinae,  Lecaniinae,  and  (Diaspinae).  The  name  Mar- 
garodinae is  substituted  for  Porphyrophorinae  and  the  subfamily 
divided  into  two  tribes,  Margarodini  and  Xylococcini.  The  sub- 
family Coccinae  includes  five  tribes :  Brachyscelini,  Asterolecaniini, 
Kermesiini,  Eriococcini,  and  Dactylopiini.  It  will  be  noted  that 


CLASSIFICATION  43 

the  arrangement  of  the  subfamilies  is  quite  different  from  that 
proposed  in  1896.  The  subfamily  Conchaspinae,  which  did  not 
appear  in  the  previous  list,  is  placed  between  the  Margarodinae 
and  the  Coccinae.  Four  of  the  subfamilies  of  the  previous  list  are 
distributed  among  the  five  tribes  of  the  subfamily  Coccinae:  (1) 
Hemicoccinae  is  changed  to  Kermesini,  (2)  Asterolecaniinae  to 
Asterolecanini,  (3)  Brachyscelinae  to  Brachyscelini,  and  (4) 
Idiococcinae  is  included  with  the  Eriococcini.  A  new  tribe. 
Dactylopini,  is  added  to  this  subfamily.  The  subfamily  name 
Tachardiinae,  to  include  the  lac  insects  and  first  used  by  Green, 
is  adopted  here.  The  arrangement  of  both  of  the  classifications  of 
Cockerell  are  evidently  intended  to  show  a  disposition  in  an 
ascending  order  instead  of  a  descending  order  as  was  evidently 
intended  by  Signoret,  Comstock.  and  Maskell. 

Newstead,  '01,  in  his  "Coccidae  of  the  British  Isles"  has 
"with  slight  alterations,  adopted  the  very  clear  and  comprehensive 
divisions  recently  given  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Green,  adding  thereto  the 
subdivision  Margarodince,  which,  from  the  absence  of  mouth-parts 
in  the  adult  female,  I  agree  with  Professor  Cockerell  naturally 
calls  for  a  separate  division.  I  should  also  add  that  Mr.  Green 
places  the  Conchaspina  before  the  Diaspince;  but  it  seems  to  me, 
although  I  may  be  quite  wrong,  that  the  insects  comprising  this 
subfamily  are  more  naturally  placed  in  the  ascending  order  above 
the  Diaspince,  and  I  have  therefore  made  this  additional  deviation 
from  Mr.  Green 's  classification. ' ' 

The  first  complete  "Catalogue  of  the  Coccidae  of  the  World" 
was  published  in  1903  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Fernald.  There  are  nine 
subfamilies  recognized  in  this  work  arranged  in  the  following  order  : 
Monophlebinae,  Margarodinae,  Ortheziinae,  Phenacoleachiinae; 
Conchaspinae,  Dactylopiinae,  Tachardiinae,  Coccinae,  and  Dias- 
pinae.  The  arrangement  of  the  subfamilies  and  genera  is  in  an 
ascending  order.  The  first  three  subfamilies  of  this  list  are  similar 
in  extent  to  the  same  group  of  Cockerell,  Green,  and  Newstead. 
The  fourth  subfamily,  Phenacoleachiinae,  erected  by  Cockerell,  is 
for  a  peculiar  species  and  genus  described  from  New  Zealand  by 
Maskell.  The  position  of  the  Conchaspinae  is  the  anomalous  one 
of  the  classification  of  Cockerell,  near  the  Dactylopiinae.  The 
Dactylopiinae  includes  the  Brachyscelinae,  Asterolecaniinae, 
Kermesinae,  Eriococcinae,  Idiococcinae,  and  Dactylopinae  of  other 
authors.  The  type  of  each  genus  is  indicated.  The  genus  Coccus, 
which  had  been  used  by  all  previous  writers  for  the  cochineal 


44  THE   COCCIDAE 

insects  with  cacti  as  type,  has  a  species  previously  referred  to  the 
genus  Lecanium,  hesperidum,  named  as  its  type.  From  this  change 
there  has  resulted  a  supression  of  the  generic  name  Lecanium  and 
of  the  subfamily  name  Lecaniinae  derived  from  it.  For  these  the 
generic  name  Coccus  and  the  subfamily  name  Coccinae  are  sub- 
stituted. The  cochineal  insects  are  referred  by  Mrs.  Fernald  to 
the  genus  Dactylopius  and  to  the  subfamily  Dactylopiinae.  I  have 
examined  the  evidence  submitted  but  have  been  unable  to  discover 
any  basis  for  the  change  and  the  original  application  of  these  generic 
names,  Coccus  and  Lecanium,  has  been  restored  in  the  following 
pages.  The  Tachardiinae  and  Diaspinae  are  of  the  same  extent  as 
these  groups  of  Green  and  Cockerell.  A  reduction  in  the  number  of 
subfamilies  has  resulted  in  the  combination  of  unrelated  groups  and 
marked  a  backward  rather  than  a  forward  step  in  the  classification 
of  the  family.  This  is  more  than  offset  by  the  way  in  which  this 
catalogue  has  made  the  literature  of  the  family  available  to  the  vari- 
ous students  of  the  group.  The  United  States  Bureau  of  Entomology 
has  issued  five  supplements,  but  these  include  only  the  names  of 
new  genera  and  species,  the  place  where  they  were  described,  the 
localities,  and  the  host-plants.  The  same  arrangement  of  sub- 
families is  followed.  The  classification  adopted  by  Mrs.  Fernald 
was  evidently  under  the  sponsorship  of  Cockerell  as  the  following 
from  the  introduction  implies.  "It  gives  me  much  pleasure  to 
acknowledge  numerous  favors  and  great  assistance  received  in  the 

preparation  of  this  work Especially  am  I  indebted  to  Prof. 

T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  who  for  the  past  two  years  has  been  constantly 
sending  me  separata  and  references  to  foreign  literature,  besides 
giving  me  all  possible  assistance  in  regard  to  classification  and 
synonomy,  the  result  of  his  extensive  studies  on  the  Coccidae  from 
all  parts  of  the  world.  To  him  is  due  much  of  whatever  value 
there  may  be  in  this  catalogue. ' ' 

A  linear  arrangement  such  as  must  be  used  on  a  printed  page 
is  not  feasible  for  showing  the  phylogeny  of  a  group  of  animals 
or  plants.  This  should  be  kept  in  mind  when  examining  and 
judging  all  of  the  preceeding  classifications.  The  family  Coccidae 
has  been  divided  into  seventeen  subfamilies  on  the  following  pages. 
These  have  been  arranged  in  an  ascending  order.  The  following 
arrangement  of  the  dichotomous  groups  is  an  attempt  to  show 
graphically  by  means  of  a  table  something  as  to  the  lines  of 
modification  of  these  groups  and  is  not  a  statement  of  characters 
to  be  used  for  the  identification  of  specimens.  The  synopsis  shows 


CLASSIFICATION  45 

what  I  believe  to  be  the  relation  of  these  subfamilies  and   the 
scientific  and  vernacular  names  that  have  been  applied  to  them. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  COCCIDAE 

GENERALIZED  COCCIDAE.— Anal  Lobes  and  Anal  Ring  Undeveloped. 
Males  with  Compound  Eyes. 

Rostralis    Conservers.      1.    The    Giant    Coccids. — MONOPHLEBINAE. 
Rostralis  Loosers. 

Abdominal  Spiracle  Conservers. 

Prothoracic  Legs  Normal  in  Form. 

Spiracles  closed,  Spiracular  Tracheae  without  Cerores 

2.  The   Sinoran  Coccids. — KUWANIINAE. 

Spiracles  Open  and  Spiracular  Tracheae  with  Cerores. 

3.  The  Meltratuban  Coccids. — XYLOCOCCINAE. 

Prothoracis  Legs  Fossorial 

4.    The  Ground  Pearls. — MARGARODiifAE. 

Abdominal  Spiracles  Loosers 

5.    The  Marsupial  Coccids. — CAIXAPAPPINAE. 

Males    with    Simple    Eyes.     6.     The    Cochineal    Coccids. — CoccraAE. 
SPECIALIZED  COCCIDS— Anal  Lobes  and  Anal  Ring  Developed. 
Abdomen  of  Anal  Ring  Type. 
Anal  Lobe  Lackers. 

Males  with  Compound  Eyes. 

7.    The  Ensign  Coccids. — ORTHEZIINAE. 

Males  with  Simple  Eyes. 

8.     The  Ringeyed  Coccids. — PHENACOLEACHIINAE. 
Anal  Lobe  Possessors. 

Anal  Ring  Conservers. 

Thorax  typically  with  Cerari. 

9.    The  Mealy  Bugs. — E'RIOCOCCINAE. 
Thorax  with  Canellae. 

Abdomen    with    Rectal    and    Stigmatal    Processes. 

10.  The  Lac  Insects. — TACHAKDIINAE. 
Abdomen  with  an  Anal  Cleft. 

11.  The  Tortoise  Scales. — LECANIINAE. 
Anal  Ring  Loosers. 

Nymphs  Anal  Ring  Conservers. 

Abdomen  short,  subequal  to  Head  and  Thorax. 

Adult  Female  with  Cerores,  Body  Naked 

12.  The  Pseudogall  Coccids. — KEBMESIINAE. 

Adult    Female    with    Octacerores,    Body    Covered. 

13.  The  Ceravitreus  Coccids. — ASTEROLECANIINAE. 

Abdomen  longer  than  Head  and  Thorax,  Top-shaped. 

14.  The  Pegtop  Coccids. — APIOMORPHINAE. 

Nymphs  Anal   Ring   Loosers.    

15.    The   Lubberly   Coccids. — CYLINDROCOCCINAE. 
Abdomen  of  Pygidial  Type. 

Abdomen  with  Cerores. 

16.     The   Exuvialess   Coccids. — CONCHASPINAE. 
Abdomen  with  Ceratubae.    17.  The  Armored  Scales. — DIASPIDINAE. 


46  THE  COCCIDAE 

The  coccids  in  common  with  all  other  groups  of  animals  are 
divisible  into  two  series,  a  generalized  series  and  a  specialized 
series.  These  two  series  are  differentiated  so  far  as  the  Coccidae 
are  concerned  by  the  lack  or  development  of  anal  lobes  and  an 
anal  ring,  three  structures  that  are  closely  correlated.  The  presence 
of  either  anal  lobes  or  of  an  anal  ring  in  one  or  all  the  stages  of 
any  given  species  of  all  but  the  generalized  end  of  the  specialized 
series  although  the  other,  anal  lobes  or  anal  ring,  is  wanting,  is 
considered  as  indicative  of  the  presence  of  both  anal  lobes  and  an 
anal  ring  in  the  progenitors  of  the  species. 

The  generalized  series,  The  Generalized  Coccids,  includes  those 
subfamilies  in  which  an  anal  ring  and  anal  lobes  are  not  only 
wanting  but  the  members  of  this  series  were  separated  off  from 
the  progenitors  of  the  coccids  before  the  origin  of  these  structures. 
The  subfamilies  of  this  series,  six  in  number,  represent  very 
different  types.  The  long  many  segmented  antennae,  the  many 
segmented  body,  the  retention  of  legs,  the  two  or  three  segmented 
rostrum,  the  retention  of  ten  pairs  of  spiracles  in  certain  genera, 
the  presence  of  furcae  and  apodemae  and  episterna,  and  the 
retention  of  compound  eyes  and  usually  ocelli  in  the  adult  male, 
all  mark  the  Monophlebinae  as  the  most  generalized  member  not 
only  of  this  series  but  of  the  family  Coccidae.  The  four  following 
subfamilies  all  agree  in  that  the  adult  females  lack  a  rostralis  and 
probably  a  rostrum  and  that  the  adult  males  have  compound  eyes, 
usually  also  with  ocelli.  Each  subfamily  bears  the  brand  of  a 
different  line  of  development,  the  Kuwaniinae  contains  the  most 
generalized  species,  those  which  are  only  slightly  different  from  the 
Monophlebinae,  many  of  them  apparently  differ  only  in  the  loss 
of  their  rostralis.  The  Xylococcinae,  Margarodinae,  and  Callapap- 
pinae  have  each  gone  along  a  tangent  of  its  own.  In  the  first  the 
nymphs  of  the  species  live  in  depressions  in  the  solid  bark  of  trees 
and  there  has  been  developed  a  structure  in  the  rectum  for 
excreting  a  long  thread-like  anal  tube  of  wax  through  which  the 
excretia  is  passed.  The  presence  of  a  similar  structure  in  the 
nymphs  of  certain  Monophlebinae  is  of  interest.  In  the  second 
subfamily,  the  loss  of  legs  during  certain  nymphal  stages  and  the 
enclosure  of  the  body  in  a  pearly  cyst  is  distinctive.  The  legs  are 
regained  at  the  last  molt.  The  presence  of  greatly  enlarged 
prothoracic  legs  which  are  fitted  for  digging,  since  all  the  species 
live  upon  the  roots  of  plants,  in  both  males  and  females  is  not 
only  characteristic  but  distinctive.  In  the  third  subfamily  the 


CLASSIFICATION  47 

large  size  of  the  individuals  and  the  imagination  of  the  abdomen 
in  the  adult  female  to  form  a  pouch  for  carrying  the  eggs  so  that 
there  are  only  two  or  at  most  three  abdominal  segments  exposed 
is  characteristic.  The  presence  of  the  anus  and  vulva  at  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  pouch  and  the  apparent  absence  of  most  of  the 
abdominal  spiracles  is  to  be  expected. 

The  subfamily  Coccinae  includes  the  most  specialized  species 
of  the  Generalized  Coccids.  They  differ  from  the  four  subfamilies 
just  described  in  the  retention  of  the  rostralis.  In  this  feature 
they  agree  with  the  Monophlebinae,  from  which  they  are  not  readily 
differentiated.  The  most  striking  features  are  the  few  segmented 
antennae,  the  absence  of  abdominal  spiracles,  the  presence  of  short 
blunt  truncated  setae,  and  the  presence  of  ocellanae  in  the  adult 
male  instead  of  compound  eyes.  This  last  feature  separates  them 
from  the  five  other  subfamilies.  The  absence  of  anal  lobes  and  an 
anal  ring  not  only  in  all  nymphal  stages  but  in  the  adult  female 
together  with  the  characteristic  form  of  the  abdomen  precludes  the 
association  of  the  subfamily  with  the  Specialized  Coccids.  The 
presence  of  ocellanae  in  the  adult  male  and  the  absence  of 
abdominal  spiracles  in  all  stages  of  the  female  would  necessitate 
the  association  of  the  group,  if  placed  with  the  Specialized  Coccids, 
with  the  most  specialized  members  of  this  series.  The  structure 
of  the  species  of  the  Coccinae  makes  this  impossible. 

As  is  common  with  other  groups,  the  second  series,  the 
Specialized  Coccids,  includes  not  only  the  largest  groups,  but  those 
showing  the  greatest  departure  from  the  form  and  structure  found 
in  the  Monophlebinae.  This  series  is  divisible  into  two  marked 
types,  the  Anal  Ring  Type  and  the  Pygidial  Type.  The  anal  ring 
is  evidently  older  phylogenetically  than  the  anal  lobes,  because  in 
the  two  subfamilies,  Ortheziinae  and  Phenacoleachiinae,  which  are 
recognized  as  the  most  generalized  of  the  series,  a  well  devloped 
anal  ring  is  present  in  both  but  there  is  no  indication  of  anal  lobes 
in  any  stage  of  any  of  the  species  of  either  group.  The  retention 
of  compound  eyes  with  ocelli,  three  at  least  in  one  species,  in  the 
adult  male  and  of  several  pairs  of  abdominal  spiracles  in  the 
females  of  many  species  is  strong  evidence  in  corroberation  of  the 
consideration  of  the  species  of  this  subfamily  as  the  most  generalized 
of  the  Specialized  Coccids.  This  is  further  substantiated  by  the 
long  many  segmented  antennae,  the  distinctly  segmented  abdomen, 
and  the  retention  of  legs  in  all  stages.  The  cerores  of  the  Orthe- 
ziinae, which  are  characteristic  in  form,  differentiate  them,  so  far 


48  THE   COCCIDAE 

as  these  structures  are  concerned,  from  all  the  other  subfamilies. 
The  lack  of  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae  in  all  stages,  the  presence 
of  a  large  number  of  ocellanae  forming  almost  a  complete  ring 
about  the  head  in  the  adult  male,  the  eleven  segmented  antennae 
of  the  adult  female,  the  three  segmented  rostrum,  and  the  seven 
segmented  antennae  of  the  nymph,  which  in  most  nymphal  coccids 
generally  consists  of  only  six  segments,  show  the  single  species 
belonging  to  this  subfamily,  the  Phenacoleachiinae,  as  a  generalized 
one.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  not  mentioned  and  are  assumed 
to  be  wanting.  These  characters  show  it  as  a  group  early  separated 
from  the  stem  of  the  Specialized  Coccids  and,  while  associated  in 
the  synopsis  with  the  Ortheziinae,  is  related  to  them  only  by  the 
presence  of  an  anal  ring  and  the  lack  of  anal  lobes.  This  list  of 
characters  also  shows  that  the  group  does  not  belong  with  and  is 
not  related  to  those  specialized  species  of  Eriococcinae  which  have 
lost  their  anal  lobes.  The  body  of  the  female,  judging  from  the 
description,  is  evidently  provided  with  cerores  grouped  to  form 
cerari  which  excrete  lateral  pencils  of  wax,  a  condition  charac- 
teristic of  many  eriococcids.  The  absence  or  presence  of  anal 
lobes  and  anal  setae  makes  possible  the  division  of  the  subfamilies 
assigned  to  the  Anal  Ring  Type  into  two  groups,  the  Anal  Lobe 
Lackers,  including  the  Ortheziinae  and  the  Phenacoleachiinae,  and 
the  Anal  Lobe  Possessors. 

The  Anal  Lobe  Possessors  consist  of  two  groups,  the  Anal  King 
Conservers,  including  the  Eriococcinae,  the  Tachardiinae,  and  the 
Lecaniinae,  in  which  both  anal  ring  and  anal  lobes  are  typically 
well  developed,  and  the  Anal  Ring  Loosers  in  which  the  anal  ring 
is  gradually  suppressed  in  the  adult  or  older  nymphal  stages. 
Each  of  the  subfamilies  of  the  Anal  Ring  Conservers  represents  a 
distinct  independent  line  of  development.  The  Eriococcinae  have 
the  body  covered  with  cerores  which  typically  excrete  a  mealy 
covering.  The  cerores  may  be  associated  with  setae  along  each 
lateral  margin  of  the  body  and  with  the  anal  setae,  forming  cerarae, 
the  marginal  mealy  pencils  of  wax.  The  distinctly  segmented 
body,  the  prominent  segmented  antennae,  the  legs  of  normal  form 
and  size  are  characteristic.  This  series  of  subfamilies  as  well  as 
the  remaining  subfamilies  except  the  Conchaspinae  lack  abdominal 
spiracles,  but  the  thoracic  spiracles  are  distinct  and  typical  in 
location.  The  prominence  of  the  anal  ring  and  anal  lobes  and 
anal  setae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  of  most  species  are  indicative 
that  these  structures  are  characteristic  of  this  group. 


CLASSIFICATION  49 

The  body  in  the  adult  female  of  all  the  species  of  Tachardiinae 
is  a  bag  with  the  mouth-parts  at  one  end  and  three  tubes  at  the 
other.  One  of  the  tubes,  the  mesal  one,  bears  the  anus  and  anal 
ring  and  anal  ring  setae.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  associ- 
ated with  the  other  two.  These  spiracles  reach  their  present 
position  through  a  revamping  of  the  body.  The  first  stage  nymphs 
are  similar  in  a  general  way  to  those  of  the  Eriococcinae,  although 
the  anal  lobes  and  the  anal  setae  are  wanting,  showing  that  the 
usual  form  of  the  body  of  the  adult  female  is  derived  from  a 
progenitor  of  a  type  common  to  that  of  the  Eriococcinae.  The  lack 
of  cerores  in  the  adult  female,  although  a  considerable  amount  of 
wax  is  excreted,  the  loss  of  legs,  the  presence  of  canellae  with 
cerores,  and  the  loss  of  antennae  mark  it  as  a  distinct  line  of 
development.  The  segmentation  is  distinct  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage,  obscure  in  the  others,  and  wanting  in  the  adult  female. 

The  first  nymphal  stage  in  the  Lecaniinae,  while  different  when 
examined  in  detail,  has  many  of  the  characteristic  features  of  the 
first  nymphal  females  of  the  Eriococcinae.  The  presence  of 
canellae  marks  a  relationship  with  the  Tachardiinae.  The  segmen- 
tation is  generally  obscure  in  the  first  nymphal  stage,  but  legs  and 
antennae,  while  wanting  in  some  of  the  highly  specialized  genera, 
are  usually  present.  The  presence  of  the  characteristic  anal  cleft 
with  an  operculum  on  each  side  near  the  caudal  end  of  the  anal 
cleft  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  at  its  cephalic  end  in  the  adult 
female  is  characteristic.  The  development  of  an  eversible  tubulai 
extension  caudad  of  the  anus  and  anal  ring  from  an  invagination  of 
the  body-wall  is  also  distinctive.  The  three  subfamilies  of  the 
Anal  Ring  Conservers  have  features  showing  their  origin  from  a 
common  progenitor,  but  many  other  structures  mark  the  develop- 
ment of  each  along  a  line  peculiarly  its  own. 

Each  of  the  four  subfamilies  of  the  Anal  Ring  Loosers,  like 
each  of  the  subfamilies  of  the  Anal  Ring  Conservers,  has  developed 
along  characteristic  phylogenetic  lines.  Lines  that  are  so  dis- 
tinctive that  they  can  not  be  said  to  have  been  derived  from  any 
one  of  the  subfamilies  of  the  Anal  Ring  Conservers.  While  each 
of  these  subfamilies  retains  features  showing  their  relationship 
with  the  generalized  species  of  Eriococcinae,  these  features  are 
confined  for  the  most  part  to  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  must  be 
interpreted  as  indicating  a  common  descent  with  the  Eriococcinae 
instead  of  an  intimate  relationship  with  or  descent  from  this  group. 
While  the  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  more  ancient  structure? 


50  THE  COCCIDAE 

than  the  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  as  already  noted,  the  latter  are 
more  persistent  and  are  often  retained  after  the  complete  loss  of 
the  anal  ring.  The  anal  lobes  and  anal  ring  are  retained  in  the 
nymphs  of  Kermesiinae,  Asterolecaniinae,  and  Apiomorphinae,  they 
are  usually  wanting  in  the  adults,  while  in  the  Cylindrococcinae 
the  anal  ring  is  wanting  in  all  nymphal  stages  as  well  as  in  the 
adult,  but  anal  lobes  are  generally  retained  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage.  The  naked  globular  unsegmented  body  without  or  with 
greatly  reduced  legs  and  antennae  is  characteristic  of  the 
Kermesiinae ;  the  vitreous  or  glassy  covering  of  wax  excreted  from 
octacerores  is  characteristic  of  the  typical  Asterolecaniinae;  the 
greatly  elongated  top-shaped  body  with  the  abdomen  typically 
several  times  the  length  of  the  head  and  thorax  together,  fitting 
the  insect  for  a  life  in  an  open  gall,  is  characteristic  of  the 
Apiomorphinae;  and  the  peculiar  circular  mite-like  bodies  with 
the  legs  wanting  or  one  pair  much  longer  and  larger  than  the 
others  is  characteristic  of  the  Cylindrococcinae. 

In  the  two  subfamilies  with  the  pygidial  type  of  abdomen, 
all  trace  of  the  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  typically  lost  in 
all  nymphal  stages  and  the  adult.  Brittin  has  recently  recorded 
the  presence  of  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae  in  Scutare,  a  new 
genus  of  Conchaspinae  from  New  Zealand.  They  differ  from  all 
other  coccids  in  having  the  body  covered  by  a  loose  thin  disk-like 
scale  of  wax  formed  by  the  weaving  together  of  threads  of  wax. 
There  are  two  subfamilies  included,  the  Conchaspinae  in  which  the 
scale  is  formed  from  wax  excreted  from  cerores.  The  legs  and 
antennae  are  present  in  all  stages  and  the  first  abdominal  segment 
bears  a  pair  of  spiracles.  The  abdomen  is  depressed  and  the 
general  form  of  the  body  is  that  of  the  next  subfamily,  but  there 
is  no  fusion  of  segments  to  form  a  pygidium  like  that  of  the 
Diaspidinae.  In  the  second  subfamily,  the  Diaspidinae,  the  scale 
is  formed  from  wax  excreted  from  ceratubae.  The  antennae  and 
legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  but  are  wanting  in  the 
second  nymphal  stage  and  the  adult  female.  The  abdomen  never 
bears  spiracles  but  is  always  depressed  and  the  caudal  segments 
are  fused  into  a  prominent  pygidium  which  typically  bears 
numerous  microscopic  projections  of  great  taxonomic  value.  The 
scale  differs  from  that  of  the  Conchaspinae  in  that  there  is  mixed 
with  the  wax  of  the  scale  the  cast  skins  or  exuviae  of  the  nymph. 

The  following  tables  are  for  the  separation  of  the  specimens 
of  the  subfamilies  listed  in  the  above  synopsis.  They  are  artificial  in 


CLASSIFICATION  51 

arrangement  and  are  not  intended  to  indicate  anything  as  to  the 
relationship  of  the  groups  concerned.  The  tables  are  for  three 
different  ages  of  each  species,  first,  for  those  of  the  first  nymphal 
stage  which  would  include  males  and  females  since  the  sexes  are 
indistinguishable  in  this  stage ;  second,  for  those  of  the  other 
nymphal  stages  of  the  female,  one,  two  or  more  as  the  case  may  be  ; 
and  third,  for  those  of  the  adult  female.  There  has  been  included 
in  this  last  table  in  certain  of  the  subheads  such  nymphal  struc- 
tures as  would  make  the  table  more  usable,  definite,  and  exclusive. 
I  am  aware  that  the  two  tables  for  the  separation  of  nymphs  are 
very  inadequate  and  experience  will  undoubtedly  show  that  they 
are  defective.  They  are  offered  even  with  their  imperfections  in 
hopes  that  they  may  at  times  prove  of  value  and  also  that  the  various 
students  of  the  Coccidae  may  be  led  to  record  observations  that 
will  make  possible  the  removal  of  the  imperfections,  so  that  better 
tables  for  the  separation  of  the  nymphal  stages  can  be  constructed. 
Experience  has  shown  that  in  many  if  not  all  of  the  subfamilies, 
there  are  characters  present  in  the  nymphal  stages  that  are  not 
only  more  easily  observed  but  more  fixed  than  many  of  the  char- 
acters found  in  the. adult  females. 

Tables  for  the  separation  of  the  subfamilies  as  well  as  all  the 
later  tables  follow  an  exact  dichotomous  arrangement.  While 
tables  of  this  sort  require  more  space  because  of  the  indentation 
of  the  paragraphs,  this  is  more  than  compensated  for  by  the  ease 
with  which  the  rank  of  the  paragraphs  can  be  recognized  through 
the  difference  in  the  indentation.  The  difference  in  rank  is  further 
shown  by  the  numbering  of  the  paragraphs  with  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  the  sequence  of  the  letters  showing  the  relative  rank  of 
the  paragraph.  In  using  the  tables  the  statement  of  characters 
given  under  paragraph  a  and  aa  should  be  read  and  carefully 
compared.  The  specimen  should  then  be  examined  and  compared 
with  the  statement  of  characters  given  under  a  and  aa  and  the 
question  decided  as  to  which  of  these  statements  describe  the 
characters  found  in  the  individual  examined.  If  the  specimen 
agrees  with  the  characterization  given  under  a,  the  other  paragraphs 
given  under  a  should  be  examined  and  all  those  under  aa  should 
be  disregarded.  Read  the  characterizations  given  under  b  and  bb 
and  determine  with  which  of  these  the  specimen  agrees.  If  the 
specimen  agrees  with  b,  disregard  the  paragraphs  under  bb  and  then 
determine  in  the  same  way  whether  it  agrees  with  c  or  cc,  d  or  dd, 
e  or  ee,  etc.,  or  until  the  name  of  a  subfamily  has  been  reached. 


52  THE   COCCIDAE 

These  names  are  printed  at  the  right-hand  end  of  the  last  line  of 
certain  paragraphs.  If  the  specimen  should  agree  with  bb  instead  of 
b,  disregard  the  paragraphs  under  b  and  then  determine  in  the  same 
way  with  which  of  the  paragraphs  under  bb  the  specimen  should 
agree  until  the  name  of  a  subfamily  is  reached.  If  the  specimen 
should  belong  under  aa  instead  of  a,  then  all  of  the  paragraphs 
under  a  should  be  disregarded  and  the  specimen  compared  with  the 
characterizations  given  under  b  and  bb,  c  and  cc,  d  and  dd,  etc. 
of  aa  until  its  correct  position  has  been  determined. 

SUBFAMILIES   OF   COCCIDAE 

FIRST  NYMPHAL  STAGE 

a.  Abdomen,  even  if  consisting  of  only  six  segments,  never  with 
caudal  end  chitinized,  depressed,  and  forming  a  pygidium  bearing 
two  large  anal  setae. 

b.    Abdomen  either  with  or  without  spiracles,  but  if  with  spiracles, 
never  with  only  a  single  pair  located  on  the  first  segment;  tibio- 
tarsal  sutures  rarely  obsolete,  if  so,  body  always  with  pilacerores. 
c.    Abdomen    never    longitudinally    cleft    at   caudal   end,    forming 
anal  cleft  with  operculum  on  each  side  of  cleft,  if  apparently 
cleft,  body  always  provided  with  octacerores. 
d.    Abdomen  always  without  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae. 

e.    Abdomen  with  caudal  and  lateral  margins  fringed  with 

chalazae;   antennae  distinctly  clavate MONOPHLEBINAE. 

ee.     Abdomen  with  caudal  and  lateral  margins  never  fringed 
with  chalazae;    antennae  rarely  clavate,  usually  not  en- 
larged, but  setaceous,  or  at  most  only  slightly  clavate. 
f.     Prothoracic  legs  greatly  enlarged  with  greatly  swollen 
femora  and  fitted  for  digging;   first  pair  of  abdominal 
spiracles  dorsal  in  position,  other  abdominal  spiracles 

ventral    in    position.    MARGAKODINAE. 

ff.     Prothoracic   legs   never   greatly   enlarged   with    greatly 
swollen    femora    and    fitted     for    digging;     abdominal 
spiracles,  when  present,  always  with  those  of  first  seg- 
ment on  same  aspect  as  those  of  other  segments. 
g.    Abdomen   never   provided   with  anal  lobes   and   anal 


Abdomen  always  provided  with  two  or  more  pairs 
of  spiracles,  some  of  them  sometimes  small  and 
inconspicuous;  cuticle  never  provided  with  num- 
erous short  truncate  setae. 

i.  Abdomen,  if  with  spiracles,  always'  with  more 
than  three  pairs;  rostrum  consisting  of  two 
segments. 

j.     Thorax  with  two  pairs  of  spiracles  which  are 
large   and    normal    in    size;    ventro-meson    of 


CLASSIFICATION  53 

caudal  portion  of  abdomen  not  with  a  row 
of  large  cerores;  caudal  abdominal  segment 
not  projecting  farther  caudad  than  lateral 
portions  of  penultimate  segment;  coriae  be- 
tween segments  convex. KUWANHXAE. 

jj.  Thorax  with  two  pairs  of  spiracles  which  are 
minute  and  often  inconspicuous;  ventro- 
meson  of  the  caudal  portion  of  abdomen  with 
a  longitudinal  row  of  large  cerores;  caudal 
abdominal  segment  projecting  farther  caudad 
than  the  lateral  portions  of  penultimate  seg- 
ment; coria  between  segments  straight 

XYLOCOCCIXAE. 

ii.     Abdomen  never  with  more  than  three  pairs  of 
spiracles    located    on    segments    one    to    three; 

rostrum  consisting  of  single  segment 

CALLIPAPPINAE. 

hh.  Abdomen  without  spiracles;  cuticle  provided  with 
numerous  short  truncate  setae  arranged  in  longi- 
tudinal rows;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  incon- 
spicuous segments.  COCCINAE. 

gg.  Abdomen  provided  with  anal  lobes  and  small  anal 
setae,  often  obscure;  dorsal  aspect  of  body  often  with 
prominent  longitudinal  or  transverse  rows  of  setae; 

rostrum  consisting  of  two  segments. 

CYLINDROCOCCIXAE. 
dd.    Abdomen  always  with  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae. 

e.  Body  always  bearing  groups  of  pilacerores  excreting 
lamellae  of  hard  white  wax  which  are  usually  more  or 
less  fused;  tibio-tarsal  sutures  sometimes  obsolete;  abdo- 
men frequently  with  seven  pairs  of  spiracles;  rostrum 

consisting  of  two  segments.  ORTHEZIIXAE. 

ee.     Body  never  bearing  groups  of  pilacerores;    abdomen,  so 

far  as  known,  never  provided  with  spiracles, 
f.     Rostrum   consisting   of   three    segments;    abdomen    not 
provided  with  anal  lobes  or  anal  setae;   antennae  con- 
sisting  of  seven   segments;    tarsus   with   toothed   claw. 

PHENACOLEACHTIXAE. 

ff.  Rostrum  usually  consisting  of  two  segments,  sometimes 
of  only  single  segment,  never  of  three  segments;  abdo- 
men provided  with  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  some- 
times obscure;  antennae  usually  consisting  of  six  seg- 
ments, sometimes  with  less. 

g.  Thorax  always  provided  with  prominent  canellae 
with  cerores  extending  from  mesospiracles,  meta- 
spiracles  without  canellae;  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae 
wanting;  anal  ring  located  at  caudal  end  of  body 
on  protuberance,  each  of  six  anal  ring  setae  attached 
to  chitinous  plate.  TACHABDIINAE. 


54  THE   COCCIDAE 

gg.     Thorax    never    provided    with    canellae;    anal    lobes 
present,  sometimes  obscure;   anal  ring  more  or  less 
distant  from  caudal  end  of  body  and  each  anal  ring 
seta  never  attached  to  chitinized  plate, 
h.    Body  never  provided  with  octacerores,  these  gener- 
ally arranged  in  longitudinal  transverse  or  margi- 
nal rows;  rostrum  consisting  of  a  single  segment, 
hh.    Body   never   provided   with   octacerores;    rostrum, 
so   far  as   known,   always   consisting   of   two  seg- 


i.  Body  strongly  depressed,  elliptical  or  oval,  and 
its  periphery  fringed  with  flattened  suboval 
scales;  anal  lobes  obscure  or  wanting,  anal 

setae  large  and  distinct. APIOMORPHINAE. 

ii.     Body    rarely    depressed,    elliptical    or    oval    in 
outline,    usually    elongate,    and    its    periphery 
never    fringed    with    flattened    suboval    scales; 
anal    lobes    and    anal    setae    usually    distinct, 
j.     Body    almost    naked    or    sparsely    setaceous, 
with  setae  spine-like  and  arranged  in   longi- 
tudinal  or    marginal   rows,   body   often   with 
cerarae;    cerores    abundant,    so   that   body    is 
usually  covered  with  mealy  or  powdered  wax; 
ocellana  present  on  each  side  of  head;    anal 
ring  complete,  rarely  divided,  length  of  anal 
ring    setae    usually    several    times    width    of 

anal    ring.    ERIOCOCCINAE. 

jj.  Body  usually  provided  with  prominent  spine- 
like  setae,  generally  arranged  in  marginal 
rows,  sometimes  in  longitudinal  rows,  never 
provided  with  cerarae;  cerores  never  abund- 
ant, always  a  few  in  number  and  body  at 
most  only  rarely  covered  with  mealy  or 
powdery  wax;  ocellanae  wanting;  anal  ring 
often  subdivided  or  obscure,  anal  ring  setae 
generally  short,  at  most  not  much  if  any 
longer  than  width  of  anal  ring.-KERMESiixAE. 

cc.  Abdomen  always  longitudinally  cleft  at  caudal  end  and  with 
an  operculum  on  each  side  near  the  caudal  end  of  cleft;  body 
not  or  only  rarely  provided  with  octacerores;  rostrum  con- 
sisting of  single  segment;  anal  ring  situated  at  cephalic  end 
of  lumen  of  an  anal  tube  and  concealed  externally  unless 

exserted.   LECANIINAE. 

bb.  Abdomen  always  with  single  pair  of  spiracles,  always  located  on 
first  segment;  tibio-tarsal  sutures  always  wanting;  body  never 
with  pilacerores;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  segments;  body  with 

cerores,  few  in  number,  never  with  ceratubae. COXCHASPIXAE. 

L.  Abdomen  consisting  apparently  of  six  segments,  caudal  segment 
depressed  and  strongly  chitinized,  forming  a  pygidium,  bearing  two 
long  anal  setae,  decussating  and  folded  over  abdomen;  rostrum 


CLASSIFICATION  55 

consisting  of  single  segment;  body  with,  ceratubae,  never  with 
cerores;  legs  and  antennae  always  present,  latter  consisting  of 
six  segments.  DIASPIDINAE. 

FEMALE   NYMPHS 

Abdomen  never  with  caudal  end  strongly  chitinized  and  flattened, 
forming  pygidium,  even  if  flattened,  not  with  pectinae,  plates,  or 
ceratubae;  legs  present  or  wanting,  if  wanting,  body  never  covered 
by  leaf-like  scale  with  exuviae. 

b.     Legs  present  or  wanting,  if  present,  never  with  body  covered  by 
leaf -like  scale  without   exuviae;    tibio-tarsal   sutures   rarely  obso- 
lete, if  so,  body  with  numerous  pilacerores;   abdominal  spiracles, 
if  present,  not  limited  to  first  abdominal  segment. 
c.    Abdomen  not  longitudinally  cleft  at  caudal  end  with  operculum 
on  each  side  of  cleft,  if  apparently  cleft,  body  provided  with 
octacerores. 

d.    Abdomen  always  without  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae, 
e.     Legs  and  antennae  wanting. 

f.  Abdomen  with  first  pair  of  spiracles  dorsal  in  position, 
others  ventral;  body  of  insect  usually  encased  in  irreg- 
.  ular  cyst  of  over-lapping  plates,  somewhat  pine-cone- 
like;  insects  living  in  ground;  rectum  never  chitinized 
and  provided  with  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  long 
thread-like  tube  of  wax;  abdominal  spiracular  tracheae 

never  with  cerores. MAEGABODINAE. 

ff.  Abdomen  with  first  pair  of  spiracles,  when  present,  on 
same  aspect  as  those  of  other  segments;  body  of  insect 
never  encased  in  irregular  cyst  of  overlapping  plates; 
insects  arboreal  in  their  habits;  rectum  strongly  chit- 
inized and  provided  with  rings  of  anacerores  excreting 
long  thread-like  tube  of  wax;  abdominal  spiracular 

tracheae  with  cerores. XYLOCOCCINAE. 

ee.  Legs  and  antennae  present;  rectum  never  with  rings  of 
anacerores,  spiracular  tracheae  never  with  cerores,  or 
body  never  encased  in  irregular  cyst  of  over-lapping 
plates. 

f.  Abdomen  never  with  any  indication  of  anal  lobes  and 
never  with  anal  setae;  legs  usually  present  and  normal 
in  form. 

g.     Cuticle  of  body  never  bearing  numerous  short  trun- 
cate setae;    abdomen  frequently  with  spiracles, 
h.     Abdomen    either    without    spiracles    or    if    with 
spiracles,  usually  with  more  than  three  pairs,  if 
with  three  pairs,  located  on  segments  six  to  eight, 
i.    Abdomen  usually  with  lateral  and  caudal  mar- 
gins fringed  with  band  of  setae,  more  numerous 
and    longer    than    those    of    dorsal    or    ventral 
aspects,  among  which  are  located  large  cerores; 
rostrum   consisting   of  two   or  three   segments. 

MONOPHLEBINAE. 


56  THE   COCCIDAE 

ii.  Abdomen,  so  far  as  known,  not  with  lateral 
and  caudal  margins  fringed  with  setae  more 
numerous  or  longer  than  those  of  dorsal  or 
ventral  aspects;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  seg- 
ments.   KUWAMINAE. 

hh.  Abdomen  never  with  more  than  three  pairs  of 
spiracles  and  these  always  located  on  segments 
one  to  three;  rostrum,  if  present,  consisting  of  a 
single  segment CALLIPAPPINAE. 

gg.  Cuticle  of  body  bearing  numerous  short  truncate 
setae;  abdomen  always  without  spiracles;  rostrum 
never  wanting,  consisting  of  two  inconspicuous  seg- 
ments.   COCCINAE. 

ff.    Abdomen   with   anal   lobes   and   small   anal   setae,   anal 
lobes  often  inconspicuous,  rostrum  always  present  and 

consisting  of  two  segments. CYLINDROCOCCINAE. 

dd.    Abdomen  always  with  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae. 

e.  Body  bearing  groups  of  pilacerores  excreting  lamellae  of 
white  wax  which  are  more  or  less  fused;  tibio-tarsal 
suture  sometimes  obsolete;  abdomen  frequently  with 

seven  pairs  of  spiracles ORTHEZHNAE. 

ee.  Body  never  bearing  groups  of  pilacerores;  tibio-tarsal 
suture  present;  abdomen,  so  far  as  known,  never  provided 
with  spiracles. 

f.    Rostrum    consisting    of   three    segments;    abdomen   not 
with    anal    lobes   or    anal    setae;    tarsus    with    toothed 

claw.    PHENACOLEACHHNAE. 

ff.     Rostrum  usually  consisting  of  two  segments,  sometimes 
of  only  single  segment,  never  of  three  segments;  abdo- 
men usually  provided  with  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae, 
anal  lobes  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting. 
g.     Thorax  provided  with  canellae  associated  with  meso- 
spiracles,  extending  onto  dorsal  aspect,  mesospiracles 
twice  as  far  apart  measured  on  sternum  as  metaspir- 
acles;   anal  ring  setae  ten  in  number  and  placed  on 
six  circular  or  oval  plates;  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae 

wanting.    TACHARDIINAE. 

gg.  Thorax  never  provided  with  canellae;  mesospiracles 
at  most  only  slightly  farther  apart  on  ventral  aspect 
than  metaspiracles;  anal  ring  setae  never  placed  on 
plates,  usually  six  in  number,  sometimes  more  or 
less. 

h.  Body  provided  with  octacerores,  generally  arranged 
in  longitudinal,  transverse,  or  marginal  rows; 
rostrum  consisting  of  single  segment 

ASTEBOLECANIINAE. 

hh.  Body  never  provided  with  octacerores;  rostrum,  so 
far  as  known,  always  consisting  of  two  segments. 


CLASSIFICATION  57 

i.  Abdomen  elongate,  much  longer  than  head  and 
thorax  together,  lateral  margins  strongly  con- 
vergent caudad;  anal  lobes  strongly  chitinized, 
divergent,  pointed,  and  prominent;  metathor- 
acic  coxae  twice  as  far  apart  as  prothoracic 
coxae.  APIOMOBPHINAE. 

ii.  Abdomen  not  decidedly  elongate,  subequal  in 
length  to  head  and  thorax  together;  lateral 
margins  usually  not  strongly  convergent  caudad, 
usually  with  anal  lobes,  but  these  not  pointed, 
divergent,  strongly  chitinized  projections; 
metathoracic  coxae  at  most  only  slightly  farther 
apart  than  prothoracic  coxae. 

j.  Body  bearing  numerous  cerores  excreting 
powdery  or  mealy  wax,  forming  covering  for 
the  body,  cerores  often  associated  with  setae 
and  forming  cerarae;  anal  ring  usually  bear- 
ing anal  ring  setae,  setae  sometimes  small, 
reduced  in  number,  less  than  six  or  wanting, 

usually  similar  to  or  more  than  in  adult 

EBIOCOCCINAE. 

jj.  Body  practically  without  or  with  only  few 
cerores;  mealy  or  powdery  wax,  if  present, 
limited  to  the  ventral  aspect;  only  first 
nymphal  stage  and  adult  female  have  been 
described.  KEBMESIINAE. 

cc.  Abdomen  always  longitudinally  cleft  at  caudal  end  and  with  an 
operculum  on  each  side  of  cleft;  cuticle  not  or  only  rarely  pro- 
vided with  octacerores;  rostrum  consisting  of  single  segment; 
anal  ring  situated  at  cephalic  end  of  lumen  of  anal  tube  and 

concealed  externally  unless  exserted. LECANIINAE. 

bb.  Legs  always  present  and  body  always  covered  with  leaf-like 
scale  without  exuviae;  tibio-tarsal  suture  always  obsolete;  body 
with  only  few  cerores,  never  with  pilacerores;  ahdominal  spir- 
acles limited  to  single  pair  on  first  abdominal  segment 

CONCHASPIJTAE. 

aa.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  always  strongly  chitinized  and  flattened, 
forming  pygidium  fringed  with  pectinae  or  plates  and  bearing 
ceratubae;  legs  and  antennae  always  wanting  and  body  always 
covered  by  leaf-like  scale  with  exuviae DIASPIDINAE, 

ADULT  FEMALES 

a.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  all  segments  separate  and  flexible 
or  all  segments  fused  and  inflexible,  but  never  divided  into  two 
regions,  cephalic  series  of  four  flexible  movable  segments  forming 
preabdomen  and  caudal  series  of  fused  inflexible  segments  forming 
pygidium  bearing  plates  or  pectinae;  dorsal  aspect  of  abdomen  with 
or  without  cerores  but  never  with  ceratubae. 
b.  Legs  present  or  wanting,  if  present,  never  with  body  covered 


58  THE  COCCIDAE 

with   leaf-like   scale  without   exuviae;    tibio-tarsal   sutures   rarely 
obsolete,  if  so,  body  bearing  pilacerores. 

c.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  never  longitudinally  cleft  at  caudal 
end  with  pair  of  opercula  at  cephalic  end  of  cleft,  if  apparently 
cleft  and  provided  with  opercula,  cuticle  usually  bearing 
octacerores  in  some  of  nymphal  stages  and  usually  also  in 
adult  female,  frequently  provided  with  cribiform  plates  if 
provided  with  octacerores. 

d.  Body  of  adult  female  never  with  mouth-parts  at  one  end  and 
ithree  tubular  projections  with  associated  spine-like  projec- 
tion; never  enclosed  in  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent 
openings;  mesothoracic  spiracles  never  associated  with  stig- 
matic  processes  located  near  anus. 

e.  Adult  female  and  female  nymphs  rarely  provided  with 
octacerores,  if  so  provided,  also  provided  with  ventral 
cribiform  plates;  never  with  dorsal  cribiform  plates; 
rostrum  usually  consisting  of  two  or  three  segments,  if 
of  only  one  segment,  abdomen  invaginated  to  form  a 
marsupium. 

f.  Body  of  adult  female  never  flask-shaped  or  peg-top- 
shaped;  abdomen  with  sides  uniformly  convex,  not 
strongly  convergent  caudad,  as  broad  as  or  broader  than 
thorax  at  cephalic  end  and  usually  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  thorax. 

g.  Adult  female  and  female  nymphs  always  without 
anal  ring  and  without  anal  ring  setae;  body  of  adult 
female  never  naked  and  globular  or  gall-like  in  form. 

h.     Mouth-parts  always  present  in  adult  female;  adult 
male  with  compound  eyes  or  ocellanae. 
i.    Adult  female  with  all  legs  present  and  subequal 

in  length. 

j.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight 
to  eleven  segments,  rarely  only  seven,  artic- 
ulated to  ventral  aspect  near  lateral  margin 
of  head;  cuticle  never  bearing  short  truncate 
setae;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  or  three 
segments;  adult  male  with  compound  eyes. 

MONOPHLEBINAE. 

Jj.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven 
short  segments,  articulated  to  ventral  aspect 
as  far  from  lateral  margin  as  from  each 
other;  cuticle  usually  bearing  short  truncate 
setae;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  inconspic- 
uous segments;  adult  male  with  ocellanae. 

COCCINAE. 

i.  Adult  female  either  with  all  legs  wanting  or 
with  all  but  one  pair  wanting,  if  all  legs  are 
present,  one  pair  is  two  or  three  times  as 


CLASSIFICATION  59 

long  as  either  of  other  pairs;  antennae,  If 
present,  consisting  of  less  than  seven  segments, 
often  vestigial  or  wanting;  adult  male  with 
ocellanae.  CYLODROCOCCIXAE. 

n.     Mouth-parts    always    wanting    in    adult    female; 
adult  male  with  compound  eyes. 

i.  Prothoracic  legs  of  adult  female  and  male  not 
greatly  thickened  and  fitted  for  digging,  normal 
in  form;  insects  arboreal. 

j.    Abdomen  normal  in  form,  all  segments  fully 

exposed,  none  of  them  infolded  or  invaginated 

to  form  marsupial  pouch  for  carrying  eggs; 

anus  and  vulva  always   opening  to  exterior; 

abdominal    spiracles,    when    present,    usually 

consisting  of  more  than  three  pairs. 

k.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  usually  with  less 

than  eight  pairs  of  spiracles,  if  with  eight 

pairs,  spiracles  never  open  and  their  spir- 

acular   tracheae   never   provided   with   one 

or  more  rings  of  cerores;   rectum  of  nym- 

phal  females  never  strongly  chitinized  and 

forming  a  rectal  tube,  never  bearing  ana- 

cerores;    antennae   consisting   of   eight   to 

ten  segments.   KUWANHNAE. 

kk.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  six  to 
eight  pairs  of  spiracles,  spiracles  usually 
large  and  broad  and  open  with  spiracular 
tracheae  with  one  or  more  rings  of  cerores ; 
rectum  of  nymphal  females  strongly  chit- 
inized, forming  tube  bearing  one  or  more 
rings  of  anacerores  which  excrete  long 
glassy  hair-like  tube  eight  to  ten  times  as 
long  as  entire  body;  antennae  consisting  of 

five  to  eleven  segments. XYLOCOCCINAE. 

jj.  Abdomen  abnormal  in  form,  only  two  or  three 
cephalic  segments  exposed,  remainder  in- 
folded or  invaginated  to  form  marsupial 
pouch  for  carrying  eggs;  anus  and  vulva 
never  opening  to  exterior  but  within  and  at 
cephalic  end  of  marsupial  pouch;  abdominal 
spiracles  limited  to  segments  one  to  three; 
antennae  consisting  of  ten  to  eleven  seg- 
ments.   CALLIPAPPINAE. 

ii.  Prothoracic  legs  of  the  adult  female  and  male 
always  thickened  and  fitted  for  digging,  fossor- 
ial;  insects  root  inhabiting;  antennae  consist- 
ing of  eleven  segments MAEGARODINAE. 

gg.     Adult  female  usually  with  anal  ring  with  anal  ring 
setae,    if    without,    female    nymphs    always    provided 


60  THE  COCCIDAE 


with  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae;  body  of  adult 
female  sometimes  naked  and  globular  or  gall-like  in 
form. 

h.  Adult  female  and  female  nymphs  usually  with 
anal  ring  bearing  anal  ring  setae,  if  anal  ring 
or  anal  ring  setae  are  wanting  in  adult  female, 
body  always  bearing  numerous  cerores  and  com- 
pletely covered  with  white  mealy  or  powdery  wax; 
body  of  adult  female  never  naked  and  globular  or 
gall-like  in  form. 

i.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  bearing  long  mar- 
supium  formed  of  fused  parallel  plates  or 
lamellae  of  hard  white  wax  excreted  from 
pilacerores;  antennae  consisting  of  four  to  nine 
segments;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  segments; 
adult  males  with  compound  eyes.__ORTHEziiNAE. 

ii.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  never  bearing  mar- 
supium  formed  of  fused  parallel  plates  of  hard 
wax  and  never  provided  with  pilacerores;  male 
always  with  ocellanae. 

j  Antennae  of  adult  female  with  eleven  seg- 
ments; female  nymph  and  adult  female  with 
anal  lobes  wanting;  always  with  anal  ring 
with  anal  ring  setae;  rostrum  consisting  of 
three  segments;  adult  male  with  ocellanae 
forming  almost  a  complete  ring  around  head. 
PHENACOLEACHIINAE. 

jj.  Antennae  of  adult  female  always  with  less 
than  eleven  segments,  five  to  nine  segments, 
sometimes  rudimentary  or  wanting;  female 
nymphs  always  with  anal  lobes,  usually  dis- 
tinct; adult  females  with  anal  lobes,  some- 
times only  slightly  indicated;  adult  female 
sometimes  without  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring 
setae,  but  first  female  nymph  always  with 
anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae;  rostrum  con- 
sisting of  two  segments;  adult  male  with 
ocellanae  few  in  number  and  not  arranged  so 
as  to  form  an  almost  complete  ring  around 

head.    ERIOCOCCINAE. 

hh.  Adult  female  rarely  with  anal  ring  and  female 
nymphs  always  with  anal  ring  and  anal  ring 
setae;  body  of  adult  female  gall-like  in  form  and 
usually  found  only  on  species  of  oak;  cerores  few 
in  number,  venter  sometimes  but  entire  body 
never  completely  covered  with  powdery  or  mealy 
wax;  body  usually  grayish  or  brownish  in  color, 
frequently  polished;  antennae  of  adult  female 
consisting  of  six  segments,  rudimentary,  or  want- 


CLASSIFICATION  61 

ing;   rostrum  consisting  of  two  segments 

KERMESIINAE. 

ff.  Body  of  adult  female  always  flask-shaped  or  peg-top- 
shaped;  abdomen  with  sides  either  strongly  convergent 
caudad,  narrower  and  longer  than  thorax  or  thorax 
globular  in  outline  and  abdomen  minute  plug-like  pro- 
tuberance; thorax  with  prothoracic  and  mesothoracic 
legs  shorter  than  metathoracic  legs  and  nearer  together; 
species  gall  inhabiting;  antennae  consisting  of  three  to 

five  segments  or  wanting;  males  with  ocellanae 

APIOMOBPHINAE. 

ee.  Female  nymph  of  at  least  one  stage  and  usually  also  adult 
female  provided  with  octacerores;  body  often  provided 
with  dorsal  cribiform  plates  but  never  with  ventral  crib- 
iform  plates;  antennae  consisting  of  four  to  six  segments 
or  tuberculate;  rostrum  consisting  of  single  segment 

ASTEROLECAXIINAE. 

dd.  Body  of  adult  female  always  with  mouth-parts  at  one  end 
and  three  tubular  projections  at  other,  one  projection  bearing 
anus  and  other  two  mesothoracic  spiracles,  usually  with 
associated  spine-like  projection;  always  enclosed  in  resinous 
cell  with  three  adjacent  openings;  each  mass  of  wax  con- 
taining one  to  many  individuals;  mesothoracic  spiracles 
always  associated  with  stigmatic  processes  located  near  anus; 
legs  and  antennae  wanting;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  seg- 
ments.   TACHARDIINAE. 

cc.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  always  longitudinally  cleft  at  caudal 
end  with  pair  of  opercula  at  cephalic  end  of  cleft;  sides  of 
cleft  rarely  fused  with  loss  of  line  of  fusion;  cuticle  rarely 
provided  with  octacerores,  if  so,  never  provided  with  dorsal 
or  ventral  cribiform  plates;  antennae  consisting  typically  of 
seven  to  eight  segments,  sometimes  greatly  reduced  or  want- 
ing; rostrum  consisting  of  single  segment LECANHNAE. 

bb.  Legs  always  present  and  body  always  covered  with  leaf-like 
scale  without  exuviae;  tibio-tarsal  sutures  always  obsolete;  abdo- 
men provided  with  cerores  but  never  with  ceratubae;  antennae 
consisting  of  three  segments;  rostrum  consisting  of  two  segments. 

CONCHASPINAE. 

,.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  segments  divided  into  two  groups, 
cephalic  series  of  four  flexible  movable  segments  forming  preabdomen 
and  caudal  series  of  fused  inflexible  segments  forming  pygidium; 
dorsal  aspect  of  abdomen  without  cerores  and  always  with  ceratubae; 
ventral  aspect  sometimes  provided  with  genacerores;  body  always 
covered  with  leaf -like  scale  containing  one  or  two  exuviae;  legs 
wanting,  antennae  tuberculate;  rostrum  consisting  of  single  seg- 
ment.    _  DIASPIDINAE. 


CHAPTER  V 

SUBFAMILY    MONOPHI/EBINAE 

The  Giant  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund  or  strongly  convex  on  the 
dorsal  and  flat  on  the  ventral  aspect.  The  cephalic,  the  caudal,  and  the 
lateral  margins  are  broadly  convex.  The  segments  are  generally  well 
defined.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and 
lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  prom- 
inent, usually  consist  of  eight  to  eleven  segments,  and  are  articulated 
to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes 
are  present.  There  is  a  single  ocellana  located  on  each  side  of  the 
head  near  the  articulation  of  an  antennae.  The  mouth-parts  are  always 
present,  the  rostrum  consists  of  two  or  three  segments,  rarely  of  only  a 
single  segment,  and  the  rostralis  is  long  and  slender.  The  legs  are 
present.  They  are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profe- 
mora  are  never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for 
digging.  The  trochanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  the  legs 
are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax 
are  normal  in  form  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles 
are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  located 
on  the  lateral  or  dorsal  aspect,  are  variable  in  number,  varying  from 
eight  pairs  to  none,  and  are  never  large  in  size.  The  spiracular  tracheae 
of  the  abdominal  spiracles  are  not  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of 
cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The 
abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  convex 
on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  is  never  depressed.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins are  uniformly  convex.  All  of  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and 
subsimilar  in  appearance  with  coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted 
to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal 
cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and 
anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  never  short  and  narrow 
and  extending  beyond  the  other  segments.  The  body  is  provided  with 
cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores  and  is  never 
provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell 
with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without 
exuviae,  but  may  be  more  or  less  covered  or  associated  with  white 
powdery  wax  or  loose  woolly  excretion  of  wax  or  may  rest  upon  a  large 
mass  of  wax  with  or  without  a  fluted  surface  and  with  an  internal  mass 
of  doughy  wax.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube 
of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body 
is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  of  two 
or  three  segments  and  a  long  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are 

62 


SUBFAMILY    MONOPHLEBINAE  63 

always  present  in  all  nymphal  stages  and  are  similar  in  form.  The 
profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never 
fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and 
opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae, 
octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum 
is  sometimes  modified  into  a  strongly  chitinized  rectal  tube  provided  with 
one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores,  but  not  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of 
wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow  and  projecting. 
The  male  has  compound  eyes  and  may  have  an  ocellus  along  the 
caudal  margin  of  each  compound  eye.  The  abdomen  is  either  provided 
with  long  lateral  filaments  or  is  without  such  structures,  never  provided 
with  tufts  of  long  filaments  of  wax.  The  stylus  is  small  or  wanting. 

The  subfamily  Monophlebinae  contains  about  fifteen  genera 
and  about  ninety  species.  While  certain  of  these  genera  are 
limited  to  species  from  the  old  world  and  others  to  species  from  the 
new  world,  the  larger  more  important  genera  contain  species  from 
all  parts  of  the  world  so  that  they  can  be  said  to  be  universal  in 
their  distribution.  The  species  are  found  mainly  in  tropical 
regions  but  a  few  extend  into  or  have  been  introduced  by  commerce 
into  subtropical  and  the  warmer  temperate  regions.  A  few  species 
sometimes  become  established  under  glass  in  north  temperate 
regions. 

Coccids  are  generally  considered  as  being  of  small  or  minute 
size.  This  is  true  of  the  great  majority  of 'the  species.  The  sub- 
family Monophlebinae  nevertheless  contains  some  species  of 
considerable  size.  Species  that  are  twelve  millimeters  or  one-half 
inch  in  length  are  of  common  occurence,  while  some  of  the  species 
of  certain  genera  as  Llaveia,  attain  a  length  of  twenty-five 
millimeters  or  one  inch.  It  is  not  strange,  since  this  subfamily 
contains  the  most  generalized  coccids,  that  it  should  include  species 
of  considerable  size,  but  species  that  are  of  considerable  size,  not 
only  for  coccids,  but  for  insects  in  general. 

The  best  known  species  of  this  group  in  America  is  the  citrus 
pest,  the  Cottony  Cushion  Scale  or  Fluted  Scale,  Icerya  purchasi. 
The  life  history  of  this  species,  because  of  its  economic  importance, 
has  been  studied  more  intensely  than  that  of  any  other.  The 
following  account,  based  in  great  part  upon  the  descriptions  of  this 
species,  is  offered  in  place  of  a  detailed  statement  of  the  serial 
development  of  the  group  as  a  whole,  since  our  knowledge  is  too 
limited  at  this  time  to  prepare  such  a  statement. 

The  recently  hatched  nymphs  are  reddish  yellow  in  color. 
The  body  is  ovate  in  outline  with  the  dorsal  surface  convex  and 
the  ventral  aspect  more  or  less  flattened.  The  antennae  are  long 


64  THE   COCCIDAE 

and  consist  of  six  segments  which  are  enlarged  so  that  the  distal 
portion  of  the  flagellum  is  distinctly  clavate.  This  enlargement  is 
located  in  the  segment  which  bears  several  short  setae  and  about 
four  setae  which  are  longer  than  the  entire  antennae.  There  is  a 
single  ocellana  located  on  each  side  of  the  head  on  a  tubercle 
which  is  situated  near  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The 
segmentation  of  the  body  is  indistinct  but  more  distinct  than  is 
usual  with  coccids  and  more  distinct  than  in  the  later  nymphal 
stages  of  this  species.  The  rostralis  extends  as  a  loop  into  the 
long  deeply  invaginated  crumena.  The  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
bear  numerous  cerores  which  are  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows, 
one  along  each  lateral  margin  and  four  others  between  them. 
These  cerores  form  transverse  rows,  two  on  the  head,  three  on  the 
prothorax,  two  each  on  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax,  and  one 
on  each  of  the  nine  abdominal  segments.  The  setae  are  numerous, 
placed  among  the  cerores  and  like  them  arranged  in  transverse 
rows.  The  cuticle  bearing  each  seta  is  swollen,  pimple-like,  and 
forms  a  chalaza.  The  calyx  marking  the  articulation  of  each  seta 
to  its  swelling  is  distinct.  On  the  antennae,  legs,  and  rostrum  the 
setae  are  of  the  ordinary  type.  The  setae  are  longer  on  the  lateral 
than  on  the  mesal  portions  of  the  body,  while  the  six  setae  at  the 
caudal  end  of  the  abdomen,  three  on  each  side  of  the  meson  and 
known  as  the  anal  chalazae,  are  as  long  as  the  entire  body.  These 
setae  are  always  borne  by  large  swellings.  The  short,  smooth, 
transverse  areas  between  the  cerores  and  chalazae  mark  the  posi- 
tion of  the  coriae.  The  legs  are  normal  in  form  and  all  their 
sclerites  are  easily  identified.  Each  coxa  bears  a  distinct  coxartis 
which  articulates  against  a  coxacoila  located  in  a  curved  linear 
episternum.  The  ental  surface  of  this  sclerite  is  produced  as  a 
distinct  apodema.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  normal  in  position. 
Each  contains  a  prominent  spiraeularia  extending  into  the  body 
cavity  from  the  cephalic  margin  of  the  peritreme,  which  in  the 
case  of  the  metaspiracle  is  connected  with  the  mesapodema.  The 
abdominal  spiracles  are  very  small  and  difficult  to  identfy.  They 
are  located  in  two  pairs  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  abdominal 
segments.  The  rectum  is  chitinized  forming  a  rectal  tube  bearing 
rings  of  anacerores.  The  portion  of  the  rectum  situated  between 
the  anus  and  the  rectal  tube  is  flexible  and  not  strongly  chitinized. 
The  sexes  are  indistinguishable  during  this  nymphal  stage. 

The  individuals  of  the  first  nymphal  stage  of  this  subfamily 
are,  so  far  is  known,  characteristic  in  form.     The  long  clavate 


SUBFAMILY   MONOPHLEBINAE  65 

antennae  and  the  long  prominent  chalazae  will  serve  to  distinguish 
them.  The  number  of  antennal  segments  varies  with  the  genus 
and  in  many  cases  even  with  the  species. 

The  female  nymphs  of  the  second  stage  of  purchasi  are  difficult 
to  recognize  because  of  the  variation  in  their  size.  The  antennae 
instead  of  being  articulated  to  the  margin  of  the  body  as  in  the 
first  nymphal  stage  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect.  They 
consist  of  the  same  number  of  segments,  six,  but  the  fourth  and 
fifth  segments  are  of  the  same  length  and  much  shorter  than  the 
other  segments.  The  cerores  are  more  numerous  and,  because  of 
the  more  numerous  longer  chalazae,  the  segmentation  is  more 
difficult  to  determine.  The  cerores  and  chalazae  are  more 
prominent  near  the  margin  of  the  body.  While  the  swellings  of 
the  anal  chalazae  are  easily  identified,  their  setae  are  only  slightly 
longer  than  the  other  setae.  The  thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles 
are  similar  in  number  and  position  to  those  of  the  first  nymphal 
stage.  There  is  a  small  round  projecting  area  on  the  meson  of  the 
ventral  aspect  of  the  caudal  end  of  the  body.  This  structure  is 
a  discaloca  and  appears  to  be  wanting  or  is  only  imperfectly 
developed  in  the  first  nymphal  stage. 

The  female  individuals  of  the  third  nymphal  stage,  because 
they  intergrade  in  size  between  the  large  individuals  of  the  second 
nymphal  stage  and  the  small  adults,  are  also  difficult  to  identify. 
The  antennae  have  more  than  six  segments,  typically  nine,  but 
individuals  with  seven  or  eight  are  not  uncommon.  A  difference 
in  the  number  of  segments  of -the  two  antennae  of  the  same  indi- 
vidual is  not  unusual.  The  number  of  chalazae  and  cerores  is 
greatly  increased.  They  are  arranged  in  a  distinct  band  around 
the  margin  of  the  abdomen.  The  six  anal  chalazae  can  only  be 
identified  with  difficulty.  The  thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles 
are  similar  in  number  and  position.  The  spiraculariae  are  dis- 
tinct. The  rectal  tube  is  trumpet-shaped  in  this  stage  and  the 
rings  of  anacerores,  if  present,  have  not  been  identified.  The 
discaloca  is  large  and  distinct.  There  is  a  smaller  but  similar 
structure  located  on  each  side  of  the  mesal  disealoca.  The  mesal 
structure  may  be  known  as  a  mesodiscaloca  and  each  of  the  others 
as  a  latadiscaloca.  The  form  of  the  discalocae  has  been  used  by 
some  systematists  in  differentiating  speddes  of  this  and  other 
genera.  They  have  designated  them  as  the  vaginal  discs,  the 
vaginal  areoles,  the  ventral  scars,  and  the  subcircular  sears. 

The  adalt  females  of  purchasi  are  easily  recognized  by  the 


66  THE   COCCIDAE 

presence  of  the  broad  band  of  cerores  and  chalazae  extending 
around  the  margin  of  the  abdomen  and  onto  the  sides  of  the 
thorax.  The  presence  of  a  partially  or  completely  formed  ovisac, 
which  is  always  formed  in  this  species,  is  also  positive  proof  of  the 
condition  of  the  specimen.  They  vary  from  two  and  one-half  tc 
four  millimeters  in  length.  The  antennae  consist  typically  of 
eleven  segments,  but  adult  females  with  antennae  of  ten  segments 
or  even  of  nine  are  not  rare.  The  parts  of  the  head  skeleton,  the 
rostrum,  the  rostralis,  and  the  crumena  are  much  larger  than  in 
the  nymphs,  but  do  not  differ  in  structure.  The  parts  of  the 
thorax  are  similar  but  larger.  The  ventral  aspect  of  the  meso- 
thorax  and  metathorax  contain  distinctly  invaginated  furcae.  The 
furcellae  have  not  been  identified.  The  spiracles  of  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  are  similar  in  number,  form,  and  position  to  those  of 
the  nymphs.  The  vulva  is  located  in  the  caudal  part  of  the  ventral 
aspect  of  the  seventh  segment.  There  is  in  certain  genera  a  large 
ventral  gland,  sometimes  eversible,  located  caudad  of  the  vulva. 
This  is  often  more  distinct  than  the  vulva  and  may  be  present  in 
the  nymphal  females  as  well  as  in  the  adult  while  the  vulva  is 
present  only  in  the  adult.  It  is  not  impossible  but  that  the  mouth 
of  this  gland,  because  of  its  distinctness,  has  been  described  as  the 
vulva  in  certain  cases.  The  discalocae,  three  in  number,  are 
located  just  caudad  of  the  vulva.  They  are  distinct  black  spots 
and  can  be  recognized  in  untreated  specimens.  The  segments  of 
the  abdomen  are  campanulate  and  the  anus  is  located  in  the  ninth 
tergum.  The  chitinized  rectal  tube  and  rings  of  anacerores  can 
not  be  identified.  The  body  of  the  untreated  adult  female  shows 
distinct  transverse  constrictions,  the  cofiae,  which  are  obscured  in 
mounted  specimens  by  the  stretching  of  the  cuticle. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  a  large  white  ovisac  which  is  excreted 
from  the  cerores  along  the  margin  and  near  the  ventral  aspect  of 
the  body.  As  the  wax  is  excreted  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are 
elevated  until  the  body  of  the  insect  is  held  almost  at  right  angles 
to  the  surface  of  the  host-plant.  The  ovisac  is  frequently  much 
larger  than  the  body  of  the  insect,  often  two  or  three  times  its 
length,  and  according  to  the  observations  of  Coquillet  and  Gossard 
requires  from  sixty  to  ninety  days  for  its  completion.  The  rostralis 
remains  attached  to  the  host-plant  during  all  this  time.  The  wax 
constituting  the  central  portion  of  the  ovisac  has  a  fibrous  cottony 
texture  in  ovisacs  that  have  been  dried  for  some  time,  but  this  wax 
has  a  doughy  stringy  consistency  in  ovisacs  covered  by  living 


SUBFAMILY   MONOPHLEBINAE  67 

females.  The  wax  is  excreted  from  the  cerores  of  the  ventral 
aspect  and  surrounds  the  eggs.  The  threads  of  wax  from  the 
different  cerores  melt  together  as  they  come  into  contact.  The 
characteristic  external  part  of  the  ovisac  is  formed  by  the  mar- 
ginal band  of  cerores.  The  fluted  external  surface  is  produced  by 
the  scalloped  arrangement  of  the  bands  of  cerores.  The  homo- 
genous appearance  of  the  wax  is  due  to  the  melting  together  of  the 
wax  from  adjacent  cerores.  The  fine  granular  wax  of  the  dorsal 
aspect  is  excreted  by  the  cerores  of  this  region.  The  long  glassy 
threads  of  wax  are  poured  from  the  very  large  cerores  of  the  dorsal 
aspect.  The  cerores  excreting  these  glassy  threads  are  more 
abundant  upon  the  head  and  thorax.  The  difference  in  the 
appearance  of  the  wax  of  the  dorsal  aspect  and  that  of  the  ovisac 
is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  former  the  cerores  are 
distant  from  each  other  and  there  is  no  opportunity  for  the  threads 
from  adjacent  cerores  to  melt  together. 

The  large  fluted  ovisac  of  purchasi,  while  characteristic  of 
this  species,  is  not  found  even  in  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Icerya.  The  females  of  the  great  majority  of  the  species  of  this 
subfamily  do  not  form  ovisacs  of  the  purchasi  type,  although  all 
of  them  form  a  greater  or  less  abundance  of  white  wax.  This  wax 
is  usually  described  as  cottony  and  as  forming  indefinite  masses 
which  are  used  as  much  by  the  female  in  covering  her  body  as  in 
covering  her  eggs.  A  striking  exception  to  this  is  found  in  the 
genus  Stigmacoccus,  where  the  body  of  the  adult  female  is  enclosed 
in  a  thin  more  or  less  spherical  hard  waxy  test  with  an  apical 
aperture  through  which  half  of  the  body  of  the  female  may  be 
extruded.  A  few  species  live  in  ant 's  nests  and  the  amount  of  wax 
excreted  is  always  small. 

The  female,  as  soon  as  a  thin  sheet  of  wax  marking  the 
beginning  of  the  ovisac  is  formed,  begins  to  deposit  her  eggs.  The 
number  of  eggs  in  purchasi  varies  according  to  the  condition  of 
the  plant  upon  which  the  female  has  been  feeding.  Gossard 
counted  600  to  800  while  Koebele  counted  over  1,000  in  a  single 
ovisac. 

The  life  history  of  the  male  has  not  been  so  accurately 
described  as  that  of  the  female.  In  the  first  nymphal  stage,  the 
males  are  indistinguishable  from  the  females,  but  in  the  second 
nymphal  stage  differ  in  having  a  longer  more  slender  body  and 
longer  and  stouter  antennae  and  legs.  The  antennae  consist  of 
six  segments  and  are  similar  in  form  to  those  of  the  female. 


68  THE  COCCIDAE 

The  nymphal  males  of  the  third  stage  are  said  to  be  easily 
recognizable  through  their  longer,  narrower,  flatter  bodies.  In 
each  successively  older  nymphal  stage  of  the  female  there  is  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  cerores  and  setae,  while  in  the  male 
there  is  a  corresponding  decrease  in  the  number  so  that  the  body 
of  the  male  at  this  time  is  almost  bare.  The  antennae  consist 
typically  of  nine  segments.  The  male  as  it  approaches  the  close 
of  its  third  nymphal  stage  becomes  less  active  and  seeks  a  place 
where  it  can  conceal  itself  under  some  projecting  piece  of  bark  01 
under  some  leaves.  Having  found  such  a  place,  it  excretes  a 
flossy  mass  of  wax  threads  which  adhere  together  when  they  come 
into  contact  with  each  other.  The  nymph  forms  a  covering  or 
cocoon  from  this  wax  by  the  movements  of  its  body. 

When  the  formation  of  the  cocoon  is  completed,  the  nymph 
becomes  quiescent  and  soon  molts  and  transforms  to  a  legless  indi- 
vidual. The  nymph  is  quiescent  throughout  this  period,  the  fourth 
nymphal  stage,  and  differs  from  the  individuals  of  the  previous 
period  in  that  it  has  lost  its  rostralis  and  is  unable  to  feed.  It  has 
also  lost  its  nymphal  legs  and  antennae  and  has  in  place  of  them 
the  developing  antennae  and  legs  and  wings  of  the  adult.  The 
insect  is  quiescent  throughout  the  fourth  nymphal  period  which 
ordinarily  lasts  about  three  weeks.  This  is  the  so  called  pupal 
stage  of  many  writers. 

The  adult  males  are  reddish  insects  with  long,  slender,  ten- 
segmented  antennae.  The  mesothoracic  wings  are  comparatively 
large  while  the  metathoracic  wings  are  represented  by  a  pair  of 
halteres  each  of  which  bears  two  hooks  which  fit  in  a  fold  in  a 
mesothoracic  wing.  The  abdomen  is  without  the  long  slender 
lateral  prolongations  of  each  side  of  certain  of  the  caudal  abdominal 
segments  so  characteristic  of  many  of  the  males  of  this  subfamily. 

The  following  table  for  the  separation  of  the  genera  of  the 
Monophlebinae  is  very  unsatisfactory.  It  is  based  for  the  most 
part  upon  generalities,  upon  the  amount  and  form  of  the  wax 
excreted  by  the  adult  female  and  the  number  of  antennal  segments. 
These  are  characters  of  slight  value  in  differentiating  genera 
because  of  their  great  variation  even  in  the  same  species.  Such 
genera  as  Lophococcus,  Aspidoproctus,  Stigmacoccus,  and  Perissop- 
neumon}  which  are  based  upon  definite  structural  characters  of  the 
body,  are  readily  recognized.  The  size  of  the  insects,  the  great 
number  of  structural  characters,  the  largest  found  in  any  group 
of  coccids,  and  the  presence  of  structures  not  present  in  other 


SUBFAMILY   MONOPHLEBINAE  69 

coccids  should  make  it  possible  to  define  the  genera  so  that  they 
would  have  definite  limits  and  without  having  to  utilize  the 
covering  of  wax  or  the  number  of  antennal  segments.  The.  form, 
number,  and  arrangement  of  the  cerores;  the  form,  number,  and 
position  of  the  abdominal  spiracles;  the  apodemae;  the  spiracu- 
lariae ;  and  numerous  other  characters  should  be  found  useful.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  some  investigator  with  typical  specimens  of  the 
genera  will  make  a  careful  morphological  and  phylogenetic  study 
of  the  subfamily. 

GENERA  OF  MONOPHLEBINAE 

a.    Abdomen   of  male   with   two   or   four  pairs  of  slender   lateral   fila- 
ments;   female   unknown.   Monophlebiis   Leach. 

aa.    Abdomen  of  male  with  or  without  slender  lateral  filaments,  if  with 
filaments,  never  with  two  or  four  pairs;  female  usually  known. 
b.    Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  with  nine  or  eleven  segments, 
c.    Antennae  of  adult  female   normally  with  eleven   segments,   if 
with  nine  or  ten  segments,  female  provided  with  distinct  ovisac 
located  between  body  of  female  and  host-plant,  its  outer  surface 
frequently  ribbed  or  fluted. 

d.     Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  powdery  or  cottony,  soft  and 
indefinite  in  form,  not  forming  definite  ovisac. 
e.     Body  of  adult  female  with  isolated  dorsal  areas  of  powdery 
or   cottony  excretion,   body  never   entirely  concealed   by 
excretion. 

f.  Body  of  adult  female  elongate  with  powdery  or  cottony 
wax;  vulva  normal  in  size  and  position;  abdomen  of 

male  with  four  pairs  of  slender  lateral  filaments 

Llaveia  Sign. 

ff.  Body  of  adult  female  strongly  convex  and  dorsum  with 
transverse  bands  of  powdery  wax;  vulva  large  and  dis- 
tant from  caudal  end  of  body;  abdomen  sometimes  with 
single  pair  of  spiracles;  abdomen  of  males  without 

slender  lateral  filaments. Palaeococcus  Ckll. 

ee.  Body  of  adult  female  completely  covered  by  dense  fine 
cottony  excretion  of  long  threads  of  wax,  entirely  con- 
cealing body  of  female;  male  unknown. Guerinella  Fern. 

dd.  Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  definite  in  form  and  usually 
hard,  forming  definite  ovisac  located  between  body  of  female 
and  host-plant,  its  outer  surface  usually  ribbed  or  fluted; 
dorsal  aspect  of  body  with  powdery  wax  and  frequently  mar- 
gined with  erect  or  decumbent  processes  of  wax;  abdomen 
with  spiracles  on  segments  seven  and  eight  or  six  to  eight; 
abdomen  of  males  without  slender  lateral  filaments  or  with 

single  pair  of  short  blunt  projections Icerya  Sign. 

cc.     Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  eleven  segments. 


70  THE   COCCIDAE 

d.    Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  -with  ten  segments. 

e.     Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  powdery  or  cottony,  soft 

and  indefinite  in  form. 

f.  Adult  female  without  abdominal  spiracles;  abdomen 
normal  in  form,  not  with  stout  erect  spine  on  dorsum; 
abdomen  of  male  with  four  pairs  of  slender  lateral  fila- 
ments.   Tessarobelus  Montr. 

ff.  Adult  female  with  distinct  abdominal  spiracles;  abdo- 
men abnormal  in  form,  with  short,  stout  erect  spine  on 
dorsum  shaped  like  the  spine  on  a  military  helmet; 

male  unknown.  Lopococcus  Ckll. 

ee.  Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  definite  in  form  and  usually 
hard,  in  shape  of  conspicuous  lamellae  or  processes  which 
conceal  body  more  or  less. 

f.  Vulva  normal  in  position  and  size,  not  conspicuous,  and 
not  covered  by  hinged  flap  or  valve  of  wax;  male  un- 
known.   Walkeriana  Sign. 

ff.  Vulva  abnormal  in  size,  covered  by  thin  valve  or  flap 
of  wax  hinged  at  cephalic  end,  supposed  to  form  a  re- 
ceptacle for  the  eggs  and  nymphs;  male  unknown 

Aspidoproctus  Newst. 

dd.  Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  with  nine  segments, 
body  of  adult  female  with  powdery  or  cottony  covering  of 
wax;  cuticle  soft;  abdomen  of  male  with  five  pairs  of  slender 

lateral  filaments. Drosicha  Walk. 

bb.     Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  with  less  than  nine  segments. 
c.    Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  with  eight  segments, 
d.    Abdomen  of  adult   female   whether  provided   with  spiracles 
or  not,  never  with  large  crescent-shaped  valve-like  structure 
located  between  them. 

e.    Abdomen  with  seven  or  eight  pairs  of  spiracles, 
f.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  eight  pairs  of  spiracles, 
pair  on  first  abdominal  segment;  body  of  adult  female 
enclosed  in  more  or  less  spherical  hard  waxy  test  with 

apical  aperture;  male  unknown Stigmacoccus  Hemp. 

ff.  Abdomen  of  adult  female,  if  bearing  spiracles,  provided 
with  seven  pairs  of  dorsal  spiracles,  those  of  first  ab- 
dominal segment  wanting;  body  of  adult  famale  not 
enclosed  in  spherical  hard  waxy  test,  but  excreting  a 
distinct  ovisac  formed  of  numerous  white  threads  which 
sometimes  fuse  and  form  a  fluted  surface;  abdomen  of 

males  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  lateral  filaments 

GreenieUa  MacG. 

ee.  Abdomen  with  six  pairs  of  spiracles;  head  between  and 
caudad  of  antennae  with  setaceous  clypeus-like  lobe,  cov- 
ering rostrum  in  part;  antennae  consisting  of  eight  to 
nine  segments;  setae  clavate  or  knobbed  at  distal  end; 
body  spherical;  male  unknown Mimosicerya  Ckll. 


SUBFAMILY    MONOPHLEBINAE  71 

dd.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  provided  with  seven  pairs  of 
subdorsal  spiracles;  abdomen  with  large  crescent-shaped 
valve-like  structure  located  between  spiracles;  test  unknown; 

male   unknown.    Peris sopneumon   Newst. 

cc.     Antennae  of  adult  female  normally  with  less  than  eight  seg- 
ments. 

d.    Antennae   of  adult   female   normally  with   seven   segments; 
wax  excreted  by  adult  female  not  prominent;  male  unknown. 

Monophlebulus  Ckll. 

dd.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  seven  segments. 

e.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  not  bearing  bifurcate  setae; 
body  with  mealy  covering  of  wax  and  with  transverse 
ridges  of  wax  on  abdomen;  antennae  of  adult  male  con- 
sisting of  six  segments,  sixth  segment  subequal  in  length 
to  each  of  others;  male  unknown Cockerellella  MacG. 

ee.    Abdomen  bearing  bifurcate  or  serrate  or  broadly  truncate 


f.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  bearing  three  or  four  bifur- 
cate setae  on  each  side  of  meson;  antennae  consisting 
of  six  segments  in  first  and  third  nymphal  stages,  sixth 
segment  twice  as  long  as  any  of  other  segments;  rostrum 

consisting  of  two  segments;  male  unknown 

Newsteadiella  MacG. 

ff.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  margined  on  each  side  with 
bluntly  or  sharply  serrated  setae  or  broad  blunt  setae, 
these  setae  also  present  in  all  nymphal  stages;  antennae 
of  adult  female  consisting  of  four  to  six  segments,  of 
second  and  third  nymphal  stages  of  five  to  six  segments, 
and  of  first  nymphal  stage  of  four  to  five  segments; 
rostrum  apparently  consisting  of  a  single  segment; 
adult  male  unknown.  Stictococcus  Ckll. 

The  foregoing  table  to  the  genera  of  Monophlebinae  has  made 
it  necessary  to  change  the  position  of  certain  of  the  species.  The 
following  list  gives  their  generic  reference : — 

Monoplebus  Burm. — This  genus  is  limited  to  males,  two  species 
of  which,  atripennis  Burm.,  the  type,  of  which  only  males  are  known, 
and  dubius  Fabr.,  each  have  two  pairs  of  lateral  filaments  on  the  abdo- 
men, and  a  third,  saundersii  Westw.,  has  four  pairs  of  lateral  fila- 
ments. All  these  species  are  from  the  East  Indies.  The  following 
three  species  based  upon  females  from  Kilimanjaro,  Africa,  are  re- 
ferred to  this  genus  by  Newstead:  sjostedti  Newst.,  pallidus  Newst..  and 
africana  Newst.  A  single  species,  dugesi,  from  Mexico  has  been  de- 
scribed by  Vayssiere.  It  is  not  likely  that  these  latter  species  are 
congeneric  with  the  type  of  Monophlebus. 

LJaveia  Sign. — There  are  eight  species  included  in  this  genus,  as 
follows: — axin  Llave  from  Mexico  on  Spondias,  Jatropha,  mango; 
bouvari  Sign,  from  Guatemala;  cacti  Ckll.  (not  Linnaeus)  from  the 


72  THE   COCCIDAE 

West  Indies  on  cactus;  championi  Ckll.  from  Panama,  known  only  in 
the  male  sex,  transferred  from  Tessarobelus  which  contains  a  single 
species  from  New  Caledonia;  mexicanorum  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Acacia; 
primitiva  Towns,  from  Mexico  on  "Nettle-tree;"  uhleri  Sign,  from 
Ecuador;  luzonica  Ckll.  from  Philippine  Islands.  The  following  table 
based  upon  one  published  by  Cockerell  will  aid  in  the  separation  of 
the  American  species: — 

SPECIES  OF  LLAVETA 
a.     Body  large,  length  of  adult  female  15  to  25  mm. 

b.     Body  with  scant  pubesence;  length  15  to  18  mm.;  antennae  short, 

segments,  except  the  distal,  broader  than  long louvari  Sign. 

bb.  Body  with  abundant  pubescence;  length  23  to  25  mm.;  legs  and 
antennae  reddish. 

c.     Species  from  Mexico;   antennae  with  cuticle  densely  covered 
with  short  setae,  segments  two  to  eight  times  as  broad  as  long, 

nine  and  ten  broader  than  long. axin  Llave. 

cc.     Species  from  Ecuador.  uhleri  Sign. 

aa.    Body  small,  length  of  mounted  specimens  of  adult  female  about  7 

mm.;  legs  and  antennae  dark  sepia  brown. 

b.     Cuticle  of  body  densely  covered  with  setae;   antennae  long,  seg- 
ments two  to  six  not  twice  as  broad  as  long,  segments  six  to  ten 

longer  than  broad,  segment  eleven  narrow  and  cylindrical 

primitiva  Towns. 

bb.  Cuticle  of  body  with  minute,  sparse,  scarcely  noticeable  setae;  an- 
tennae short,  segments  two  to  eight  twice  as  broad  as  long,  seg- 
ments nine  and  ten  considerably  broader  than  long,  segment 
eleven  oval.  _  ..-mexicanorum  Ckll. 


Palaeococeus  Ckll. The  following  species  are  included  in  this 

genus: — australis  Mask,  from  Australia  on  Hakea;  braziliensis  Walk, 
from  South  America;  ewarti  Newst.  from  West  Africa  on  "Peppet;" 
fortis  Ckll.  from  Natal  on  Eucalyptus;  fuller!  Ckll.  from  Natal  on  grass; 
fuscipennis  Burm.  from  Europe  on  oak,  maple,  fir,  pine;  hellenicus  Genn. 
from  Greece  on  Pinus;  mexicanus  Ckll.  &  Parr,  from  Mexico  on  Prosopis; 
morrilli  Ckll.  from  Arizona;  nudatus  Mask,  from  Australia  on  Cosmos, 
Verbena;  plucheae  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Pluchea;  pulcher  Leon, 
from  Java  on  Ilex;  rosae  R.  &  H.  from  Florida,  Jamaica,  Mexico  on  Am- 
herstia,  Euphorbia,  Prosopis,  rose,  sugar-apple,  lime,  lemon,  lignum-vitae; 
theobromiae  Newst.  from  Calabar,  West  Africa  on  Cacao;  townsendi  Ckll. 
from  New  Mexico  on  Townsendia,  Gutierrezia,  Picradenia,  Grindelia, 
Bahia.  Ferris  has  studied  three  of  the  above  species,  morrilli  Ckll.,  plu- 
cheae Ckll.,  and  townsendi  Ckll.  Each  of  these  species  has  a  large 
marsupium  in  the  adult  female  which  opens  on  the  ventral  aspect  Just 
caudad  of  the  metathoracic  legs.  The  opening  after  it  is  filled  with  eggs 
is  closed  by  a  flap  of  wax.  These  species  may  not  be  congeneric  with  the 
type  of  the  genus,  fuscipennis  Burm. 

Gnerinella  Fern. — This  name  was  proposed  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  Fernald 


SUBFAMILY   MONOPHLEBINAE  73 

for  Guerinea  which  is  preoccupied.      It  includes  a  single  species,  serra- 
tulae  Fab.  from  Europe  and  Algeria  on  Serratula. 

Icerya  Sign. — This  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  subfamily  so  far  as 
number  of  species  is  concerned.  The  following  are  included: — aegyptiaca 
Dougl.  from  Egypt,  Ceylon,  India,  Australia  on  Ficus,  Croton,  Goodenia, 
Aristochlia;  albolutea  Ckll.  from  West  Africa  on  Anona;  brasiliensis 
Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Liriodendron,  Laurus,  Codiaeum;  Candida  Ckll. 
from  Philippine  Islands;  colinensis  Ckll.  from  Mexico;  crocea  Green 
from  Ceylon  on  Citrus,  Croton,  Cocculus;  genistae  Hemp,  from  Brazil 
on  Genista,  Lespedeza,  Fragaria;  Jacobsoni  Green  from  Java  on  Dom- 
beya;  koebelei  Mask,  from  Australia  on  Leptospermum,  Acacia;  littoralis 
Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Croton,  Mimosa;  longisetosa  Newst.  from  German 
East  Africa  on  Acacia;  minor  Green  from  India  on  mango;  montser- 
ratensis  R.  &  H.  from  West  Indies,  Mexico  on  Chrysophyllum,  Clusia, 
palms,  orange,  banana,  avocardo  pear;  natalensis  Dougl.  from  Natal  on 
Acacia,  orange,  lemon;  okadae  Kuw.  from  Japan  on  orange;  palmeri 
R.  &  H.  from  Mexico  on  Coursetia,  grape-vine;  pilosa  Green  from  Ceylon 
on  grass;  purchasi  Mask,  from  Australia,  New  Zeland,  Fiji  Islands,  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  California,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Mexico,  West  Indies, 
South  Africa  on  Pittospermum,  Acacia,  Cypress,  orange,  lemon,  pine, 
rose,  grass,  etc.;  rileyi  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico,  Mexico  on  Larrea,  mes- 
quite;  schrottkyi  Hemp,  from  Brazil;  seychellarum  Westw.  from  Sey- 
chelles Islands,  Mauritius,  China,  Formosa  on  citrus,  Podocarpus,  guava, 
palms,  rose,  sugar  cane;  subandina  Leon,  from  Argentina  on  Bulvesia; 
tangalla  Green  from  Ceylon  on  Gutierrezia;  and  zeteki  Ckll.  from  Panama 
Canal  Zone.  The  following  tables  based  upon  tables  published  by  Riley 
and  Howard  may  be  found  useful  in  separating  the  included  American 
species:  — 

SPECIES  OF  ICERYA 
FIRST  STAGE  NYMPHS 

a.    Abdomen  with  lateral  setae  cephalad  of  six  anal  chalazae  minute, 

always  much  less  than  one-eighth  length  of  anal  chalazae. 
b.     Antennae  with  distal  segment  bearing  many  long  setae,  five  of 

which  are  especially  long. seychellarum  Westw. 

bb.    Antennae  with   distal  segment  bearing  less   than  five   especially 
long  setae. 

c.     Antennae    with    distal    segment    bearing   four   especially    long 
setae;    abdomen   not  emarginate  between   caudal  pair   of  anal 

setae. purchasi  Mask. 

cc.    Antennae  with  the  distal  segment  bearing  two  especially  long 
setae;    abdomen   emarginate  between  the   caudal   pair   of   anal 

setae. aegyptiaca  Doug. 

aa.    Abdomen  with  lateral  setae  cephalad  of  six  anal  chalazae  not  minute, 

about  one-fifth  length  of  anal  chalazae. 
b.     Antennae  with   distal   segment  not   constricted   near  middle  and 

enlarged  on  proximal  half,  sides  uniformly  convex 

montserratensis  R.  &  H. 


74  THE   COCCIDAE 

bb.  Antennae  with  distal  segment  constricted  near  middle  and  prox- 
imal half  distinctly  swollen,  two  sides  of  distal  segment  not 
uniformly  convex. palmerii  R.  &  H. 

ADULT   FEMALES 

a.     Body   furnished   with   many   long   glassy   filaments   of   wax   arising 
from  dorsal  cerores. 

b.    Body  supported  by  ovisac  with  distinct  longitudinal  flutings 

purchasi  Mask. 

bb.    Body  supported  by  ovisac  without  longitudinal  flutings 

seychellarum  Westw. 
aa.     Body  not  furnished  with  long  glassy  filaments  of  wax. 

b.     Body  supported  by  ovisac  with  prominent  longitudinal  flutings; 
tufts  of  wax  bordering  dorsal  aspect  limited  to  two  at  each  end, 

each  tuft  usually  much  longer  than  entire  ovisac 

montserratensis  R.  &  H. 

bb.  Body  supported  by  ovisac  with  only  faint  longitudinal  flutings; 
tufts  of  wax  bordering  dorsal  aspect  ten  or  more  in  number, 
longest  not  much  longer  than  ovisac. acgyptiaca  Doug. 

Tessarobelus  Montr. — A  single  species,  guerinii  Montr.,  described 
from  New  Caledonia  on  Melaleucae  and  Filices,  is  included. 

Lophococcus  Ckll. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  mirabilis 
Ckll.,  from  Natal  on  Mimosa.  Newstead  has  described  a  variety,  mirabilis 
tricornis  Newst,  from  Dutch  Southwest  Africa  and  Vayssiere  a  second 
species,  vuilleti,  from  West  Africa  on  Acacia. 

Walkeriana  Sign. — The  following  species  are  included  in  this 
genus: — andreae  Green  from  Congo,  Africa;  compacta  Green  from  Ceylon; 
euphorbiae  Green  from  Ceylon  on  Euphorbia;  floriger  Walk,  from  Ceylon 
on  Litzea;  poleii  Green  from  Ceylon  on  Dodonaea;  and  senex  Green  from 
Ceylon  on  Dodonaea. 

Aspidoproctus  Newst. — A  single  species,  pertinax  Newst.,  was 
originally  described  from  Central  Africa.  Two  additional  species,  arma- 
tus  Newst.  on  Acacia  and  maximus  Newst.  on  Brachystegia,  have  been 
added  from  German  East  Africa,  while  Vayssiere  has  added  bouvieri 
Vays.  from  French  Equatorial  Africa  and  serrei  Vays.  from  Batavia, 
Java. 

Drosicha  Walk. — The  following  species  belong  in  this  genus:  — 
burmeisteri  Westw.  from  Java,  China,  Japan  on  pine;  contrahens  Walk, 
from  Ceylon,  North  China;  corpulenta  Knw.  from  Japan  on  oak;  craw- 
fordi  Mask,  from  Australia  on  Eucalyptus;  illigeri  Westw.  from  Tas- 
mania; leachii  Westw.  from  India;  lichenoides  Ckll.  from  Philippine  Is- 
lands on  Ficus;  maskelli  Ckll.  from  Java,  China,  Japan  on  Ficus,  Gar- 
denia, pine;  raddoni  Westw.  from  West  Africa. 

Mimosicerya  Ckll. — A  single  species,  hempeli  Ckll.  from  Brazil 
on  Mimosa  (?),  is  included.  Newstead  has  described  and  figured  this 
coccid  with  considerable  detail  and  proposed  the  new  generic  name  Cly- 
peococcus  for  it. 

Stigmacoccus  Hemp. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  asper 
Hemp,  from  Brazil,  where  it  is  found  in  the  nests  of  Campanotus  and 
upon  the  bark  of  Inga. 


SUBFAMILY    MONOPHLEBINAE  75 

Greenella  MacG. — The  following  species,  originally  referred  to  the 
genus  Monophlebus,  are  included  in  this  genus: — dalbergiae  Green  from 
India;  stebbingii  Green  from  India  on  Ficus,  Dalbergia,  Areocarpus, 
mango,  is  the  type;  and  tamarinda  Green  from  India  on  branches  of 
tamarind. 

Perissopneumon  Newst. — A  single  species,  ferox  Newst.,  described 
from  India  from  the  nests  of  ants  is  the  type.  Newstead  has  described 
a  second  species,  zimmermanni  Newst.  from  German  Bast  Africa. 

Monophlebulus  Ckll. — There  is  only  a  single  species,  fuscus 
Maskell  described  from  Australia,  included  in  this  genus. 

Newsteadiella  MacG. — A  single  species,  formicarum  Newst.,  col- 
lected in  the  nests  of  ants  in  India  and  originally  described  as  a  species 
of  Icerya,  is  included. 

Cockerellella  MacG. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  town- 
sendi  Ckll.  from  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  was  originally  described  as 
a  species  of  Monophlebulus. 

Stictococcus  Ckll. — A  genus  containing  four  species: — sjostedi 
Ckll.  from  Cameroons,  Africa  from  the  stalks  of  the  pods  of  Theobroma; 
multispinosus  Newst.  from  Kilimanjaro,  East  Africa;  dimorphus  Newst. 
from  German  East  Africa;  and  formicarius  Newst.  from  Upper  Congo, 
Africa  from  the  hollow  stems  of  Barteria  and  Cuviera.  This  genus,  orig- 
inally referred  to  the  Lecaniinae  and  later  to  the  Dactylopiinae,  appears 
to  belong  to  the  Monophlebinae. 


CHAPTER  VI 

SUBFAMILY  KUAVAXIINAE 

The  Sinoran  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund  or  convex  on  the  dorsal 
and  flat  on  the  ventral  aspect.  It  is  elongate  elliptical,  broadest  in  the 
thoracic  region.  The  lateral  and  caudal  margins  are  convex,  not  sub- 
transverse.  The  segments  are  well  denned.  The  caudal  end  is  not 
inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a 
keel.  The  antennae  are  prominent,  consist  of  eight  to  ten  segments,  and 
are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral 
margin.  The  eyes  are  present.  There  is  a  single  ocellana  located  on 
each  side  of  the  head  near  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The  mouth- 
parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  wanting.  The  legs  are  present. 
They  are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are 
never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The 
trochanto-femoral  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  the  legs  are  always 
distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  normal 
in  form  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never 
located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  located  on  the 
ventral  or  subventral  aspects,  are  variable  in  number,  and  are  never 
large  in  size.  The  spiracular  tracheae  of  the  abdominal  spiracles  are 
provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae, 
and  canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  convex  on  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  aspects,  never  depressed.  The  lateral  margins  are  convex  or 
subconvex  and  the  caudal  end  is  convex,  never  subtruncated.  All  the 
segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  jn  appearance  with  distinct 
coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The 
abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring 
and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal 
segment  is  never  short  and  narrow  and  extending  beyond  the  other  seg- 
ments. The  body  is  provided  with  cerores,  none  of  which  are  octacerores 
or  pilacerores,  and  is  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never 
enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by 
a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae.  It  may  be  covered  more  or  less  or 
associated  with  white  mealy  or  powdery  wax  or  loose  filaments  of  wax. 
The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a 
chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is  never 
naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  of  two 
or  three  segments  and  a  long  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are 
always  present  in  first  nymphal  stage,  so  far  as  known,  wanting  in 
all  others.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the 

76 


SUBFAMILY   KUWANIINAE  77 

prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided 
with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal 
lobes  and  anal  setae,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal 
end  of  the  rectum  is  not  chitinized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with 
one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  compound  eyes.  The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with 
long  lateral  filaments,  but  may  be  provided  with  tufts  of  long  wax  fila- 
ments. The  stylus  may  be  large  and  prominent. 

This  subfamily  contains  six  genera  and  six  species,  two 
species  from  Japan,  one  from  Ceylon,  one  from  Russia  and  Eng- 
land and  two  from  California.  The  complete  life  cycle  of  only 
one  species,  one  of  the  American  species,  is  known. 

The  most  striking  difference  found  in  the  different  genera  is 
in  the  number  of  abdominal  spiracles.  Paragreenia  according  to 
Ferris  has  eight  pairs,  while  the  spiracles  of  segments  seven  and 
eight  are  greatly  reduced  and  are  but  little  more  than  points  for 
the  attachment  of  their  spiracular  tracheae.  The  presence  of  this 
number  of  abdominal  spiracles  is  of  interest,  because  eight  pairs 
of  abdominal  spiracles  on  segments  one  to  eight  is  the  maximum 
number  found  in  the  abdomen  of  any  embryonic,  immature,  or 
adult  insect.  Steingelia,  which  has  six  pairs  of  abdominal  spiracles 
according  to  the  description  and  figures  of  Green,  has  lost  those 
of  segments  seven  and  eight.  Kuwania  has  four  pairs  of  abdominal 
spiracles  on  the  four  cephalic  segments  and  has  lost  those  of 
segments  five  to  eight.  It  might  be  assumed  since  no  abdominal 
spiracles  are  figured  or  described  in  Matsucoccus  that  there 
existed  a  beautiful  series  from  the  maximum  number  of  Para- 
greenia to  their  entire  absence  in  Matsucoccus.  Since  no  thoracic 
spiracles  are  described  or  figured  in  Matsucoccus  and  since  the 
spiracles  are  frequently  considered  of  little  systematic  value  and 
are  frequently  omitted  from  figures  and  descriptions,  it  is  more 
likely  that  when  specimens  of  this  genus  are  examined,  not  only 
thoracic  but  abdominal  spiracles  will  be  found.  The  other  char- 
acters of  Matsucoccus  are  of  sufficient  importance  to  make  it  worthy 
of  consideration  as  a  distinct  genus. 

GENERA   OF   KUWANIINAE 

a.  Antennae  with  ten  segments;  abdomen  apparently  without  spiracles; 
female  nymph  of  first  stage  with  femur  of  each  leg  enlarged  and 
elongated,  distinctly  longer  than  combined  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw, 
so  that  legs  are  crab-like  in  appearance. Matsucoccus  Ckll. 

aa.     Antennae  with  less  than  ten  segments;  abdomen  always  with  spira- 
cles. 


78  THE   COCCIDAE 

b.    Antennae  with  nine  segments. 

c.  Abdomen  with  eight  pairs  of  spiracles. Paragreenia  MacG. 

cc.    Abdomen  with  less  than  eight  pairs  of  spiracles. 

d.  Abdomen  with  seven  pairs  of  spiracles;   all  nymphal  stages 
known,  normal  in  form.  Americoccus  MacG. 

dd.    Abdomen  with  four  cephalic  segments  with  pairs  of  spiracles. 

Kuwania  Ckll. 
bb.    Antennae  with  less  than  nine  segments. 

c.    Antennae  with  eight  segments;  abdomen  with  spiracles  on  seg- 
ments one  to  six;  nymphal  female  of  first  stage  not  with  femur 

of  each  leg  enlarged  and  elongated Steingelia  Nassanow. 

cc.    Antennae   with    seven    segments;    abdomen    with    spiracles   on 
segments  one  to  six;  adult  female  with  rostrum  and  rostralis 

present. Stomacoccus  Ferris. 

Matsucoccus  Ckll. — A  single  species  matsumurae  Kuwana  from 
Japan  on  pine-tree  (matsu),  is  known.  The  adult  female  has  a  swollen 
body  which  is  ovate  in  outline.  When  ready  to  deposit  her  eggs,  the 
female  seeks  a  crack  or  crevice  in  the  bark,  where  she  forms  a  cottony 
cushion  of  wax  upon  which  she  rests  and  covers  her  body  with  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  white  cottony  wax.  The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage 
have  the  body  similar  in  form  to  that  of  the  adult  female,  but  the  legs 
have  a  peculiar  crab-like  appearance  due  to  the  swollen  and  elongate 
femora  and  the  short  and  slender  tibiae  and  tarsi.  The  antennae  of  this 
stage,  which  consist  of  seven  segments,  are  peculiar  in  form.  Segments 
two,  four,  and  six  are  subequal  in  length  as  are  segments  three,  five,  and 
seven,  but  the  segments  of  the  last  group  are  only  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  segments  of  the  first  group. 

Paragreenia  MacG. — Green  has  described  a  single  species,  zeylanica, 
from  Ceylon  on  Antidesma.  The  complete  description  of  this  species  has 
not  been  published.  The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  long  and  narrow  and 
the  female  nymphs  of  the  second  stage  are  found  in  small  cavities  in  the 
living  tissue  of  the  plant.  The  adult  female  according  to  Ferris  has  well 
developed  mouth-parts  with  a  distinct  mentum  and  six  to  eight  pairs  of 
abdominal  spiracles.  If  this  species  has  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  ros- 
tralis, in  the  adult  female,  this  genus  should  be  referred  to  the  Monophle- 
binae. 

Americoccus  MacG. — There  is  a  single  described  species,  fascic- 
uleusis  Herbert,  from  California  on  Pinus.  The  adult  female  has  trans- 
versely striated  antennae,  the  proximal  segments  are  large.  The  claws 
are  simple  with  two  ungual  digitules.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  large 
and  distinct.  The  dorsum  is  provided  with  transverse  rows  of  simple 
cerores  and  the  dorsum  and  venter  with  cerores  similar  to  the  octa- 
cerores.  The  ocellanae,  one  on  each  side  of  the  head,  are  present.  The 
mouth-parts  are  sometimes  present.  The  distance  between  the  prothoracic 
and  mesothoracic  legs  in  the  first  nymphal  female  is  nearly  three  times 
that  between  the  mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  legs.  The  rostrum  is 
shown  between  the  latter  pairs  of  legs. 

Kuwania  Ckll. — Kuwana  has  recorded  a  single  species,  quercus 
Kuwana,  from  Japan  on  Quercus.  This  genus,  as  here  limited,  contains 


SUBFAMILY   KUWANHNAE  79 

only  the  type  species.  The  adult  female  has  an  elongate  oval  body  with 
all  the  surfaces  convex.  The  antennae  consist  of  nine  segments  and  are 
articulated  to  the  head  near  each  other.  The  tarsal  claws  are  without 
digitules.  The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  do  not  have  crab-like  legs,  their 
femora  and  tibiae  and  tarsi  are  normal  in  form.  The  antennae  in  this 
stage  consist  of  six  segments.  The  distal  segment  is  greatly  enlarged, 
clavate,  and  longer  than  all  the  other  segments  together.  In  the  other 
nymphal  stages  the  legs  are  wanting,  the  antennae  are  mere  chitinized 
points,  and  each  of  the  four  cephalic  abdominal  segments  is  provided 
with  a  pair  of  spiracles. 

Steingelia  Nassanow. — The  type  of  this  genus,  gorodetskia 
Nassanow,  was  described  from  Russia.  It  was  described  a  little  later 
by  Green  from  England  on  birch  as  Kuwania  britannica.  Green  considers 
the  two  species  as  synonymous.  The  adult  female  of  Steingelia  is  very 
different  in  general  appearance  from  either  of  those  previously  described. 
The  body  is  long  and  slender,  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and 
the  lateral  margins  are  parallel  or  nearly  so.  The  antennae  consist  of 
eight  or  nine  segments  and  are  articulated  to  the  cephalic  portion  of  the 
head  and  near  to  each  other.  The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  greatly 
shriveled  during  ovoposition  and  covered  with  a  woolly  secretion  of  wax, 
forming  an  ovisac  for  holding  the  eggs.  The  ovisac  may  be  placed  in 
crevices  in  the  stems  of  old  birch  trees,  but  are  found  more  abundantly 
among  the  decayed  leaves  and  debris  at  the  base  of  the  trees.  The  nymphs 
of  the  first  stage  do  not  have  crab-like  legs.  Their  antennae  consist  of 
six  segments.  The  sixth  segment  is  the  longest,  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth  are  the  smallest,  and  the  fifth  is  broadly  dilated. 

Stomacoccus  Ferris. — There  is  a  single  species,  platani  Ferris, 
from  California  on  Platanus.  Its  most  distinctive  feature  is  the  reten- 
tion of  mouth-parts  in  the  adult  female.  The  body  is  elongate  as  in  the 
other  species  of  the  subfamily.  The  thoracic  legs  are  wanting  in  all 
nymphal  stages  but  the  first.  This  character  will  have  to  serve  for 
differentiating  the  genera  of  this  subfamily  from  the  Monophlebinae. 
The  single  species  differs  from  Steingelia  in  having  a  single  row  of 
setae  on  each  side  of  the  ventro-meson  of  the  abdomen,  while  there  are 
two  rows  on  each  side  in  Steingelia.  There  are  six  ungual  digitules  in 
Stomacoccus,  eight  to  ten  in  Steingelia,  and  none  in  Kuwania  but  its 
claws  are  toothed.  Kuwania  has  a  group  of  about  eight  tenent  setae  on 
each  coxa  which  are  wanting  in  Stomacoccus.  The  insect  apparently 
passes  the  winter  upon  the  bark,  migrating  onto  the  leaves  in  spring. 
They  live  exposed  upon  the  underside  of  the  leaves.  The  males  are  very 
active.  This  genus  was  overlooked  until  after  this  chapter  was  in  type. 


CHAPTER  VII 

SUBFAMILY  XYLOCOCCINAE 

The  Melratuban  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund  or  convex  on  the  dorsal  and 
flat  on  the  ventral  aspect.  It  is  elongate  elliptical  or  rotund  and  glob- 
ular, broadest  in  the  thoracic  region.  The  lateral  margins  are  convex 
and  the  caudal  margin  is  subtransverse  or  uniformly  convex.  The 
segments  are  well  denned.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated 
and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The 
antennae  are  prominent,  consisting  of  five  to  eleven  segments  and  are 
articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral  margin. 
The  eyes  are  present.  There  is  a  single  ocellana  located  on  each  side  of 
the  head  near  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum 
and  rostralis,  are  always  wanting.  The  legs  are  usually  present.  They 
are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never 
enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  tro- 
chanto-femoral  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  the  legs  are  always 
distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  small  and 
inconspicuous  and  ventral  in  position  or  are  large  and  conspicuous. 
The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  located  adjacent  to  the  anus.  The 
abdominal  spiracles  are  located  on  the  lateral  or  ventral  aspects,  six  or 
eight  pairs,  and  are  large  in  size.  The  spiracular  tracheae  of  the 
abdominal  spiracles  are  frequently  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of 
cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The 
abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  convex 
on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  never  depressed.  The  lateral  margins 
are  convex  and  the  caudal  end  is  subtruncated  or  convex.  All  of  the 
segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  distinct  coriae 
between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen 
is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal 
ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment 
is  short  and  narrow,  small  and  inconspicuous,  and  extends  beyond  the 
other  segments  or  is  normal  in  form  and  not  protruding.  The  segments 
are  not  campanulate.  The  body  is  provided  with  cerores,  none  of  which 
are  octacerores  or  pilacerores,  and  is  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The 
body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or 
covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae,  but  may  be  more  or  less 
covered  or  associated  with  white,  mealy,  powdery,  or  filamentous  wax. 
The  rectum  is  rarely  if  ever  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax 
or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body 
is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  of  two 
segments  and  a  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first 

80 


SUBFAMILY   XYLOCOCCINAE  81 

nymphal  stage  and  wanting  or  greatly  reduced  in  size  and  inconspicuous 
in  the  second,  third,  and  fourth;  and  when  present  are  similar  in  form. 
The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are 
never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft 
and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae, 
octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is 
strongly  chitinized  and  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores 
excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is 
short,  narrow,  and  projects  beyond  the  other  segments;  the  segments  are 
not  campanulate. 

The  male  has  large  coarsely  facetted  compound  eyes  and  are  not 
provided  with  ocelli.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral 
filaments,  but  bears  tufts  of  long  filaments  of  wax.  The  stylus  is  short 
and  conical. 

The  typical  genus,  Xylococcus,  of  the  subfamily  Xyloeoccinae 
was  based  upon  the  species  filiferous  Loew,  described  in  1882  as 
infesting  Tilia  europaea  and  T.  grandifolia  in  Austria.  Four 
species  have  been  described  from  North  America,  betulae  Pergande 
from  birch  and  poplar  from  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  three 
species  from  California,  quercus  Ehrhorn  from  live  oak,  macrocar- 
pae  Coleman  from  the  Monterey  cypress,  and  alni  Florence  from 
alder.  Two  species  have  been  described  from  Japan  by  Kuwana, 
napiformis  from  oak  and  matsumurae.  The  first  species  has  been 
made  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Matsucoccus  by  Cockerel!.  It  has  been 
placed  in  the  subfamily  Kuwaniinae.  The  second  species,  judging 
from  the  figures  and  descriptions  of  the  species,  the  presence  of 
mouth-parts  in  the  adult  female,  and  the  presence  of  anal  setae  and 
apparently  anal  ring  setae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage,  has  no 
relation  with  the  genus  Xylococcus  as  here  defined  and  probably 
belongs  to  the  Eriococeinae. 

The  most  complete  account  of  the  life  history  of  any  of  the 
species  of  Xylococcus  is  that  given  by  H.  G.  Hubbard  and  Th. 
Pergande  of  the  birch  xylococcid.  The  account  of  Florence  based 
upon  the  study  of  the  three  species  found  upon  the  Pacific  Coast 
confirms  for  the  most  part  and  amplifies  the  excellent  account  of 
these  observers.  The  following  descriptions  are  based  upon  the 
work  of  these  writers. 

The  adult  female  is  ordinarily  buried  in  a  cavity  in  the  bark. 
The  eggs  are  deposited  in  a  depression  formed  by  the  collapse  of 
the  ventral  portion  of  the  abdomen  of  the  female  and  the  sides  of 
the  opening  in  the  bark. 

The  young  nymphs,  when  they  emerge  from  the  egg,  seek  a 
place  like  other  coccids  of  the  first  nymphal  stage,  where  they  can 


82  THE   COCCIDAE 

attach  themselves.  Tne  young  nymph  works  its  way  in  between 
the  layers  of  bark  or  enters  a  lenticel  or  breathing  pore.  The 
insect  by  its  growth  and  the  excretion  of  wax  causes  the  layers  of 
bark  to  separate  and  curl,  producing  areas  where  the  bark  is 
roughened  and  covered  with  splits  and  curls.  The  bark  also  in  its 
growth  surrounds  the  body  of  the  coccid  forming  a  cavity  in  which 
it  rests. 

The  body  of  the  first  stage  nymph  is  more  or  less  depressed, 
without  tubercles,  without  an  anal  ring,  but  with  the  caudal 
abdominal  segment,  the  ninth,  a  short  transverse  tubercle-like 
projection.  The  caudal  abdominal  segments  are  never  campanulate 
as  is  characteristic  of  these  segments  of  many  coccids.  There  is  a 
row  of  large  cerores,  varying  in  number  in  the  different  species, 
on  the  ventro-meson.  The  females  and  males  are  similar  during 
the  first  nymphal  stage  but  quite  different  during  the  other 
nymphal  stages  and  for  this  reason  they  will  be  considered  sep- 
arately. The  nymphs  are  provided  with  prominent  legs,  rostrum, 
rostralis,  and  antennae  of  six  segments  each. 

The  females  at  the  first  molt  loose  their  legs  and  antennae, 
but  retain  their  mouth-parts.  The  body  is  somewhat  depressed 
and  sack-like.  There  are  two  other  molts  producing  two  other 
nymphal  stages,  four  in  all.  The  nymphs  differ  in  general  appear- 
ance only  in  being  successively  larger.  The  insect,  since  it  has  no 
legs  and  also  because  of  its  location,  is  stationary  during  these 
stages.  The  fourth  molt  produces  an  adult  female  which  is  pro- 
vided with  distinct  nine-segmented  antennae  and  legs.  The 
rostrum  and  rostralis  are  lost  at  this  molt  so  that  the  insect  is 
unable  to  feed.  Ferris  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  certain 
individuals  of  macrocarpae  a  complete  series  can  be  shown  of 
practically  every  stage  from  a  complete  absence  of  mouth-parts  to 
mouth-parts  which  are  apparently  functional.  He  does  not  specify 
whether  it  is  only  the  rostrum  or  labium  that  is  present  or  both 
rostralis  and  rostrum.  There  is  a  striking  difference  in  this  con- 
dition as  the  rostralis  must  be  present  in  order  that  the  insect  can 
procure  food.  The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  distinctly  segmented 
and  the  two  ends  are  more  or  less  truncated.  The  insect  is  now 
able,  if  it  desires,  to  leave  its  cavity  in  the  bark  and  to  wander 
about  which  it  sometimes  does.  But  it  is  ordinarily  so  deeply 
buried  in  the  bark  that  it  is  unable  to  leave  its  cell  and  in  fact 
does  not  entirely  free  itself  from  the  cast  cuticle  of  the  fourth 
nymphal  stage.  In  such  cases  the  caudal  end  of  the  molted  cuticle 


SUBFAMILY   XYLOCOCCINAE  83 

is  ruptured  and  the  female  presents  the  end  of  her  body  at  the 
crevice  in  the  bark  for  the  reception  of  the  male. 

The  nymphs  which  develop  into  males  never  form  pits  like 
those  of  the  female  nymphs.  They  are  apt  to  assemble  in  the 
vicinity  of  some  older  females  and  to  establish  themselves  under  the 
protection  of  her  accumulation  of  wax.  This  makes  its  possible 
for  them  to  escape  later. 

The  males  of  the  first  nymphal  stage  are,  as  noted,  similar 
to  the  females.  They  differ  from  the  females  in  that  at  the  first 
molt  they  do  not  lose  their  antennae  and  legs.  They  also  retain 
their  rostrum  arid  rostralis  and  feed  like  the  females. 

According  to  Pergande  the  males  molt  five  times  and  pass 
through  five  nymphal  stages.  Florence  in  the  species  which  she 
examined  only  found  four  nymphal  stages.  The  male  nymphs  at 
the  second  molt,  the  third  nymphal  stage,  lose  their  legs  and 
antennae  but  retain  their  rostrum  and  rostralis.  They  closely 
resemble  the  female  nymphs  of  the  third  stage.  At  the  third  molt 
the  rostrum  and  rostralis  are  lost  and  the  insect  regains  its  legs 
and  antennae.  During  this  stage,  the  fourth  nymphal  stage,  the 
insect  leaves  its  waxen  cyst  and  wanders  about.  The  body  is  soon 
covered  with  little  tessellations  of  cottony  wax  which  forms  a  loose 
flocculent  follicle.  The  insect  rests  in  this  follicle  until  ready  for 
the  fourth  molt.  Neither  of  the  accounts  make  clear  whether  these 
legs  and  antennae  are  new  nymphal  appendages  or  are  the  ap- 
pendages that  are  passed  on  later  to  the  adult.  At  the  fourth  molt, 
which  is  usually  passed  under  some  sheltering  fragment  of  bark, 
the  male  appears  with  wing-pads  and  protuberances  surrounding 
the  genital  organs.  The  fifth  stage  nymph  wanders  about  freely 
for  a  time,  but  eventually  covers  itself  with  a  cylindrical  cocoon  of 
threads  of  wax.  It  later  breaks  its  way  out  of  this  follicle,  molts 
its  cuticle  for  the  fifth  time,  and  transforms  to  a  winged  adult. 

The  adult  male  is  provided  with  coarsely  faceted  compound 
eyes  and  is  said  to  be  without  ocelli.  The  abdomen  bears  a  short 
style,  a  long  penis,  and  the  sixth  and  seventh  abdominal  segments 
bear  a  dense  brush  of  delicate  thread-like  filaments  of  wax.  The 
metathoracic  wings  are  of  interest  in  that  they  contain  veins, 
proving  that  the  halteres  of  the  males  of  the  specialized  families 
are  modified  wings.  The  males  emerge  during  the  fall  and  winter 
and  females  with  eggs  are  found  during  the  winter  and  spring. 
The  eggs  of  a  single  female  hatch  over  a  long  period  of  time,  five 
to  six  weeks. 


84  THE  COCCIDAE 

One  of  the  striking  features  of  the  anatomy  of  the  species  of 
Xylococcus  is  the  chitinization  of  the  caudal  end  of  the  rectum, 
forming  the  so-called  anal  tube.  This  chitinized  portion  is  pro- 
vided with  one  to  three  rings  of  anacerores.  This  structure  is 
present  in  all  the  female  nymphal  stages.  It  becomes  more  and 
more  highly  organized  with  each  successive  stage.  Pergande  does 
not  mention  its  presence  in  the  adult  female  but  states :  ' '  The 
anal  opening  is  simple,  situated  on  the  underside  of  the  abdomen 
close  to  the  concavity,  and  with  difficulty  to  be  seen."  Florence 
in  her  description  of  the  adult  female  of  each  species,  states: 
"Anal  tube  represented  by  an  infolding  of  the  body- wall  and  not 
strongly  chitinized."  It  is  apparent  that  the  chitinization  of  the 
rectum  is  peculiar  to  the  nymphal  stages  as  in  Coelostomidea  and 
Icerya.  The  function  of  the  rings  of  anacerores  is  to  excrete  the 
long  hair-like  filament  of  glassy  wax  which  is  protruded  through 
the  anus.  These  filaments  are  often  two  inches  or  more  in  length 
and  contain  at  the  free  end  a  viscid  droplet  of  honeydew.  The 
male  is  provided  with  a  chitinized  rectum  in  the  first  three  nymphal 
stages  and  excretes  a  long  glassy  thread-like  tube  of  wax  like  that 
of  the  female.  This  tube  is  lost  in  the  male  at  the  third  molt. 
Where  these  insects  are  abundant,  the  large  number  of  waxen 
threads  give  the  bark  a  hoary  appearance. 

The  body  of  the  female  and  male  nymphs  is  covered  with 
cerores  which  are  more  abundant  along  the  lateral  and  caudal 
portions.  In  this  region  there  is  excreted  thick  masses  of  wax 
which  undoubtedly  aids  in  the  curling  and  splitting  of  the  bark. 
The  wax  is  in  the  form  of  curls  which  are  consolidated  into  thick 
lamellae  on  the  sides  of  the  body. 

The  development  of  the  respiratory  system  as  described  and 
figured  by  Pergande  is  unique.  He  does  not  mention  or  figure 
any  thoracic  spiracles  but  Hubbard  states  that  "there  are  nc 
spiracles  anterior  to  the  abdominal  portion  of  the  body  in  the 
female."  This  is  corrected  by  Florence.  She  makes  the  following 
statement:  "The  insects  have  ten  pairs  of  spiracles,  two  pairs 
on  the  thorax  and  eight  pairs  on  the  abdomen.  Those  on  the 
abdomen  have  large  simple  openings,  and  within  the  body  form 
stigmatal  tubes  which  are  anterior  constrictions  in  which  there 
are  one  or  two  rings  of  pores  according  to  the  instar.  The  thoracic 
spiracles  have  no  stigmatal  tubes.  In  the  active  stages  their 
openings  are  marked  by  a  small  group  of  pores,  and  in  the  apodous 
stages  these  pores  are  wanting."  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  evi- 


SUBFAMILY   XYLOCOCCINAE  85 

dently  inconspicuous  and  were  overlooked  by  Pergande.  In  the 
female  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  the  respiratory  system  consists  of 
a  very  short  unconnected  spiracular  trachea  near  each  spiracle. 
Each  of  the  tracheae  is  strongly  constricted  near  the  middle  of  its 
length.  These  constrictions  contain  one  or  more  rings  of  cerores. 
With  the  growth  and  development  of  the  nymph  the  spiracular 
tracheae  elongate  and  fork.  The  branches  of  the  forks  elongate, 
the  adjacent  forks  curve  toward  each  other  and  finally  fuse 
forming  a  continuous  system  of  longitudinal  tracheae  on  each  side 
of  the  abdomen.  Pergande  in  his  description  of  the  male  nymph 
of  the  third  stage  states:  "pores  and  stigmatic  tubes  similar  tc 
those  of  the  female  in  the  second  stage." 

This  subfamily  contains  in  addition  to  the  genus  Xylococeus, 
three  other  genera:  Coelostomidia  containing  four  Australian 
species  described  by  Maskell  with  zealandica  as  type ;  Ultra- 
coelostoma  containing  a  single  Australian  species;  and  Crypto- 
kermes  containing  a  single  Brazilian  species. 

The  species  of  the  above  named  genera  agree  so  far  as  known 
with  those  of  Xylococcus  in  that  they  are  either  provided  with  a 
chitinized  rectal  tube,  excrete  a  long  slender  glassy  tube  of  wax, 
or  their  spiracular  tracheae  are  provided  with  rings  of  cerores. 
They  differ,  however,  in  the  general  shape  of  the  body,  which  is 
not  always  deeply  imbedded  in  the  tissue  of  the  host-plant  but  in 
some  species  is  encased  in  a  test  of  hard  or  comparatively  hard  wax 
and  attached  to  the  surface  of  the  bark  or  only  slightly  imbedded. 
The  legs  and  the  antennae,  although  greatly  reduced  in  size  and 
inconspicuous,  are  present  in  certain  species  and  the  thoracic 
spiracles  are  large  and  prominent  and  the  number  of  pairs  of 
abdominal  spiracles  is  usually  less  than  in  Xylococcus.  The  genera 
referred  to  this  subfamily  can  be  separated  as  follows : — 

GENERA   OF  XYLOCOCCINAE 

a.  Adult  female  with  nine-segmented  antennae  and  with  well  developed 
legs;  thoracic  spiracles  small  and  inconspicuous,  at  least  in  early 
nymphal  stages,  smaller  than  abdominal  spiracles;  abdomen  with 

eight  pairs  of  spiracles. Xylococcus  LOGW. 

aa.  Adult  female  with  more  or  less  than  nine  segments  in  antennae,  but 
not  with  nine;  legs  wanting  or  well  developed;  thoracic  spiracles 
large  and  conspicuous,  always  larger  than  abdominal  spiracles;  ab- 
domen with  six  or  seven  pairs  of  spiracles. 

b.  Antennae  of  adult  female  always  distinct,  consisting  of  five  or 
more  segments;  abdomen,  so  far  as  known,  with  six  pairs  of 
spiracles. 


86  THE   COCCIDAE 

c.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  ten  or  eleven  segments; 
second  nymphal  female  with  rudimentary  legs;  adult  female 
with  well  developed  legs;  rostrum  of  nymphs  consisting  of  two 

or  three  segments. Coelostomidia  Ckll. 

cc.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  five  or  six  segments; 
second  nymphal  female  and  adult  female  without  legs;  rostrum 
of  nymphs  consisting  of  three  segments.-- Ultracoelostoma  Ckll. 
bb.     Antennae   of  adult   female   wanting   or   represented   by   mere   tu- 
bercles; legs  greatly  reduced,  represented  by  small  tubercles  with 
large    serrated    claws;    abdomen   with    seven   pairs    of   spiracles; 
antennae  of  second  nymphal  female  short  six-segmented  tubercles, 
legs  tuberculate  with  minute  claws;   rostrum  of  nymphal  females 
consisting  of  two  segments. Cryptokermcs  Hemp. 

Xylococcus  Loew. — Four  American  species  of  Xylococcus  have 
been  described.  These  can  be  separated  by  the  following  table  based 
upon  that  of  Florence.  Two  species  only  are  recognized  by  Ferris.  The 
species  on  alnus  is  considered  the  same  as  the  species  on  birch  which 
is  also  recorded  from  beech.  He  records  betulae  Pergande  from  Ontario, 
Canada,  New  York,  and  Michigan. 

SPECIES    OF   XYLOCOCCUS 

a.     Abdomen  of  first  nymph  with  caudal  portion  of  ventral  aspect  with 
single  mesal  pore;  rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of  female 

with  single  ring  of  anacerores. — California  on  Cupressus 

macrocarpae  Coleman. 

aa.     Abdomen  of  first  nymph  with  caudal  portion  of  ventral  aspect  with 

more  than  one  mesal  pore;  rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of 

female  with  two  groups  of  anacerores,  cephalic  and  caudal  group. 

b.     Rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of  female  with  only  single 

ring  of  anacerores   in   caudal  group;    abdomen   in  first   nymphal 

stage  with  caudal  portion  of  ventral   aspect  with  mesal  row   of 

five  pores. — Lake  Superior  Region  on  Betula betulae  Pergande. 

bb.     Rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of  female  with  more  than 
one  ring  of  anacerores  in  caudal  group. 

c.  Rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of  female  with  two 
rings  of  anacerores  in  caudal  group;  abdomen  in  first  nymphal 
stage  with  caudal  portion  of  ventral  aspect  with  mesal  row  of 
two  to  four  pores. — California  on  Quercus.  — quercus  Ehrhorn. 
cc.  Rectal  tube  of  apodous  nymphal  stages  of  female  with  three 
rings  of  anacerores  in  caudal  group;  abdomen  in  first  nymphal 
stage  with  caudal  portion  of  ventral  aspect  with  mesal  row  of 
six  or  seven  pores. — California  on  Alnus alni  Florence. 

Coelostomidea  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  four  species,  all  from 
New  Zealand: — compresses  Mask,  on  Podocarpus;  pilosa  Mask,  on  Podo- 
carpus  and  Fagus;  wairoensis  Mask,  on  Phormium  and  Leptospermum; 
and  zealandica  Mask,  on  Muhlenbeckia  and  Rhipogonum.  The  species  of 
this  genus  have  a  similar  structure  of  the  rectum  and  execrete  a  tube  of 
wax  like  the  species  of  Xylococcus. 


SUBFAMILY   XYLOCOCCINAE  87 

Ultracoelostoma  Ckll. — A  monotypic  genus  from  New  Zealand 
on  Fagus  and  Phyllocladus  containing  the  species  assimilis  Mask.  This 
species  execretes  a  slender  white  filament  of  wax  from  three  rings  of 
anacerores. 

Cryptokermes  Hemp. — This  genus  was  described  from  Brazil  on 
the  limbs  and  trunks  of  Schinus.  The  adult  female  and  second  stage 
nymph  of  the  single  species,  brazilensis  Hemp.,  has  the  rectum  chitinized 
so  as  to  form  a  rectal  tube  from  which  in  the  second  nymphal  stage  there 
is  excreted  a  stiff  tube  of  wax  through  which  honeydew  is  passed.  The 
mouth-parts  are  reported  as  wanting  by  Ferris  in  the  adult  female  and 
as  present  in  all  the  nymphal  stages.  The  abdoment  is  provided  with 
six  instead  of  seven  pairs  of  spiracles  in  all  stages.  The  legs  are  slender 
and  typical  of  first  stage  monophlebids,  short  and  stout,  femur  and  tibia 
nearly  as  broad  as  long,  in  last  nymphal  stage;  and  wanting  in  the  adult 
female.  The  caudal  end  of  the  first  nymph  bears  four  pairs  of  long  anal 
chalazae.  The  antennae  are  clavate  and  consist  of  six  segments  in  the 
first  nymphal  stage;  are  short  and  stout  in  the  last  nymphal  stage,  con- 
sist of  six  segments,  the  segments  three  or  four  times  as  broad  as  long; 
and  wanting  in  the  adult  female.  The  exuvia  of  the  last  nymphal  stage 
serves  as  a  puparium  for  enclosing  the  adult  female. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

SUBFAMILY  MARGARODINAE 

The  Ground  Pearls 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund  or  strongly  convex  on  the 
dorsal  and  flat  on  the  ventral  aspect.  The  cephalic,  caudal,  and  lateral 
margins  are  broadly  convex.  The  segementation  is  indicated.  The  cau- 
dal end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins 
are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  small,  consist  of  six  to 
nine  segments,  and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near 
each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  wanting.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum 
and  rostralis,  are  wanting.  The  legs  are  present  and  always  different 
in  form.  The  prothoracic  legs  are  fitted  for  digging.  The  profemora 
are  greatly  enlarged  and  swollen,  their  tibiae  are  short,  their  tarsi  and 
claws  are  fused  and  together  are  much  longer  than  their  tibiae.  The 
mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  legs  are  normal  in  form,  their  femora 
are  not  swollen  and  their  tarsi  and  claws  are  not  fused.  The  claws  are 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  their  tibiae.  The  trochanto-femoral  and  the 
tibio-tarsal  sutures  are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax 
and  metathorax  are  normal  in  form  and  ventral  in  position.  The  meso- 
thoracic spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  spiracles  of 
the  first  abdominal  segment  are  ventral  in  position  and  those  of  segments 
two  to  seven  or  eight  are  usually  dorsal.  The  spiracular  tracheae  of  the 
abdominal  spiracles  are  never  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of 
cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The 
abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  convex 
on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  never  depressed.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins are  uniformly  convex.  All  of  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and 
subsimilar  in  appearance,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium. 
The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an 
anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal 
abdominal  segment  is  never  short  and  narrow  and  extending  beyond 
the  other  segments.  The  body  is  provided  with  cerores,  none  of  which 
are  octacerores  or  pilacerores,  and  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The 
body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings 
or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae,  but  may  be  more  or  less 
covered  with  a  white  mealy  or  powdery  wax  or  loose  woolly  threads  of 
wax.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  with 
a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is  never 
naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs,  except  the  last  nymphal  stage,  are  provided 
with  a  one-segmented  rostrum.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  or  at  least  the 
prothoracic  pair  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  dissimilar  in 
form.  All  of  the  legs  are  wanting  in  one  or  probably  more  nymphal 
stages.  The  profemora,  when  present,  are  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic 

88 


SUBFAMILY   MARGARODINAE  89 

legs  are  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal 
cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rec- 
tum is  not  chitinized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more 
rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal 
abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  compound  eyes  and  may  have  an  ocellus  along  the 
caudal  margin  of  each  compound  eye.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with 
lateral  filaments.  The  caudal  end  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  abdomen 
bears  two  tufts  of  long  glassy  filaments  of  wax.  The  stylus  is  apparently 
wanting. 

This  subfamily  is  best  known  from  its  typical  genus, 
Margarodes.  This  was  erected  in  1828  by  Guilding  to  include  some 
insects  found  by  him  in  the  soil  and  in  the  nests  of  ants  on  the 
island  of  Bahama.  The  species,  because  of  its  association  with 
ants,  was  given  the  name  of  formicarum.  The  cysts  of  the  insects, 
known  as  ground  pearls,  occur  in  the  soil  in  prodigous  quantities 
and  show  in  great  number  when  the  soil  is  plowed.  Riley  states 
that  in  certain  parts  of  Florida  they  compose  over  one-half  of  the 
soil.  In  the  Bahamas  they  were  known  according  to  Guilding  as 
ant-eggs  and  were  strung  into  necklaces  and  manufactured  into 
various  fancy  articles  and  used  for  ornamental  purposes  long 
before  they  were  recognized  as  one  of  the  stages  of  an  insect.  A 
similar  use  for  ground  pearls  has  been  reported  by  other  writers, 
who  have  seen  ornaments  made  by  the  use  of  ground  pearls  as 
beads  from  South  Africa  and  Australia,  two  South  African  species 
have  been  described  since  but  the  Australian  species  is  still 
unknown.  Guilding  mistook  the  filaments  of  wax  excreted  from 
the  openings  in  the  cyst  over  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles 
for  special  organs  developed  for  obtaining  moisture  by  capillary 
attraction  and  named  them  siphones. 

A  complete  detailed  account  of  the  serial  development  of  any 
species  of  Margarodes  from  the  egg  to  the  adult  has  not  been 
made.  The  number  and  form  of  the  various  nymphal  stages  of 
the  female  has  not  been  determined  and  practically  nothing  is 
known  as  to  the  development  of  the  male.  The  following  account 
is  based  upon  that  of  Green  which  is  the  most  complete  published 
thus  far. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  ground  in  a  mass  of  filaments 
of  wax  excreted  by  the  adult  female.  The  nymphs  of  the  first 
stage  are  typical  in  form  and  usually  provided  with  three  pairs  of 
legs.  This  stage  in  one  species,  mediterraneus,  has  only  the  pro- 
thoracic  legs  present.  The  antennae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage 


90  THE    COCCIDAE 

normally  consist  of  six  segments,  but  there  are  only  three  present 
in  the  species  named.  The  antennae  of  this  stage  of  this  species 
are  peculiar  in  form  for  coccids.  The  proximal  and  the  distal 
segments  are,  so  far  as  shown,  greatly  swollen,  much  larger  than 
the  intermediate  segments,  and  the  distal  segment  is  distinctly 
truncate.  The  greatly  swollen  prothoracic  legs,  which  are  fitted 
for  digging,  are  characteristic  not  only  of  the  first  nymphal  stage 
but  of  all  the  stages  where  the  legs  are  present.  The  comparative 
size  and  length  of  each  profemur  are  always  much  greater  than  the 
combined  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw.  The  nymph  attaches  itself 
to  the  root  of  a  plant  by  its  rostralis  and  feeds  upon  the  sap.  It  is 
quite  likely  that  the  sexes  are,  as  among  other  coccids,  indis- 
tinguishable in  the  first  nymphal  stage. 

Green  states  that  the  nymphs  apparently  undergo  several 
stages.  Since  he  describes  the  individuals  of  the  first  nymphal 
stage  as  larvae,  this  would  be  in  addition  to  these.  The  insects, 
while  growing,  according  to  Mayet,  excrete  the  envelope  or  cyst 
that  subsequently  encloses  the  nymph.  It  is  this  so  called  cyst, 
because  of  its  iridescence  and  wonderful  pearly  lustre,  that  has 
attracted  the  attention  of  observers  and  that  has  received  the 
common  name  of  Ground  Pearl.  Writers  frequently  speak  of  this 
stage  of  the  insect  as  an  encysted  one,  but  this  is  not  a  true  charac- 
terization as  this  term  is  ordinarily  used  in  zoology.  The  insect 
is  simply  enclosed  in  a  compact  thin-walled  case  or  scale  which 
bears  the  same  relation  to  the  nymph  as  the  cocoon  to  the  pupa  or 
as  the  wax  or  scale  of  other  coccids  does  to  the  insect.  This  case 
is  formed  either  entirely  from  wax  excreted  by  the  insect,  entirely 
from  the  cuticle  molted  by  the  insect,  or  from  a  combination  of  the 
wax  excreted  by  the  insect  and  its  molted  cuticle.  The  cysts, 
when  fully  developed,  are  more  or  less  irregular  in  form  and 
composed  of  closely  applied  small  overlapping  flakes  or  plates. 
The  overlapping  of  the  plates  gives  the  cyst  the  appearance  of  a 
minute  pine-cone  or  swollen  bud.  The  form  and  structure  of  the 
cyst  would  suggest  that  it  is  formed  entirely  of  wax.  The  cysts 
vary  considerable  in  color.  What  are  apparently  the  young  cysts 
are  pale  yellow,  becoming  darker  with  age  until  they  are  deep 
bronze  brown  in  the  oldest  individuals.  The  amount  of  lustre 
also  varies  with  the  age  of  the  cyst  and  as  to  whether  the  outer 
plates,  which  are  usually  dull,  are  wanting  or  not. 

The  various  accounts  would  seem  to  carry  the  idea  that  the 
cyst  was  begun  during  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  female  nymph 
at  the  first  molt  loses  its  legs  and  eyes.  The  antennae  are  repre- 


SUBFAMILY    MARGARODINAE  91 

sented  by  ringed  disks  bearing  one  or  two  curved  setae.  There  is 
some  disagreement  as  to  the  disappearance  of  the  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  Giard  maintains  that  they  exist  and  are  functional  in 
all  the  nymphal  stages  but  are  small  and  inconspicuous  and  that 
they  are  not  lost  until  the  assumption  of  the  adult  condition. 
The  later  observations  of  Green  would  seem  to  confirm  this  conten- 
tion of  Giard. 

Green  has  figured  and  described  a  stage  of  niger,  which  was 
obtained  from  small  scales,  which  differs  from  all  of  the  stages 
previously  described.  It  is  oval  in  outline  and  lacks  legs.  The 
antennae  are  represented  by  small  tubercles  with  a  pit  bearing  two 
curved  setae.  The  mouth-parts  are  well  developed.  The  abdo- 
men bears  seven  pairs  of  spiracles  instead  of  eight  as  in  the  adult. 
The  sterna  of  the  abdominal  segments  bear  five  longitudinal  rows 
of  small  circular  glandular  pits  or  cerores.  A  still  earlier  stage 
was  observed.  These  may  represent  stages  in  the  development  of 
the  male  which  is  unknown. 

The  female  Margarodes  may  remain  apparently  for  a  consid- 
erable time,  several  years,  within  their  cyst  if  the  conditions  for 
their  emergence  are  unfavorable.  She  eventually  breaks  through 
the  wall  of  the  scale  and  emerges  as  an  insect  that  is  normal  in 
form  at  least  for  a  coccid.  The  body  is  globular.  The  antennae 
are  short,  gradually  tapering  toward  the  distal  end,  varying  with 
the  species  from  seven  to  nine  segments.  The  mouth-parts,  including 
the  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  wanting.  The  prothoracic  legs  are 
greatly  enlarged,  the  profemora  are  thickened  and  fitted  for  dig- 
ging. The  other  two  pairs  of  legs  are  normal  in  form.  The  body 
may  be  shaggy  with  fine  short  setae  or  nearly  glabrous.  The 
dorsal  and  ventral  aspects  may  bear  short  conical  spines,  the 
dermal  spines  of  Green.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  body  and  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  aspects  may  bear  transverse  groups  of  cerores 
with  intermixed  setae.  The  body  becomes  more  or  less  covered 
with  a  white  mealy  or  powdery  wax  or  a  loose  woolly  wax.  The 
thoracic  spiracles  and  those  of  the  first  abdominal  segment  open  on 
the  ventral  aspect,  while  the  remaining  abdominal  spiracles  open 
on  the  dorsal  aspect  or  on  the  lateral  aspect  as  in  mediterraneus. 
The  thoracic  spiracles  are  much  larger  than  the  abdominal.  There 
are  cerores  usually  associated  with  both  the  thoracic  and  the 
abdominal  spiracles.  The  anus  and  vulva  are  located  on  the 
ventral  aspect.  The  former  is  small  and  surrounded  by  a 
chitinous  plate.  The  adult  females  vary  greatly  in  size.  Green 
reports  in  the  case  of  papillosus  a  variation  of  1.14  mm.  to  4  mm. 


92  THE   COCCIDAE 

and  in  the  case  of  niger  2  to  8  mm.  and  quotes  the  following  from 
Giard:  "  according  to  the  conditions  of  nutrition  in  which  the 
nymph  finds  itself,  the  latter  is  able  to  transform  itself  into  an 
adult  female  of  very  different  sizes.  Certain  adult  females  of 
M.  vitium  are  no  more  than  2  mm.,  while  others  attain  a  length  of 
5  or  even  8  mm.  As  a  result  one  often  finds  adult  females  smaller 
than  some  of  the  larvae." 

The  development  of  the  male  is  unknown.  Green  assumed 
from  collectors'  notes  that  the  males  become  encysted  like  the 
females,  but  their  cysts  have  not  been  identified.  The  collectors 
reported  the  cysts  "were  fairly  numerous  and  were  obtained  five 
to  seven  inches  beneath  the  soil.  The  males  were  also  enclosed  in 
shells  but  emerged  soon  after  excavating  and  were  observed 
copulating  toward  evening."  The  adult  males  and  females 
emerged  in  June  in  papilliosus  and  the  cysts  were  reddish  in 
color.  In  the  case  of  niger  the  collector  makes  the  following  note : 
"Egg-masses  of  this  Ground  Pearl  were  observed  in  the  soil  at  a 
depth  of  2-3  inches.  The  cells  in  which  the  eggs  were  found  were 
long-oval,  lined  inside  with  a  coating  of  mealy  wax.  Hundreds 
of  eggs  were  found  filling  up  the  interior  of  each  cell.  The  dead 
mother  scale — shrivelled  and  rotten — was  to  be  found  at  one  pole 
of  the  cell." 

The  legs  of  the  adult  male  are  similar  to  those  of  the  female, 
the  prothoracic  legs  which  are  used  for  digging  into  the  soil  in 
search  of  the  female,  are  enlarged.  The  tibio-tarsal  sutures  are 
usually  present  but  may  be  wanting.  The  claws  of  the  mesotho- 
racic  and  metathoracic  legs  are  simple,  rarely  trifid.  The  antennae 
are  long  and  slender  and  consist  of  ten  to  thirteen  segments. 
They  are  ordinarily  simple  but  may  be  branched  or  flabellate. 
The  wings  with  numerous  conspicuous  veins  show  their  affinity  tc 
the  wings  of  the  generalized  Gularostria.  The  halteres  are  small 
and  bear  a  single  curved  hook. 

The  two  genera  of  Margarodinae,  of  which  one  is  known  only 
in  the  male  sex,  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following  table  :— 

GENERA  OF  MARGARODINAE 

a.  Male  with  antennae  simple  and  with  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  meso- 
thoracic  and  metathcracic  legs  present;  adult  female  with  abdomi- 
nal spiracles,  those  of  first  abdominal  segment  located  on  ventral 
aspect  and  those  of  other  segments  on  dorsal  aspect,  rarely  lateral 

aspect    Margarodcs    Guilding. 

aa.  Male  with  antennae  distinctly  flabbellate  and  with  tibio-tarsal 
sutures  of  mesothoracic  and  raetathoracic  legs  obsolete;  adult  female 
unknown.  .  Neomargarodes  Green. 


SUBFAMILY    MARGARODINAE  93 

Xeomargarodes  Green. — The  genus  Neomargarodes  contains  a 
single  species,  erythrocephala  Green,  based  upon  males  collected  in  Al- 
geria. 

Margarodes  Guilding. — A  part  of  the  species  of  Margarodes  have 
been  based  upon  characters  drawn  from  the  scale  alone.  Such  charac- 
ters have  been  shown  to  be  worthless  and  consequently  the  characters 
necessary  for  the  differentiation  of  the  fourteen  recognized  species  have 
not  been  indicated.  The  following  characters  drawn  in  the  main  from 
the  papers  of  Green,  who  figures  a  prothoracic  leg  of  six  of  the  species, 
may  be  found  useful  in  separating  the  species.  There  are  four  European 
species,  gallica  Signoret  from  France  with  nine  segmented  antennae, 
polonicus  Linnaeus  from  southern  Europe  on  Scleranthus  with  eight 
segmented  antennae,  perrisii  Signoret  from  France  with  seven  segment- 
ed antennae,  and  mediterraneus  Silvestri  from  Italy  on  Cynodon  with 
seven  segmented  antennae.  This  latter  species  has  the  profemur  as  long 
as  its  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw  together  and  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
profemur  and  the  surface  of  the  protibia  bears  several  large  setae.  A 
species,  hameli  Brandt,  from  the  borderland  between  Europe  and  Asia, 
in  Armenia  on  Poa,  has  nine  segmented  antennae.  The  two  South 
African  species,  trimeni  Giard  and  capensis  Giard,  from  Cape  Colony, 
probably  from  the  nests  of  termites,  are  easily  separated.  The  pro- 
femur  is  shorter  than  the  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw  together  in  trimenii 
and  the  ventral  surface  of  the  profemur  bears  only  a  few  small  scattered 
setae  while  the  protibia  bears  a  few  more  arranged  in  a  single  trans- 
serse  row.  In  capensis  the  profemur  is  longer  than  its  tibia  and  tarsus 
and  claw  together  and  the  ventral  surface  of  the  profemur  bears  sev- 
eral minute  setae  while  the  protibia  is  glabrous.  There  are  three  species 
described  from  India  by  Green,  indicus  of  which  the  antenna  is  unknown 
and  in  which  the  profemur  is  longer  than  its  tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw 
together  and  in  which  the  profemur  bears  four  or  five  small  setae  on 
the  ventral  aspect  and  its  protibia  bears  two  setae  on  each  side;  papil- 
losus  has  seven  segmented  antennae  and  its  profemur  is  subequal  in 
length  to  the  combined  tibia,  tarsus,  and  claw  and  bears  several  small 
setae  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  profemur  and  four  or  five  setae  on  the 
protibia;  and  niger  which  differs  from  all  of  the  other  species  so  far 
as  known  in  having  the  profemur  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  its 
tibia  and  tarsus  and  claw  together,  this  latter  combined  structure  is  in 
the  form  of  a  strongly  chitinized  toothed  claw.  The  South  American 
species,  vitium  Giard  from  Chili  on  Vitus,  has  eight  segmented  antennae. 
The  same  number  is  present  in  hiemalis  Cockerell  from  New  Mexico. 
Of  the  two  West  Indian  species,  formicarum  Guilding  from  Antigua  and 
Bahama  Islands  from  the  nests  of  ants,  has  seven  segmented  antennae 
and  the  profemur  is  much  longer  than  its  combined  tibia  and  tarsus 
and  claw  and  bears  numerous  long  large  setae  on  the  ventral  aspect 
of  the  profemur  and  one  on  each  side  of  the  protibia,  while  the  form 
of  the  prothoracic  legs  and  the  antennae  of  rileyi  Giard  from  West 
Indies  and  Florida  Keys  is  unknown.  The  figures  of  Green  suggest  that 
good  diagnostic  characters  are  to  be  found  in  the  prothoracic  legs  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  those  having  authentic  specimens  of  the  other 
species  will  publish  figures  of  these  structures. 


CHAPTER  IX 


SUBFAMILY  CALLIPAPPINAE 

The  Marsupial  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female,  as  seen  from  the  lateral  aspect,  is 
strongly  inflated.  The  cephalic  portion  is  thin  and  bluntly  pointed,  the 
caudal  portion  is  much  inflated  or  swollen  and  truncated.  As  viewed 
from  above,  the  body  is  more  or  less  triangular  in  outline,  with  a  de- 
cided keel  extending  around  the  margin  of  the  body,  except  across  the 
truncated  caudal  portion.  The  segmentation  is  distinctly  indicated  by 
notches  in  the  lateral  rim  or  keel.  The  antennae  are  prominent,  usu- 
ally consist  of  ten  segments,  rarely  eleven,  and  are  articulated  to  thf> 
ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  pres- 
ent. There  is  a  single  globular  ocellana  located  on  each  lateral  margin 
caudad  of  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum 
and  rostralis,  are  always  wanting.  The  legs  are  present.  They  are 
long  and  stout,  subequal  in  length,  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora 
are  never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging. 
The  trochanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  the  legs  are  always 
distinct.  The  thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles  are  not  definitely  de- 
scribed and  are  not  figured.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae 
lare  wanting.  The  abdomen  is  deeply  invaginated  or  retracted  and  only 
the  cephalic  two  or  three  segments  are  exposed,  so  that  the  head  and 
thorax  together  are  several  times  as  long  as  the  abdomen.  It  is  strongly 
convex  on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects  and  is  never  depressed.  The 
lateral  margins  bear  a  rim  and  the  caudal  aspect  is  broadly  truncated 
and  bears  a  transverse  slit,  the  entrance  to  the  invaginated  marsupium. 
The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal 
ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal 
abdominal  segment  is  not  short  and  narrow  and  extending  beyond  the 
other  segments  but  is  concealed  in  the  marsupium.  The  body  is  sparse- 
ly provided  with  cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores 
and  is  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a 
resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or 
without  exuviae,  but  may  be  covered  with  a  thin  coating  of  powdery 
wax  and  sometimes  with  a  pad  of  wax  between  the  sternum  of  the 
thorax  and  the  host-plant.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long 
glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores. 
The  body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  at  least  of  the  first  stage  are  provided  with  a 
rostrum  and  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  always  present  in 
all  nymphal  stages  so  far  as  known  and  are  similar  in  form.  The  profem- 
ora are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted 

94 


SUBFAMILY    CALLIPAPPIXAE  95 

for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula, 
an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  octacerores, 
pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  chitin- 
ized  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores 
excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is 
not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  large  finely  faceted  compound  eyes.  The  ocelli  are 
wanting.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  but 
bears  tufts  of  long  wax  filaments.  The  stylus  is  minute  or  concealed. 

The  name  of  the  single  genus,  Callipappus,  belonging  to  this 
subfamily,  is  derived  from  the  two  Greek  words,  kallos  meaning 
beauty  and  pappos  meaning  grandfather,  down,  pappus,  a  floating 
seed.  This  undoubtedly  refers  to  the  resemblance  of  the  male 
when  on  the  wing  to  the  floating  cottony  thistle-like  seeds  of 
certain  plants.  The  beauty  of  the  male  is  further  shown  in  the 
vernacular  name  of  one  of  the  common  species,  The  Bird  of 
Paradise  Coccid. 

The  females  of  this  subfamily  are  among  the  largest  of  all  the 
coccids.  While  specimens  half  an  inch  long  are  of  common 
occurrence,  others  three  times  this  size  or  an  inch  and  a  half  or 
about  thirty-five  millimeters  in  length  are  not  unusual.  Individ- 
uals an  inch  in  length  are  normal  in  size  for  certain  species. 

The  most  striking  peculiarity  in  the  female  is  the  invagination 
or  intussusception  of  the  caudal  portion  of  the  abdomen.  In  the 
adult  female  all  the  segments  but  the  first  and  second  and  in 
some  individuals  also  the  third  are  invaginated  to  form  a  pocket, 
pouch,  or  marsupium.  This  pouch  extends  almost  to  the  cephalic 
end  of  the  body.  Since  the  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  simply 
pushed  in,  as  it  were,  the  vulva  and  anus  retain  their  position  in 
the  invaginated  part  and  are  located  on  the  inside  of  the  cephalic 
end  of  the  marsupium.  The  eggs  are  deposited  within  the 
marsupium  and  their  development  takes  place  there.  The  young 
when  they  hatch,  escape  through  a  transverse  slit  in  the  caudal 
end  of  the  pouch,  the  mouth  of  the  invagination.  This  slit  is 
guarded  by  lips  which  are  apparently  different  in  form  in  the 
different  species.  The  genus  Callipappus  has  been  variously  asso- 
ciated with  Monophlebus,  Icerya,  Margarodes,  and  Xylococcus. 
from  all  of  which  it  is  structurally  very  different  through  the 
development  of  its  marsupium  and  is  regarded  as  worthy  of 
consideration  as  a  distinct  subfamily. 

The  only  condition  allying  Callipappus  with  Margarodes  and 
Xylococcus  is  the  lack  of  a  rostrum  and  rostralis  in  the  adult 


96  THE   COCCIDAE 

female.  The  following  quotation  from  Tepper  shows  how  easily 
it  is  for  one  to  be  misled  by  appearances  and  how  unwise  it  is  tc 
base  statements  regarding  anatomical  structures  in  this  family  on 
other  than  prepared  specimens.  "Mr.  Maskell  placed  the  species 
(immanis  Maskell)  in  the  genus  Coelostoma  'on  account  of  the 
absence  of  the  rostrum'  (op.  cit.  p.  51)  and  says  'there  is  no  doubt 
of  its  being  a  monophlebid, '  for  both  Monophlebus  crawfordi  and 
Coelostoma  australe  are  known  to  possess  a  rostrum  (sucking 
tube)  of  great  length,  which  during  life  is  deeply  buried  in  the 
tissues  of  the  bark  of  the  twigs  on  which  the  insect  is  located, 
when,  however,  the  organ  is  withdrawn  it  is  at  the  same  time 
retracted  into  the  body;  its  extreme  slenderness  and  the  minute- 
ness of  the  otherwise  unmarked  orifice  rendering  it  next  to 
impossible  to  detect  its  presence.  Mr.  A.  Zietz  informs  me  that 
he  has  frequently  detached  living  Monophlebi  from  the  bark  and 
seen  their  rostrum  retracted,  and  I  have  noticed  in  the  present 
instance  that  the  living  insect  (Coelostoma)  had  its  body  closely 
and  immovably  fixed  to  the  twig  by  its  rostrum,  but  later,  when 
dead,  had  its  forepart  raised  and  the  rostrum  completely  retracted. 
The  absence  of  a  rostrum,  as  a  distinction,  will,  therefore,  have  to  be 
omitted  in  future."  It  is  true  that  living  Icerya  purchasii  are 
able  to  conceal  the  rostrum  under  folds  of  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
head  and  thorax  when  removed  from  the  host-plant,  but  an 
examination  of  a  specimen  clarified  in  caustic  potash  will  show 
that  anatomically  it  is  impossible  for  the  insect  to  retract  its 
mouth-parts  and  the  only  absolutely  sure  method  of  determining 
whether  the  mouth-parts  are  present  or  absent  in  a  given  species 
or  specimen  is  the  study  of  a  properly  prepared  specimen. 

The  adult  female  is  triangular  in  outline  as  viewed  from  above. 
The  cuticle  of  the  body  contains  circular  areas  with  minute  central 
projections,  these  will  probably  prove  to  be  cerores.  The 
cephalic  end  is  pointed  and  the  long  tapering  antennae  of  ten 
or  eleven  segments  are  articulated  one  on  each  side  near  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  pointed  portion.  The  caudal  end  is  broad  and 
greatly  swollen.  The  insect  as  viewed  from  either  side  is  pointed 
at  the  cephalic  end  and  gradually  swollen  until  it  reaches  its 
greatest  expansion  at  the  caudal  end.  There  is  a  distinct  rim  or 
margin  which  extends  around  the  pointed  cephalic  end  and  along 
the  middle  of  each  lateral  aspect  to  the  large  transverse  truncated 
caudal  end,  where  the  rim  is  interrupted  by  the  transverse  slit 
leading  into  the  marsupium.  The  legs  are  long  and  slender  and 


SUBFAMILY    CALLIPAPPINAE  97 

normal  in  form.  They  are  articulated  to  the  three  large  thoracic 
segments  about  equidistant  from  each  other  and  the  two  ends  of 
the  body.  The  segmentation  of  the  thorax  and  exposed  abdominal 
segments  is  distinctly  marked  by  indentations  in  the  lateral  rim. 
The  female,  after  depositing  her  eggs  in  the  marsupium,  is  very 
different  in  appearance  and  it  is  this  form  with  the  swollen 
abdomen  that  is  usually  described.  There  is  a  pad  of  wax  excreted 
from  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  thorax.  This  wax  attaches  the 
female  firmly  to  the  bark  of  the  tree  upon  which  she  is  resting. 
Her  legs  are  spread  out  around  the  twig  or  leaf  in  such  a  way 
that  she  has  the  appearance  as  Maskell  states  of  apparently  being 
afraid  that  she  will  fall  off  from  the  twig.  The  surface  of  the 
body  is  covered  with  white  mealy  wax  with  which  is  mixed  some 
flakes  of  wax  and  some  short  cottony  threads  of  wax. 

The  young  female  is  figured  by  Signoret.  The  antennae 
consist,  according  to  this  author  and  Fuller,  of  six  segments.  The 
body  has  the  lateral  margin  broadly  convex  and  the  two  ends  are 
bluntly  pointed.  The  abdomen  is  represented  as  containing  the 
full  number  of  segments.  The  insect  is  figured  as  if  in  this  stage 
it  was  distinctly  coccid-like  in  form,  which  the  adult  females  are 
not.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  figured  by  Signoret.  The  only 
reference  to  the  spiracles  that  has  been  found  is  the  following 
statement  of  Maskell  dealing  with  a  nymph  of  immanis.  "In  this 
specimen  there  is  a  very  small  quantity  of  whitish  cotton  under  the 
anal  region,  and  along  the  margin ;  just  below  what  I  have  called  a 
seam  on  the  edge,  are  ten  small  circular  specks  of  white,  (five  on 
each  side),  which  may  mark  the  position  of  the  spiracles."  It  is 
probable  that  these  represent  the  thoracic  spiracles  and  a  pair  for 
each  of  the  three  exposed  abdominal  segments.  It  is  striking  that 
with  insects  so  large  in  size,  so  bazarre  in  their  structure,  and  so 
peculiar  in  their  habits  that  no  one  has  made  a  careful  detailed 
study  of  one  or  all  of  the  species.  Even  when  and  how  the 
marsupium  is  formed  has  not  been  described.  The  invagination 
apparently  takes  place  after  the  last  molt. 

The  adult  male,  which  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  has 
antennae  of  ten  or  eleven  segments.  The  eyes  are  compound. 
The  ocelli  are  not  mentioned  in  descriptions  but  are  probably 
present.  The  abdomen  is  distinctly  segmented  and  without  lateral 
projections  and  the  caudal  segment  bears  a  large  brush  of  long 
glassy  filamentous  threads  of  wax  which  are  often  spread  out  fan- 
shaped,  in  some  individuals  three  times  as  long  as  the  body, 


y»  THE   COCCIDAE 

resembling  the  plumes  of  a  bird  of  paradise.  These  wax  filaments 
do  not  appear  for  five  or  six  days  after  the  emergence  of  the  male 
and  require  two  or  three  days  before  they  reach  their  complete 
development.  The  stylus  is  a  short  conical  spike  from  which  pro- 
trudes the  penis  which  is  very  long  and  flexible.  The  wings  are 
large  with  an  expanse  of  two-thirds  of  an  inch.  The  halteres  are 
large  and  wide  and  each  is  provided  with  a  single  curved  hook. 

The  males  transform  in  cocoons  made  of  a  mass  of  white 
cottony  threads  of  wax.  They  are  placed  on  the  ground  among 
leaves  and  under  pieces  of  sticks  and  bark  near  the  trunks  of  the 
trees  upon  which  the  nymphs  feed.  The  life  cycle  of  the  male  or 
female  has  not  been  described. 

Callipappus  Guerin. — This  genus  contains  six  species,  all  are  from 
Australia,  the  land  of  marsupial  animals.  The  six  described  species  are 
as  follows: — australis  Maskell  on  Eucalyptus  and  Augophora;  bufo 
Fuller  on  Casuarina  and  Banksia;  farinosus  Fuller  on  Casuarina; 
immanis  Maskell  on  Acacia  and  Eucalyptus;  rubiginosus  Maskell  on 
Banksia;  and  westwoodii  Guerin,  the  type  of  the  genus,  on  Eucalyptus. 


CHAPTER  X 


SUBFAMILY  COCCINAE 

The  Cochineal  Insects 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  broadly  convex  on  all  aspects  with 
the  two  ends  bluntly  rounded.  It  is  elongate  oval  in  outline.  The  seg- 
mentation is  distinct.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and 
the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The 
antennae  are  small  but  distinct,  consist  of  five  to  seven  imperfectly 
separated  segments,  and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head 
near  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  present.  There  is  a  single 
ocellana  located  on  each  lateral  margin  caudad  of  the  articulation  of  an 
antenna.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  present 
and  distinct,  the  rostrum  consists  of  two  indistinct  segments.  The  legs 
are  present.  They  are  small,  subequal  in  size  and  length,  normal  in 
form,  and  do  not  project  beyond  the  lateral  margin  of  the  body.  The 
profemora  are  never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted 
for  digging.  The  trochanto-femoral  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all 
the  legs  are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  met- 
athorax  are  small  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles 
are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  always 
wanting.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The 
abdomen  is  not  quite  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is 
convex  on  the  dorsal  and  flat  on  the  ventral  aspect,  is  never  depressed. 
The  lateral  margins  are  convex  or  subparallel  and  the  caudal  end  is 
broadly  rounded.  All  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in 
appearance  with  more  or  less  distinct  coriae  between  them,  none  are 
retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with 
an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal 
lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  short  and  nar- 
row, inconspicuous,  not  extending  beyond  the  other  segments.  The 
body  is  provided  with  cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pila- 
cerores  and  is  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  en- 
closed in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a 
scale  with  or  without  exuviae,  but  is  either  completely  covered  or  rests 
upon  a  thick  mass  of  white  cottony  threads  of  wax.  The  rectum  is  not 
provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  tube  bear- 
ing rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  all  nymphal  stages  and 
are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  enlarged  and  the  pro- 
thoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided 
with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  anal 

99 


100  THE   COCCIDAE 

lobes  and  anal  setae,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  caudal 
end  of  the  rectum  is  not  strongly  chitinized  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided 
with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  six  ocellanae.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long 
lateral  filaments  or  tufts  of  long  glassy  filaments,  but  bears  two  long, 
slender,  caudal  filaments  or  threads  of  wax.  The  stylus  is  small  and  in- 
conspicuous. 

The  most  useful  products  for  the  production  of  permanent 
shades  of  red,  carmine,  or  scarlet  are  derived  from  the  cochineal 
insects,  Coccus  cacti.  The  dried  bodies  of  these  insects  were  used 
by  the  native  Mexicans  when  the  Spaniards  under  Cortes  arrived 
in  Mexico  in  1518.  There  was  much  conjecture  and  discussion  as 
to  the  true  nature  of  cochineal.  It  was  considered  by  Acosta  as 
early  as  1530  and  later  by  others  as  an  insect,  but  was  generally 
believed  to  be  the  seed  of  a  plant  and  was  not  definitely  proven 
to  be  an  insect  until  in  1694  by  Hartsoeker  and  by  Loeuwenhoek 
in  1704,  who  examined  specimens  carefully  with  a  microscope. 

This  coccid  feeds  upon  various  species  of  Cactaceae,  more 
often  those  of  the  genus  Opuntia,  but  is  said  particularly  to  feed 
upon  the  nopal  plant,  Opuntia  coccinellifera,  although  this  is 
denied  by  W.  J.  Hooker.  The  insects  and  the  plants  upon  which 
they  feed  have  been  introduced  and  cultivated  in  many  parts  of 
the  world.  They  were  introduced  by  the  French  and  Spaniards 
into  Spain,  Italy,  and  northern  Africa,  and  various  of  the  tropical 
islands  of  the  Atlantic  where  the  Cactaceae  thrive.  It  war;  also 
introduced  at  an  early  date  into  India.  Cochineal  is  stated  to  be 
produced  commercially  at  the  present  time  in  Mexico,  Peru. 
Algiers,  and  southern  Spain.  The  discovery  and  introduction  of 
the  much  cheaper  but  inferior  and  less  permanent  coal  tar  colors 
has  supplanted  in  great  part  the  use  of  cochineal.  According  tc 
Humboldt  and  Westwood  800,000  pounds  of  cochineal  were  annually 
imported  into  Europe  before  the  use  of  the  cheaper  dyes,  of  which 
150,000  pounds,  worth  $1,800,000,  was  used  in  England  alone. 

In  collecting  the  insects  they  are  carefully  brushed  from  the 
surface  of  the  plant  into  bags  or  sheets.  They  are  killed  by 
immersion  in  hot  water  or  by  exposure  to  the  sun  or  the  heat  from 
steam  or  an  oven.  The  difference  in  the  appearance  of  the 
commercial  product  is  due  to  the  way  in  which  it  is  treated.  The 
grains  or  dried  bodies  are  longitudinally  folded  or  wrinkled  or 
fluted.  The  best  crop  is  secured  early  in  the  season  by  collecting 
the  unimpregnated  females.  The  specimens  collected  later  in  the 


SUBFAMILY    COCCINAE  101 

season  consist  in  great  part  of  young  nymphs  and  molted  skins 
which  are  consequently  not  nearly  so  rich  in  coloring  matter.  A 
pound  of  the  dead  females  contains  about  70,000  individuals. 
There  are  three  grades  of  cochineal.  The  silver  cochineal,  which 
is  greyish  in  color  in  which  the  furrows  of  the  body  are  said  to  be 
covered  or  filled  with  a  whitish  bloom  of  fine  down,  is  the  best 
grade.  This  bloom  is  undoubtedly  the  wax  excreted  by  the  female 
after  her  removal  from  the  host-plant  and  before  her  death.  The 
other  grades  are  black  cochineal  which  is  dark  reddish  brown  and 
is  destitute  of  the  bloom  and  granilla  which  is  an  inferior  grade 
collected  from  uncultivated  or  wild  plants. 

The  living  adult  females  of  the  genus  Coccus  are  between  twc 
and  three  millimeters  in  length.  The  body  is  elongate  oval  in 
outline.  The  antennae  are  short  and  inconspicuous,  the  six  or 
seven  segments  consisting  of  short  chitinized  rings  connected  by 
coriae  of  about  the  same  length.  They  do  not  project  beyond  the 
lateral  margin  of  the  body.  The  legs  are  short  and  stout,  similar 
in  form.  The  femur  of  each  leg  is  as  long  as  its  tibia  and  tarsus 
together.  The  rostrum  consists  of  two  segments.  The  thoracic 
spiracles  are  four  in  number,  small,  and  ventral  in  position.  The 
abdominal  spiracles  are  wanting.  The  anus  and  vulva  are  incon- 
spicuous. All  portions  of  the  external  cuticle  of  the  body  bears 
bluntly  truncated  setae  or  tubercles  as  they  are  called  which  are 
very  characteristic  in  form.  The  number  of  these  setae  present 
and  their  length  and  breadth  varies  with  the  species.  There  are 
a  number  of  minute  cerores  arranged  in  groups  of  varying  size 
scattered  among  the  truncated  setae. 

The  females,  which  are  dark  crimson  in  color,  when  they  reach 
maturity,  excrete  a  mass  of  white  cottony  threads  of  wax.  The 
insects  are  either  completely  covered  by  this  mass  of  wax  or  rest 
upon  its  surface.  The  eggs  are  deposited  within  the  mass. 

The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  are  similar  in  shape  to  the  adult 
females,  elongate  oval  in  outline,  and  dark  crimson  in  color.  They 
have  long  legs  that  project  beyond  the  sides  of  the  body.  The 
antennae,  which  also  project  beyond  the  margins  of  the  body, 
consist  of  six  segments  with  distinct  constrictions  between  them 
The  dorsal  aspect  bears  six  rows  of  truncated  setae,  a  longitudinal 
row  along  each  lateral  margin  and  four  between  them.  There  is  a 
single  transverse  row  on  each  abdominal  segment  and  probably  twc 
for  each  thoracic  segment  and  the  head.  The  truncated  setae  are 
wanting  on  the  ventral  aspect.  The  females  of  the  second  nymphal 


102  THE    COCCIDAE 

stage  differ  from  those  of  the  first  nymphal  stage  not  only  in  the 
presence  of  a  large  number  of  truncated  setae  but  in  their  larger 
size.  The  individuals  of  this  stage  are  very  similar  to  the  adult 
females. 

The  nymphs  of  the  males  form  cylindrical  cocoons  with  equally 
rounded  ends  of  thick  felted  white  wax.  The  adult  male  is  dark 
crimson  in  color.  The  antennae  consist  of  ten  segments,  each 
segment  bearing  short  blunt  tubercular  setae.  The  caudal  end  of 
the  abdomen  bears  two  long  very  slender  filaments  of  wax.  The 
most  striking  feature  is,  as  first  pointed  out  by  Newstead,  the 
presence  of  two  segments  in  the  tarsus  of  each  leg.  The  distal  or 
second  segment  is  as  long  as  in  the  tarsi  of  all  other  coceids,  but 
in  addition  to  this  segment,  there  is  a  minute  segment,  longer  on 
the  ventral  aspect,  between  the  second  segment  and  the  tibia. 

There  seems  to  be  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  what  name 
shall  be  applied  to  the  cochineal  insects.  Comstock  and  his  predi- 
cessors  called  it  Coccus  cacti  Linnaeus,  but  Cockerell  states  that 
some  of  the  works  cited  by  Linnaeus,  as  Reaumur,  relate  to  the 
true  cochineal  insect,  "but  the  whole  of  the  Linnean  description 
pertains  to  a  monophlebid.  The  specimens  described  were  col- 
lected in  the  island  of  St.  Eustache  by  Daniel  Rolander,  and  sent 
alive  to  Upsala  in  1856.  At  the  same  time  Rolander  sent  a  number 
in  alcohol  to  De  Geer,  who  (Mem.,  vol.  VI,  p.  449)  gave  a  full 
account  of  them  with  a  figure."  There  is  nothing  in  the  account 
of  De  Geer  to  show  that  the  specimens  he  received  were  a  part  of 
the  collection  sent  to  Linnaeus,  whether  it  was  sent  at  the  same 
time  and  whether  it  was  the  same  species  or  not  is  not  clear.  De 
Geer  makes  the  following  statement  showing  the  source  of  his 
knowledge  as  to  the  Linnean  specimens:  "comme  le  rapporte  M. 
de  Linne."  The  evidence  that  the  Coccus  cacti  of  Linnaeus  is  not 
one  of  the  cochineal  insects  is  not  positive  and  so  long  as  it  can  not 
be  proven  that  it  is  not,  less  confusion  will  result  from  the  appli- 
cation of  the  generic  name  Coccus  to  the  cochineal  insects  and  the 
application  of  the  name  cacti  to  one  of  the  species  as  has  been 
done  on  the  following  pages.  There  are  two  genera  referred  tc 
this  subfamily.  It  is  considered  that  only  one  of  these,  Coccus,  in 
reality  belongs  here.  The  other  genus  is  placed  here  tentatively. 
They  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following  table : — 

GENERA   OF   COCCINAE 

a.    Body  of   adult   female   bearing   varying   number   of   short    truncate 
setae;  adult  female  and  nymphal  females  without  any  trace  of  anal 


SUBFAMILY   COCCINAE  103 

lobes;  antennae  typically  with  seven  segments,  sometimes  with  six, 
some  of  intermediate  segments  longer  than  proximal  or  distal  seg- 
ments; rostrum  consisting  of  two  inconspicuous  segments. — 

Coccus  Linnaeus. 

aa.  Body  of  adult  female  bearing  pointed  setae,  but  never  bearing  short 
truncate  setae;  antennae  always  with  six  segments,  always  with 
distal  segment  longer  than  others;  adult  female  with  small  incon- 
spicuous microscopic  anal  lobes;  rostrum  not  described 

Epicoccus  Ckll. 

Coccus  Linnaeus. — The  following  table  based  upon  the  descriptions 
and  figures  of  Green  will  serve  for  the  separation  of  the  species:  — 

SPECIES  OF  COCCUS 

a.  Body  with  truncate  setae  few  in  number,  long  and  slender  in  form, 
width  of  their  distal  ends  about  one-fourth  their  length;  cerores 
large  with  thick  rims,  arranged  in  clusters,  each  cluster  consisting 
of  two  to  twenty  cerores,  average  twelve  or  thirteen;  eyes  cylin- 
drical, longer  than  broad;  body  pruinose,  without  conspicuous  to- 
mentum. — Mexico,  Canary  Islands,  Algeria,  Spain,  West  Indies, 
Maderia,  Peru,  Florida,  California,  Guatamala,  Italy,  Cape  Colony, 
India  on  Opuntia.  cacti  Linn. 

aa.  Body  with  truncate  setae  numerous  and  comparatively  large,  dis- 
tinctly truncate,  the  width  of  the  distal  end  about  one-half  their 
length;  cerores  small  and  without  thick  rims;  eyes  round  or  broad- 
er than  long;  body  conspicuously  covered  with  white  tomentum. 

b.  Antennae  with  distal  segment  subglobular,  as  broad  as  long; 
cerores  small  and  inconspicuous,  usually  in  clusters  of  three  or 
four,  rarely  five  to  six;  truncate  setae  stout,  with  parallel  sides 
and  distal  end  distinctly  narrower  than  diverging  sides  of  proxi- 
mal half. — India,  Ceylon,  California,  New  York,  Argentina  on 
Opuntia.  indicus  Green. 

bb.  Antennae  with  distal  segment  longer  than  broad;  cerores  ar- 
ranged in  comparatively  large  clusters;  truncated  setae  not  as 
above. 

c.  Antennae  and  legs  very  small,  trochanter  and  femur  .12  to 
.16  mm.  in  length;  antennal  segments  much  contracted,  total 
length  .10  to  .11  mm.;  cerores  small  and  inconspicuous,  in 
clusters  of  two  to  sixteen,  average  about  sixteen;  truncate 
setae  numerous  and  conspicuous,  variable  in  form,  ranging 
from  quite  slender  to  short  and  broad  and  cylindrical. — Mis- 
souri, Arizona,  New  Mexico,  California,  Mexico,  England  on 

Opuntia. tomentosus  Lamar. 

cc.  Antennae  and  legs  larger,  trochanter  and  femur  .18  to  .23  mm. 
in  length;  antennal  segments  compartively  broad  and  extend- 
ed, total  length  .15  to  .18  mm. 

d.  Truncate  setae  elongate,  cylindrical,  slightly  expanded  at 
proximal  end,  diameter  of  proximal  end  one-half  or  slightly 
more  than  total  length  of  the  seta. 


104  THE   COCCIDAE 

e.    Cerores  small,   in   clusters  of  three  to  thirty-six,   average 
fifteen;   length  of  body  3.5  to  4.75  mm. — Texas,  Arizona, 

New  Mexico,  Montana,  Mexico  on  Opuntia confusus  Ckll. 

ee.    Cerores  small,  in  clusters  of  four  to  thirty,  average  thir- 
teen;   length    of   body    2.5   to   3.0    mm. — Colorado,    Texas, 

Arizona  on  Opuntia. newsteadii  Ckll. 

dd.  Truncate  setae  stout,  shorter,  cylindrical,  diameter  of  prox- 
imal end  usually  more  than  one-half  the  total  length  of 
seta;  cerores  in  clusters  of  one  to  thirty,  average  fifteen; 
length  of  body  2.5  to  3.5  mm. — Cape  Colony,  South  Africa  on 
Opuntia.  capensis  Green. 

Epicoccus  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  a  single  species,  acaciae 
Maskell  from  West  Australia  on  Acacia.  The  species  appears  to  be 
similar  to  those  of  the  genus  Coccus  but  lacks  the  truncate  setae.  The 
absence  of  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae  in  all  stages  excludes  it 
from  the  Eriococcinae  and  the  presence  of  legs  in  the  adult  female  from 
the  Cylindrococcinae.  The  highly  colored  naked  body,  according  to 
Fuller  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Australian  coccids,  the  body-wall 
bearing  only  a  few  cerores,  and  the  six  segmented  antennae  in  the  adult 
female  and  first  nymphal  stage  are  characteristic. 


CHAPTER  XI 

SUBFAMILY   OBTHEZIINAE 

The  Ensign  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund,  convex  on  all  aspects.  It  is 
elongate  oval  in  outline,  broadest  in  the  metathoracic  region.  The  lat- 
eral margins  are  convex  and  the  cephalic  and  caudal  margins  are  blunt- 
ly rounded.  The  segments  are  well  defined.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body 
is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided 
with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  prominent,  consist  of  four  to  nine  seg- 
ments, and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each 
lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  present.  There  is  a  single  ocellana  located 
on  a  tubercle  on  each  lateral  margin  caudad  of  the  articulation  of  an 
antenna.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  present, 
the  rostrum  consisting  of  two  distinct  segments.  The  legs  are  present. 
They  are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are 
never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging. 
The  trochanto-femoral  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  are  frequently  want- 
ing. The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  normal  in 
size  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  lo- 
cated near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  frequently  distinct 
and  located  on  segments  one  to  seven.  They  are  smaller  than  the  tho- 
racic spiracles,  ventral  or  subventral  in  position,  and  their  spiracular 
tracheae  are  not  provided  with  rings  of  cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts, 
spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen  is  distinctly  shorter 
than  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  convex  on  the  dorsal  and  flat 
on  the  ventral  aspect,  never  depressed.  The  lateral  margins  are  convex 
and  the  caudal  end  is  broadly  rounded.  All  of  the  segments  are  fully 
exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  distinct  coreae  between  them, 
none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  pever  pro- 
vided with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The 
anal  ring  is  always  distinct  and  provided  with  six  anal  ring  setae.  The 
caudal  abdominal  segment  is  short  and  narrow,  small  and  inconspicuous, 
but  normal  in  form  and  not  extending  beyond  the  other  segments.  The 
body  is  provided  with  cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores,  but  the 
great  majority  are  pilacerores.  Ceratubae  are  always  wanting.  The 
body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings 
or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae,  but  is  always  in  great 
part  covered  by  a  mass  of  hard  white  wax  which  is  fused  together  and 
forms  distinct  plates  or  lamellae,  a  part  forming  a  marsupium  which  is 
carried  by  the  female.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy 
tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores. 
The  body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

105 


106  THE    COCCIDAE 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and  a 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  always  present  in  all  nymphal 
stages  and  are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  en- 
larged and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body 
is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae,  octacerores  or  ceratubae.  The  anal  ring  is  distinct  and  bears  six 
anal  ring  setae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  chitinized,  form- 
ing a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excret- 
ing a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  cuticle  bears  numerous  pilacerores. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  short  and  narrow  but  not  projecting. 

The  male  is  provided  with  compound  eyes  and  sometimes  with  three 
ocelli.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments,  but 
bears  a  delicate  pencil  of  long  slender  threads  of  wax.  The  stylus  is 
small. 

The  species  of  Orthezia  are  among  if  not  the  most  beautiful 
of  all  coccids.  Their  beauty  depends  upon  the  size  and  form  of 
the  marsupium  of  the  female  and  upon  the  size,  complexity,  and 
arrangement  of  the  plates  or  lamellae  of  wax  associated  with  the 
marsupium  and  attached  to  the  dorsal  aspect.  The  marsupium  is 
constructed  of  symmetrically  arranged  glistening  white  plates  or 
lamellae  of  wax,  which  are  usually  fused  into  a  single  tubular 
structure  which  is  carried  by  the  caudal  part  of  the  abdomen  of 
the  female.  This  tubular  structure  is  attached  to  the  abdomen 
and  is  held  in  many  species  in  a  more  or  less  elevated  position,  the 
amount  of  elevation  varying  with  the  species.  From  this  fact  there 
has  been  derived  their  common  name  of  the  Ensign  Coccids,  since 
the  movement  of  the  marsupium  when  the  insect  is  in  motion 
resembles  the  waving  of  an  ensign.  The  marsupium  is  formed  by 
special  groups  of  pilacerores  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
abdomen. 

The  pilacerores  are  peculiar  to  this  subfamily.  They  are 
ordinarily  designated  as  spines  or  glandiferous  spines,  but  spines 
are  large  setae  and  all  setae  are  provided  with  calices  by  which 
they  are  articulated  to  the  cuticle.  The  calices  are  always  wanting 
in  these  projections  or  pilacerores.  There  are  generally  a  few 
minute  setae  with  calices  distributed  among  and  between  the 
groups  of  pilacerores.  Each  pilaceroris  is  a  simple  slender  pro- 
jection of  the  cuticle  of  the  body-wall  with  a  single  opening,  the 
oraeeroris,  at  its  distal  end  through  which  the  wax  is  poured.  That 
this  is  their  true  structure  is  beautifully  shown  by  the  figures  of 
List.  The  pilacerores  serve  the  double  purpose  of  outlets  for  the 
wax  and  as  threads  for  holding  the  plates  of  wax  to  the  body  after 
they  have  been  excreted  and  become  hard. 

There  are  in  addition  to  the  pilacerores  of  the  ventral  aspect, 


SUBFAMILY   ORTHEZHNAE  107 

which  excrete  the  wax  forming  the  marsupium,  other  groups  of 
pilacerores  on  the  dorsal  and  lateral  aspects  of  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen.  The  number  and  shape  of  the  dorsal  plates  of  wax 
is  dependent  upon  the  size  and  shape  of  these  groups  of  pilacerores. 

The  tubular  marsupium,  which  may  be  from  twice  to  four  or 
five  times  as  long  as  the  body,  surrounds  the  vulva.  The  eggs  as 
they  are  extruded  pass  into  the  marsupium  where  there  is  mixed 
with  them  a  few  long  curly  threads  of  wax  which  are  formed  by 
the  ordinary  cerores  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  among  and 
between  the  pilacerores.  The  adult  female  is  active  and  carries 
her  marsupium  about  with  her  wherever  she  goes.  The  young 
nymphs  when  they  hatch,  crawl  out  through  the  open  end  of  the 
marsupium  and  drop  from  this  end  onto  the  host-plant  or  crawl 
down  its  side  and  over  the  body  of  the  female  onto  the  host-plant. 
The  beauty  of  the  marsupium  is  due  not  only  to  its  glossy  white 
color,  but  also  to  its  longitudinal  flutings,  which  are  produced  by 
the  irregularities  or  scallops  in  the  row  of  pilacerores  which  form 
it.  The  flutings  are  usually  wanting  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
marsupium  and  vary  in  distinctness  with  the  species  on  the  dorsal 
and  lateral  surfaces.  They  are  sometimes  only  slightly  indicated 

The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  have  the  body  oval  in  outline 
with  the  cephalic  and  caudal  ends  broadly  rounded.  The  legs  are 
normal  in  form  but  are  comparatively  large  alnd  the  sutures 
between  the  trochanter  and  femur  and  often  also  between  the 
tibia  and  the  tarsus  of  each  of  the  legs  are  frequently  wanting,  or 
if  indicated,  the  segments  are  fused  and  immovable.  The  dorsal 
and  ventral  surfaces  of  the  body  are  provided  with  numerous 
pilacerores  and  a  slight  covering  of  wax  is  generally  formed  before 
the  nymphs  issue  from  the  marsupium.  The  antennae  consist  oi 
four  to  six  distinctly  separated  segments.  The  anus  is  surrounded 
by  a  prominent  anal  ring  which  bears  six  large  anal  ring  setae. 
There  are  numerous  cerores,  not  pilacerores,  located  on  the  anal 
ring.  These  cerores  differ  from  the  cerores  of  the  anal  ring  of 
many  other  coccids  in  not  having  a  definite  arrangement. 

There  are  a  number  of  nymphal  stages  in  the  female,  four  in 
insignis,  in  all  of  which  the  insect  is  active  at  all  times.  The 
nymphs  resemble  the  adult  female  very  closely  so  far  as  the 
number  and  disposition  of  their  pilacerores  are  concerned,  but 
they  can  be  recognized  always  by  the  fact  that  the  plates  of  wax 
are  never  as  large  as  those  of  the  adult  because  they  are  shed  at 
each  molt.  The  legs  in  the  older  nymphal  stages,  because  of  the 


108  THE   COCCIDAE 

increase  in  the  size  of  the  body,  do  not  appear  so  large  and  so  out 
of  proportion  with  the  remainder  of  the  body.  There  is  up 
difference  in  the  anal  ring,  the  anal  ring  setae,  and  the  anal  ring 
cerores  between  those  of  a  nymph  and  those  of  the  adult.  The 
adult  antennae  contains  from  four  to  nine  segments,  the  number 
varying  with  the  genus. 

While  abdominal  spiracles  have  not  been  found  in  all  the 
species  of  Orthezia,  they  have  been  found  in  all  the  species  exam- 
ined and  it  is  probable  that  when  all  the  species  have  been  inspected 
for  abdominal  spiracles  they  will  be  found  to  be  present.  The 
evidence  seems  to  point  to  the  presence  of  seven  pairs  of  abdominal 
spiracles  in  all  species.  Newstead  was  unable  to  find  abdominal 
spiracles  in  Newsteadia  and  Ferris  did  not  find  them  in  Nipponor- 
thezia. 

The  life  cycle  of  the  male  has  not  been  described.  The  females 
of  insignis  frequently  occur  upon  plants  in  such  numbers  that  the 
plants  are  white  with  them,  but  the  number  of  males  is  always 
very  small  in  comparison  to  the  number  of  females.  It  is  likely, 
judging  from  the  published  accounts,  that  the  nymphs  of  the  male 
are  active  during  the  first  nymphal  stage,  but  become  more  elongate 
during  the  second  nymphal  stage  when  they  excrete  loose  woolly 
fibres  of  wax  or  dense  masses  of  white  wax  which  are  used  to  form 
a  cocoon.  The  insect  is  quiescent  during  the  remaining  nymphal 
stages.  The  wing-pads  and  developing  legs  of  the  adult  soon 
become  distinct. 

The  males  in  maensariensis  have  large  compound  eyes  with 
three  ocelli  placed  on  the  vertex  between  the  compound  eyes. 
There  are  probably  two  in  the  other  species  which  are  located 
cephalad  of  the  compound  eyes.  They  are  wanting  in  Newsteadia. 
The  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen  bears  a  pencil  of  delicate  glassy 
threads  of  wax. 

The  species  and  the  genera  in  part  are  based  upon  the  number, 
size,  and  form  of  the  lamellae  or  plates  attached  to  the  dorsal  and 
lateral  aspects  of  the  body.  It  is  unfortunate  that  -the  number 
and  form  and  arrangement  of  the  various  groupes  of  pilacerores 
which  form  these  lamellae  have  been  neglected  and  structures  that 
are  extremely  fragile  and  easily  broken  have  been  used  instead. 
It  is  difficult  when  the  various  descriptions  are  compared  tc 
determine  just  what  is  meant.  No  one  has  attempted  to  stand- 
ardize the  nomenclature.  The  following  names  are  suggested  for 
the  plates.  Care  has  been  used  in  selecting  these  names  so  that 


SUBFAMILY   ORTHEZIINAE  109 

they  could  be  applied  to  the  groups  of  pilacerores  when  these  are 
described  and  used  for  separating  the  species  in  place  of  the  wax 
excreted  from  them. 

The  ovisac  is  formed  by  the  continuous  band  of  pilacerores 
which  are  located  on  the  lateral  portions  of  the  ventral  aspect. 
The  two  sides  converge  toward  the  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen 
until  they  meet  and  fuse.  These  plates  may  be  known  as  the 
ventral  plates  and  the  pilocerores  that  excrete  them  as  the  ventral 
pilocerores.  The  cephalic  end  of  the  ovisac  is  formed  by  a  trans- 
verse band  of  pilacerores  located  on  the  first  abdominal  sternum. 
Its  cephalic  margin  is  usually  straight.  This  is  why  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  ovisac  is  generally  smooth  and  not  fluted.  The 
transverse  cephalic  portion  of  the  ovisac  may  be  known  as  the 
transverse  plate  and  the  band  of  pilocerores  excreting  it  as  the 
transverse  pilacerores.  The  two  rows  of  plates  located  on  the 
dorsal  aspect  adjacent  to  each  other  and  the  meson  are  the  dorsal 
plates  and  the  pilacerores  that  excrete  them  as  the  dorsal 
pilacerores.  They  are  apparently  the  subdorsal  keels  of  Tinsley, 
the  subdorsal  plates  of  Cockerel!,  and  the  dorsal  or  median  lamellae 
of  other  writers.  There  are  typically  eleven  pairs  of  dorsal  plates, 
a  row  of  eleven  dorsal  plates  on  each  side  of  the  meson.  The 
cephalic  or  first  pair  of  dorsal  plates  is  formed  by  groups  of 
pilacerores  located  upon  the  head  and  these  may  be  known  as  the 
head  plates  or  the  head  pilacerores.  They  vary  greatly  in  size  and 
shape  and,  when  the  two  groups  of  pilacerores  are  continuous  on  the 
head,  are  sometimes  represented  by  a  single  plate.  The  tenth  and 
eleventh  dorsal  plates  are  usually  very  different  in  shape  from  those 
of  the  other  segments.  They  frequently  form  semicircular  plates 
which  are  continuous  on  the  meson.  The  fusion  of  adjacent  plates 
can  be  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  word  plate  instead  of  plates  as 
when  they  are  separate.  The  eleventh  pair  of  dorsal  plates  is 
located  on  the  seventh  abdominal  segment  cephalad  of  the  anal 
ring  and  they  may  be  known  as  the  preanal  plates.  The  tenth 
pair  of  dorsal  plates  are  located  on  the  sixth  abdominal  segment 
and  may  be  known  as  the  paranal  plates.  The  tube  of  wax  sur- 
rounding the  anus  is  not  excreted  by  pilacerores  but  by  the  cerores 
of  the  anal  ring.  An  examination  of  this  wax  will  show  that  it  is 
different  in  structure  and  appearance  from  that  execreted  from  the 
pilacerores,  as  the  wax  of  the  dorsal  plates.  This  tube  of  wax  may 
be  known  as  the  anal  plate. 

A  few  species  have  plates  of  wax  located  on  the  meson  between 
the  dorsal  plates.  They  are  generally  designated  as  the  wedge- 


110  THE   COCCIDAE 

shaped  plates.  These  plates  are  apparently  limited  to  the 
mesothorax,  metathorax,  and  the  first  abdominal  segment  and  may 
be  known  as  the  mesal  plates. 

There  is  a  second  series  of  plates  which  extend  around  each 
margin  of  the  body  and  form  the  lateral  plates  of  the  test.  These 
are  the  lateral  plates  or  lateral  pilacerores  and  are  sometimes 
designated  as  the  marginal  plates,  the  circumferential  lamellae, 
the  lateral  plates,  or  the  lateral  keels.  There  are  ten  lateral 
plates  located  on  each  side  of  the  test.  The  first  lateral  plate  of 
each  side  is  formed  by  a  group  of  pilacerores  located  on  the  pro- 
thorax.  The  other  groups  are  located  on  the  other  thoracic 
segments  and  abdominal  segments  one  to  eight.  The  pilacerores 
forming  the  lateral  plates  are  located  on  each  lateral  portion  of 
their  respective  segment  adjacent  to  the  band  forming  the  ovisac 
or  the  ventral  plate.  The  abdominal  spiracles  of  segments  one  tc 
seven  are  located  among  the  lateral  pilacerores.  The  lateral 
pilacerores  of  the  eighth  segment  are  frequently  continuous  on  the 
meson  so  that  the  pair  of  plates  of  this  segment  is  usually  repre- 
sented by  a  single  plate  and  in  such  cases  it  is  frequently  designated 
as  the  telson.  It  is  located  caudad  of  the  anal  plate  and  for  this 
reason  has  been  named  the  postanal  plate.  The  plates  formed  by 
the  groups  of  lateral  pilacerores  on  segments  five,  six,  and  seven 
are  frequently  much  larger  and  longer  than  any  of  the  others  and 
have  been  designated  the  caudal  plates.  They  are  also  apparently 
the  posterior  lateral  plates  of  some  writers. 

In  a  few  species  there  is  a  longitudinal  row  of  plates  on  each 
side  between  the  mesal  plates  and  the  lateral  plates.  These  have 
been  named  the  intercalary  plates.  Newstead  designated  them  the 
supplementary  scales.  In  some  descriptions  the  so  called  sub- 
dorsal  keels  or  plates  may  be  homologous  with  the  intercalary  plates. 

The  subfamily  Ortheziinae  contains  six  genera  which  can  be 
separated  by  means  of  the  following  table : — 

GENERA   OF   ORTHEZIINAE 

a.    Antennae    of    adult    female    with    seven    to    nine    segments    and    of 
nymphal  female  with  six  segments;   tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  each  leg 
distinct, 
b.    Antennae   of   adult    female   with    nine   segments;    head    of   adult 

male  with  three  ocelli. Douglasia  MacG. 

bb.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  seven  or  eight  segments  and  of 
nymphal   female  with  six  segments;    head   of  adult  female  with 
two  ocelli  or  ocelli  wanting. 
c.    Adult  female  without  mesal  plates.  Orthezia  Bosc. 


SUBFAMILY   ORTHEZIINAE  111 

cc.    Adult  female  with  three  or  more  mesal  plates.  Arctorthezia  Ckll. 
aa.    Antennae  of  the  adult  female  with  less  than  nine  segments  and  of 
nymphal  female  of  less  than  six  segments. 

b.    Antennae   of   adult   female   with   four   or  more   segments   and   of 
nymphal  female  with  four  segments;   tibio-tarsal  suture  of  each 
leg  wanting,  so  that  claw  appears  to  be  continuous  with  tibia, 
c.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  six  or  seven  segments  and  of 

nymphal  females  with  four  segments. Newsteadia  Green. 

cc.    Antennae  of  adult   female   and  of  nymphal   female  with  four 

segments.    Otheziola   Sulc. 

bb.  Antennae  of  adult  female  and  of  nymphal  female  with  three  seg- 
ments; tibio-tarsal  suture  of  each  leg  wanting,  but  claws  distinct- 
ly separated  from  tarsus.  Nipponorthezia  Kuw. 

Donglasia  MacG. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  maen- 
ariensis  Douglas,  from  the  Island  of  Montecristo,  Italy  on  Erica.  The 
head  plates  are  small  and  not  strongly  projecting  or  divergent.  The 
lateral  plates  are  less  than  the  typical  number.  Douglas  figures  the 
ovisac  with  ten  longitudinal  ridges. 

Orthezia  Bosc. — The  great  majority  of  the  described  species  of 
this  subfamily  belong  to  the  typical  genus  Orthezia.  The  species  are 
difficult  to  recognize  because  of  the  different  nomenclature  used  and  the 
different  value  assigned  the  same  characters  by  different  authors.  It  is 
not  unlikely  that  some  of  the  species  included  in  the  following  table 
have  been  misplaced  for  this  reason.  The  table  includes  most  of  the 
American  species.  It  is  unsatisfactory,  but  may  prove  of  value  in  the 
identification  of  specimens.  In  every  case  the  specimens  should  be  com- 
pared with  the  original  description. 

SPECIES    OF   ORTHEZIA 

a.  Dorsal  surface  of  body  of  the  adult  female  exposed  between  dorsal 
and  lateral  plates  or  caudad  of  dorsal  plates  or  mesal  and  dorsal 
plates  wanting;  uncovered  portion  sometimes  covered  with  mealy 
wax. 

b.    Portion  of  dorsal  surface  of  adult  female  not  covered  by  plates  of 
wax  much  greater  in  extent  than  covered  area, 
c.     Dorsal  surface  of  body  of  adult  female  completely  exposed  be- 
tween   lateral    plates,    dorsal    plates    entirely    wanting;    ovisac 
slightly  longer   than   body;    antennae  consisting   of  eight  seg- 
ments.— Arizona  on  Quercus.  nuda  Ferris. 

cc.     Dorsal  surface  of  body  of  adult  female  always  with  two  rows 

of  dorsal  plates. 

d.    body  of  adult  female  exposed  as  black  mesal  band  between 
two  rows  of  dorsal  plates. 

e.  Dorsal  plates  much  farther  apart,  more  divergent  on  tho- 
rax and  cephalic  abdominal  segments;  dorsal  plates  sub- 
equal  in  length  and  thickness. — United  States,  Mexico, 
West  Indies,  British  Guiana,  Brazil,  England,  South  Af- 
rica, Mauritius,  Ceylon,  China  on  Coleus,  Lantana, 


112  THE    COCCIDAE 

Ipomoea,  Thunbergia,  Strobilanthus,  Verbena,  Achillea, 
Salvia,  Cuphea,  Capsicum,  Ageratum,  Veronia,  Gardenia, 
Chrysanthemum,  Lonicera,  Citrus,  tea,  strawberry,  to- 
mato, etc.  insignis  Dougl. 

ee.  Dorsal  plates  arranged  in  practically  straight  rows,  paral- 
lel, not  divergent  or  farther  apart  on  thorax,  cephalic 
dorsal  plates  thicker  and  longer  man  caudal;  dorsal  sur- 
face of  body  naked  except  for  two  median  rows  of  small 

dorsal  plates  and  a  little  mealy  powder. — New  Mexico 

monticola  Ckll. 

dd.  Body  not  exposed  between  two  rows  of  dorsal  plates;  cephal- 
ic dorsal  plates  thicker  and  longer  than  caudal. — New  Mex- 
ico on  Gutierrezia. nigrocincta  Ckll. 

bb.    Portion  of  dorsal  surface  of  adult  female  not  covered  by  plates  of 
wax  much  less  in  extent  than  covered  area. 

c.  Portion  of  dorsal  surface  of  body  of  adult  female  exposed 
limited  to  small  portion  caudad  of  dorsal  plates;  four  large 
caudal  plates  project  caudad  over  ovisac;  postanal  plate  much 

abbreviated. — Mexico  on   Hymenoclea.   sonorensis  Ckll. 

cc.  Portions  of  dorsal  surface  of  body  of  adult  female  exposed 
limited  to  narrow  band-lie  areas  between  dorsal  and  lateral 
plates. 

d.  Dorsal  plates  forming  high,  double,  mesal  crest  of  long  erect 
white  plates;  two  caudal  plates  of  each  side  very  long  and 
curving  down  over  sides  of  ovisac;  body  pale  pea-green. — 

New  Mexico  on  Garrya. garryae  Ckll. 

dd.    Dorsal  plates  not  forming  high  white  mesal  crest. 

e.  Caudal  plates  of  each  side  two  or  three  times  as  long  as 
other  lateral  plates  and  strongly  divergent;  head  plates 
fused  and  projecting  over  head  as  strongly  divergent  pro- 
jections.— Jamaica,  Trinidad,  British  Guiana,  Brazil  on 

Capsicum,  Croton,  Citrus,  Sanchezia. praelonga  Dougl. 

ee.    Caudal  plates  of  each  side  not  greatly  elongated  and  di- 
vergent;  head  plates  not  strongly  divergent  projections, 
f.     Dorsal    surface    with   deep    mesal    furrow    between    two 
rows  of  dorsal  plates;  head  plates  prolonged  over  head, 
not   divergent   or   greatly  produced;    caudal   plates   sub- 
equal  in  length. — Argentine  Republic  on  Compositae(?). 

ultima  Ckll. 

ff.  Dorsal  surface  not  with  deep  mesal  furrow  between  two 
rows  of  dorsal  plates;  head  plates  not  prolonged  over 
head;  caudal  plates  longest;  caudal  dorsal  plates  widest; 
ovisac  very  long;  antennae  with  third  segment  longest 
or  third  and  eighth  subequal. — New  Mexico,  California 
on  grass. graminis  Ckll. 

aa.    Dorsal  surface  of  body  not  exposed,  completely  concealed  by  plates 
of  wax. 

b.    Dorsal  surface  not  with  row  of  intercalary  plates  on  each  side. 


SUBFAMILY   ORTHEZIINAE  113 

c.    Ovisac  with  eight  longitudinal  ridges. 
d.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  eight  segments. 

e.  Antennae  with  first  segment  subequal  to  second  and  first 
and  second  each  shorter  than  third. 

f.  Dorsum  with  furrow;  antennae  with  third  segment 
slightly  longer  than  second,  first  and  second  subequal; 
antennae  and  legs  dark  brown. — New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Colorado  on  Chenopodium,  Atriplex,  Kochia.  annae  Ckl!. 
ff.  Dorsum  not  with  furrow;  dorsal  plates  two  to  five  di- 
rected cephalad,  remaining  dorsal  plates  successively 
smaller  and  directed  caudad;  antennae  with  third  seg- 
ment longest;  antennae  and  legs  dark  red-brown. — New 

Mexico  on  Artemisia.   artemisiae  Ckll. 

ee.    Antennae  with  first  segment  distinctly  longer  than  second, 
f.    Antennae   with   segments   one    and   three   subequal    and 
second  segment  about  one-half  their  length,  eighth  seg- 
ment longest;  legs  and  antennae  brown;  wax  compact. — 

Organ  Mountains,  New  Mexico  on  Cheilanthus 

cheilanthi  Tins, 
ff.    Antennae  with  second  and  third  segments  subequal  and 

each  shorter  than  first. — California  on  Bahia 

californica  Ehr. 

dd.    Antennae   of   adult   female   with   seven   segments,   living   in 
nests  of  ants. 

e.  Caudal  plates  very  long,  about  two-thirds  length  of  body, 
curving  over  ovisac  but  not  attached  to  it;  body  orange 
color;  antennae  with  seven  segments. — New  Mexico  from 

the  nests  of  Lasius  americanus. lasiorum  Ckll. 

ee.    Caudal  plates  longer  than  other  lateral  plates,  not  long  and 
curving  as   long  projections   over   ovisac. — Colorado   from 

the  nests  of  Lasius.  olivacea  Ckll. 

cc.    Ovisac  with  ten  longitudinal  ridges;    dorsal  plates  one  to  six 
successively  longer  and  stouter,  seven  and  eight  much  shorter. 

— Ohio,  Illinois  on  Solidago. solidaginis  Sands. 

bb.    Dorsal  surface  with  row  of  intercalary  plates  on  each  side. 

c.    Ovisac  short,  postanal  plates  not  fused  and  nearly  as  long  as 
ovisac;    caudal   plates    shorter    than    postanal    plates. — Canada, 

New  York,  Iowa  on  Solidago,  Arctium. americana  Walker. 

cc.    Ovisac    long,    five    or   more    times    as    long   as    fused   postanal 
plates;  caudal  plates  nearly  twice  as  long  as  postanal  plates. — 

Europe  on  Matricaria,  Caltha,  Teucrium,  Achillaea,  Dodder 

urticae  Linn. 

Arctorthezia  Ckll. — This  name  was  proposed  by  Cockerell  for  the 
two  species  of  Orthezia  provided  with  mesal  plates.  An  examination  of 
the  mesal  groups  of  pilacerores  should  offer  distinctive  characters  for 
the  recognition  of  the  genus.  The  two  species  can  be  separated  as 
follows: 


114  THE    COCCIDAE 

SPECIES   OF  ARCTORTHEZIA 

a.  Mesal  plates  small  and  not  extending  beyond  caudal  margin  of  their 
segment  and  not  overlapping  mesal  plates  of  next  segment. — Green- 
land, Lapland,  Norway,  Scotland,  England,  Ireland  from  Saxifraga, 

grass.   cataphracta  Shaw. 

aa.  Mesal  plates  large  and  extending  beyond  caudal  margin  of  their 
segment  and  overlapping  mesal  plate  of  next  segment. — Colorado,  New 
Mexico  from  nests  of  ants. occidentalis  Dougl. 

Newsteadia  Green. — This  genus  contains  a  single  species,  floccosa 
De  Geer,  found  in  British  Isles,  Germany,  Bohemia,  and  Australia  on 
grasses  and  sedges.  There  are  seven  mesal  plates,  of  which  the  inter- 
mediate are  the  longest,  and  four  lateral  plates.  The  caudal  lateral 
plates  are  fused  to  the  ovisac.  The  Australian  specimens  were  found 
upon  some  wet  timbers  in  a  mine  at  a  depth  of  three  hundred  feet  and 
were  identified  by  Green.  This  species  in  common  with  some  others  is 
often  collected  among  moss,  lichens,  and  dead  leaves  and  it  is  possible 
that  they  may  feed  upon  the  two  former.  Whether  the  species  was  intro- 
duced into  Australia  on  the  timbers  is  not  known. 

Ortheziola  Sulc. — This  genus  contains  three  species,  fodiens 
Giard  from  Guadeloupe  on  the  roots  of  the  coffee  tree;  signoreti  Haller 
from  France;  and  vejdovskyi  Sulc  from  Prague  from  under  leaves  and 
moss.  This  latter  species,  the  type,  has  the  dorsal  aspect  completely 
covered  with  plates  of  wax. 

Nipponorthezia  Kuwana. — A  single  species,  ardisiae  Kuwana, 
from  Japan  on  Ardisia  is  included.  The  dorsum  is  almost  naked  due  to 
the  small  size  of  the  dorsal  plates.  The  third  antennal  segment  is  as 
long  as  the  other  two  together.  Each  ocellana  is  located  distant  from  the 
articulation  of  an  antenna  which  is  unusual. 


CHAPTER  XII 
SUBFAMILY  PHENACOLEACHIINAE 

The  Ringeyed  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  convex  on  the  dorsal  aspect  and  flat 
on  the  ventral.  It  is  elongate  elliptical  in  outline  with  the  cephalic  end 
bluntly  rounded  and  the  caudal  end  bluntly  pointed.  The  caudal  end 
of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not 
provided  with  a  keel.  The  segments  are  well  defined.  The  antennae 
are  prominent,  consisting  of  eleven  segments,  and  are  articulated  to  the 
ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  not 
described.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  present, 
the  rostrum  consists  of  three  distinct  segments.  The  legs  are  present. 
They  are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are 
never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging. 
The  trochanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  the  legs  are  proba- 
bly distinct.  The  thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles  are  not  definitely 
described  and  not  figured.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are 
wanting.  The  abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  togeth- 
er. It  is  convex  on  the  dorsal  aspect,  never  depressed.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins converge  slightly  caudad  and  the  caudal  end  is  bluntly  pointed.  All 
the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  distinct 
coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The 
abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula  or  anal  lobes 
and  anal  setae.  The  anal  ring  is  always  distinct  and  provided  with  six 
prominent  anal  ring  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  never 
short  and  narrow,  extending  beyond  the  other  segments.  The  body  is 
provided  with  cerores,  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores  and 
is  never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  res- 
inous cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or 
without  exuviae,  but  is  covered  with  white  mealy  wax  among  which  is 
mixed  some  curling  cottony  threads  of  wax.  The  rectum  is  never  pro- 
vided with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube 
bearing  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is  never  naked  and 
gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages,  so  far  as  known,  are  provided  with 
a  rostrum  and  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  all 
nymphal  stages  and  are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never 
greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging. 
The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  anal  lobes 
and  anal  setae,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  anal  ring 
is  distinct  and  bears  six  anal  ring  setae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum 
is  not  chitinized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings 

115 


116  THE   COCCIDAE 

of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube.    The  caudal  abdominal  seg- 
ment is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  eight  ocellanae  on  each  side  of  the  head,  forming  an 
almost  complete  circle,  and  two  distinct  ocelli.  The  abdomen  is  not  pro- 
vided with  long  lateral  filaments,  but  the  caudal  end  bears  on  each  side 
of  the  meson  a  bundle  of  four  to  six  rather  long  setae  and  a  very  long 
thick  thread-like  filament  of  wax.  The  wings  are  sometimes  greatly 
reduced.  The  stylus  is  inconspicuous. 

This  subfamily  contains  a  single  genus,  Phenacoleachia,  based 
upon  a  species  described  by  Maskell  from  New  Zealand.  There  is 
but  little  known  regarding  the  life-history  of  the  species.  Maskell 
describes  the  adult  female,  the  first  nymphal  stage,  and  the  adult 
male.  The  species  resembles  closely  many  species  of  Pseudococcus 
in  its  general  habits  and  general  appearance. 

The  adult  female  is  eight  millimeters  or  less  in  length,  the 
two  ends  of  the  body  are  rounded,  and  the  caudal  end  lacks  all 
indication  of  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  These  structures  are 
characteristic  of  most  species  provided  with  a  prominent  anal  ring 
and  anal  ring  setae  but  are  not  characteristic  features  of  this  one 
The  antennae  are  long  and  consist  of  eleven  segments.  The  body 
is  covered  with  mealy  and  cottony  wax,  some  of  the  latter  form 
long  curling  coarse  yellowish  threads.  Some  of  the  caudal 
abdominal  segments  bear  small  porrect  pencils  of  wax  which  give 
the  insect  the  general  appearance  of  a  mealy-bug. 

The  nymphs  are  similar  to  the  adults  but  smaller.  They  are 
similarly  covered  with  wax  and  bear  about  the  same  number,  five 
or  six,  pencils  or  lateral  projections  of  wax.  The  antennae  consist 
of  seven  segments.  The  rostrum  is  elongate  and,  as  in  the  adult, 
consists  of  three  segments.  Those  species  provided  with  an  anal 
ring  and  lacking  anal  lobes  in  the  adult,  generally  have  large 
prominent  anal  lobes  in  the  nymphal  stages,  particularly  the  first, 
but  there  are  no  indication  of  such  structures  in  the  nymphs  of 
this  species. 

The  adult  males  are  about  two  millimeters  long  and  rather 
densely  covered  with  white  mealy  wax.  The  eyes  are  represented 
by  eight  ocellanae  on  each  side  and,  except  for  a  small  space  on 
the  meson  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  form  almost  a  complete 
ring  about  the  head.  There  is  on  each  side  of  the  meson  of  the 
dorsal  aspect  caudad  of  the  ocellanae  two  other  simple  eyes  which 
are  considered  as  ocelli.  The  antennae  consist  of  ten  segments. 
The  legs  are  long  and  slender.  The  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen 
bears  two  long,  slender,  thread-like  filaments  of  wax.  The  wings, 
while  normally  large  and  prominent  and  held  in  place  by  halteres 


SUBFAMILY   PHENACOLEACHIINAE  117 

with  two  hooks,  are  sometimes  so  rudimentary  that  the  insect  is 
almost  apterous. 

This  insect  is  of  great  interest.  The  eleven  segmented 
antennae  of  the  adult  female  and  the  lack  of  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae  marks  it  as  a  generalized  species  while  the  well  developed 
anal  ring  shows  a  relationship  with  the  anal  ring  conservers.  The 
number  of  simple  eyes  in  the  male,  their  arrangement,  and  the 
presence  of  ocelli  would  suggest  that  this  is  a  stage  in  the  trans- 
formation of  compound  eyes  to  groups  of  simple  eyes.  The  males 
of  all  the  preceeding  subfamilies  but  one,  the  Coccinae,  have  com- 
pound eyes.  Most  of  these  also  have  a  well  developed  ocellus 
caudad  of  each  compound  eye.  It  may  be  assumed  that  all  the 
facets  of  each  compound  eye  of  Phenacoleachia  have  been  lost 
except  those  forming  a  half  of  the  ring  of  each  side.  The  facets 
of  the  compound  eyes  where  they  are  present  are  usually  large 
and  not  closely  associated.  It  is  easy  to  understand  how  the 
various  types  with  a  varying  number  of  ocellanae  of  the  other  sub- 
families have  been  developed  from  a  condition  such  as  is  found  in 
Phenacoleachia.  The  reduction  has  proceeded  in  all  females  until 
there  is  only  a  single  ocellana  present  on  each  side  of  the  head. 
The  fact  that  in  certain  if  not  all  wingless  males,  there  is  only  a 
single  ocellana  on  each  side,  might  lead  one  to  assume  that  a 
larger  number  was  not  needed  in  order  to  locate  the  females. 

Phenacoleachia  Ckll. — There  is  a  single  species  in  this  subfamily, 
Phenacoleachia  zealandica  Maskell  from  New  Zealand,  where  it  occurs 
upon  Podocarpus,  Cupressus,  and  Fagus.  This  species  was  referred  to 
the  genus  Leachia  by  Maskell  and  later  transferred  to  Palaeococcus  which 
is  another  name  for  the  same  group  by  Cockerell  who  erected  in  1899 
the  present  generic  name,  Phenacoleachia. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

SUBFAMILY    ER1OCOCCINAE 

The  Mealy  Bugs 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  varies  from  convex  to  subrotund,  the 
sides  from  convex  to  subparallel.  It  is  elongate  or  short  oval  in  outline 
with  the  two  ends  bluntly  pointed  or  bluntly  rounded.  The  segmentation 
is  usually  well  defined.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and 
the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The 
antennae  are  prominent,  consist  of  five  to  nine  segments,  and  are  articu- 
lated to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  near  each  lateral  margin  or  they 
are  rudimentary  or  wanting.  The  eyes  are  usually  present,  when  pres- 
ent, they  are  inconspicuous  fuscous  spots,  a  single  ocellana  located  on 
each  lateral  margin  near  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The  mouth- 
parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  present,  the  rostrum  usually 
consists  of  two  distinct  segments,  rarely  only  one.  The  legs  are  typi- 
cally present.  They  may  be  rudimentary  or  wanting,  if  present,  they 
are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never 
enlarged,  if  enlarged,  all  the  other  femora  are  enlarged.  The  protho- 
racic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  trochanto-femoral  and  the 
tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  normally  formed  legs  are  always  distinct.  The 
spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  normal  in  size  and 
form  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never 
located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  always  wanting. 
The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen  is 
normally  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  It  is  subconvex 
on  the  dorsal  aspect  and  flat  on  the  ventral  aspect,  sometimes  thin  and 
disk-like,  approaching  a  depressed  condition.  The  lateral  margins  are 
nearly  straight  and  subparallel  or  strongly  convergent  and  convex,  the 
caudal  end  is  bluntly  pointed  or  bluntly  rounded  or  almost  truncate.  All 
of  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  dis- 
tinct coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium. 
The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula.  There 
is  typically  a  distinct  anal  ring  provided  with  four,  six,  eight,  or  more 
anal  ring  setae,  anal  ring  and  anal  setae  sometimes  wanting.  The  anal 
lobes  are  usually  distinct  and  bear  anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal 
segment  is  never  short  and  narrow  and  extending  beyond  the  other  seg- 
ments, the  caudal  segments  at  least  are  campanulate.  The  body  is  pro- 
vided with  cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores  and  is 
never  provided  with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous 
cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without 
exuviae,  but  is  generally  completely  covered  with  powdery  or  mealy 
wax,  sometimes  with  masses  of  cottony  or  woolly  threads  of  wax,  often 
found  on  or  within  a  mass  of  rather  compact  cottony  threads  of  wax 

118 


SUBFAMILY   ERIOCOCCINAE  119 

among  which  the  eggs  are  placed.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with 
a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings 
of  anacerores.  The  body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage 
and  generally  in  the  other  nymphal  stages,  sometimes  greatly  reduced  or 
wanting,  when  present,  are  usually  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are 
never  greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  dig- 
ging. The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  chitinized,  forming  a  rectal 
tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long 
glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and 
opercula  or  pilacerores  and  rarely  with  octacerores  or  ceratubae.  The 
anal  ring  is  distinct  and  provided  with  four  to  eight  or  more  anal  ring 
setae,  usually  six,  and  frequently  different  in  number  from  that  of  the 
adult.  The  anal  lobes  are  usually  distinct  and  provided  with  anal  setae. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  ocellanae.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  lateral 
filaments  or  with  tufts  of  long  slender  glassy  threads  of  wax,  but  is 
usually  provided  with  two  or  four  long  slender  caudal  threads  of  wax. 
Wings  are  sometimes  wanting.  The  stylus  is  short  and  inconspicuous. 

This  subfamily  contains  some  of  the  best  known  species  of  the 
family,  the  species  of  Pseudococcus,  generally  known  as  Mealy 
Bugs.  This  name  comes  from  the  fact  that  their  bodies,  dorsal 
and  ventral  aspects,  are  generally  densely  covered  with  a  fine 
granular  wax  which  gives  them  the  appearance  of  having  been 
rolled  in  coarse  flour.  Several  of  the  species  are  of  great  economic 
importance  in  subtropical  and  tropical  regions  where  they  are 
able  to  pass  the  winter  out  of  doors.  In  temperate  regions  where 
the  winters  are  generally  rigorous,  they  are  found  in  the  main 
only  in  glass  houses  where  they  are  often  serious  pests  unless  held 
in  check  by  frequent  fumigations. 

The  females  are  active  throughout  their  entire  or  almost  their 
entire  life  and  in  all  nymphal  stages,  cover  their  bodies  with 
mealy  wax,  so  that  they  appear  conspicuous  against  the  green 
surface  of  the  plant.  They  are  prone  to  congregate  together,  sc 
that  they  assemble,  usually  from  two  to  six,  in  the  angle  between 
two  branches  or  in  the  angle  between  a  leaf  and  a  branch.  The 
adult  females  form  the  mass  of  wax,  the  so  called  ovisac,  in  which 
the  eggs,  150  to  200  in  the  case  of  Pseudococcus  citri,  are  depos- 
ited. These  are  usually  placed  in  the  angles  between  the  stems  or 
a  leaf.  The  eggs  hatch  in  ten  to  eighteen  days,  but  of  the  eggs 
deposited  only  a  small  number  produce  males.  The  young  nymphs 
remain  in  the  ovisac  for  a  short  time,  but  on  leaving  spread  rapidly 
over  various  parts  of  the  plant  and  settle  along  the  midrib  and  in 
the  angles  in  the  stems. 


120  THE   COCCIDAE 

The  segmentation  of  the  body  is  distinct  and  is  usually  made 
clearer  by  the  covering  of  mealy  wax.  The  antennae  are  articulated 
to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  and  the  single  ocellana  on  each 
side  shows  prominently  on  the  ventral  surface  through  the  presence 
of  black  pigment.  The  female  molts  three  times  and  passes  through 
three  nymphal  stages.  The  females  are  very  similar  in  all  the 
stages,  the  only  striking  difference  between  them  is  that  of  size. 
Even  this  is  not  constant  for  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
size  of  different  individuals  even  of  the  same  age  or  stage.  There 
is  also  a  variation,  as  in  other  coccids,  in  the  number  of  antenna] 
segments  present  in  individuals  of  the  various  stages. 

It  is  impossible  to  differentiate  the  males  from  the  females 
during  the  first  nymphal  stage,  except  in  mounted  specimens  ,that 
have  almost  completed  the  first  nymphal  stage.  Berlese  has 
pointed  out  that  in  such  individuals,  the  mandibles  and  maxillae 
of  the  second  stage  of  the  female  can  be  identified  before  those 
of  the  first  stage  are  shed.  They  can  be  observed  coiled  spirally 
on  each  side  of  the  meson  beneath  the  cuticle  of  the  body.  Since 
the  males  lose  their  rostralis  at  the  first  molt  in  most  if  not  all 
species  of  this  subfamily,  there  is  no  such  spirally  coiled  rostralis 
to  be  observed  under  the  cuticle  in  this  sex. 

The  nymphs  of  the  male  molt  four  times  in  Pseudococcus 
citri  and  pass  through  four  nymphal  stages.  The  male  nymphs 
are  sluggish  and  seek  some  secluded  spot  where  they  spin  a  cocoon 
of  felted  threads  of  wax.  The  second  molt  occurs  soon  after  the 
completion  of  the  cocoon  and  the  cast  skins  are  pushed  out  of  the 
end  of  the  cocoon.  The  eyes  of  the  adult  male  are  simple,  six 
ocellanae,  a  pair  of  comparatively  large  ones  on  the  dorsal  aspect. 
a  similar  pair  on  the  ventral  aspect,  and  one  on  each  lateral  aspect 
which  are  about  one-half  the  size  of  the  others.  They  are  some- 
times designated  as  the  primitive  eyes  and  are  considered  as 
representing  the  ocellanae  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage. 
The  supposition  being  that  they  have  been  retained  through  all  the 
nymphal  stages  although  not  identifiable  in  the  latter  ones.  They 
are  also  considered  as  ocelli  and  the  large  facets  in  such  cases  are 
designated  as  eyes.  The  number  of  ocellanae  varies  in  the  males 
of  other  genera  than  Pseudococcus,  that  is,  there  is  more  than  six. 
Writers  are  careless  about  stating  the  number  in  most  cases.  The 
wingless  males  of  Fonscolombia  have  retained  only  the  lateral 
ocellanae.  Whether  the  wingless  males  of  other  groups  have  only 
the  lateral  ocellanae  is  not  known.  The  wing-pads  and  developing 


SUBFAMILY   ERIOCOCCINAE  121 

legs  and  antennae  of  the  male  appear  after  the  second  molt.  The 
antennae  and  legs  of  the  nymph  are  lost  at  the  first  molt.  The 
adult  males  are  minute  fragile  creatures  with  delicate  wings. 
The  halteres  are  small  and  provided  with  hooks.  The  males  of 
Fonscolombia  are  always  wingless  and  the  males  of  a  few  other 
genera  are  sometimes  wingless. 

The  wax  excreted  by  the  female  on  different  parts  of  the  body 
appears  from  a  cursory  examination  to  be  identical.  A  careful 
examination  will  show,  however,  that  there  are  several  different 
types.  An  unpublished  study  of  the  cerores  of  Pseudococcus  citri 
and  the  wax  they  excrete  was  made  in  1907  under  my  directions 
by  Robert  Matheson,  he  found  that  there  were  several  distinct 
types,  four  or  more,  and  that  the  wax  excreted  from  each  of  these 
types  was  of  a  different  kind,  but  the  difference  could  be  determined 
only  in  most  cases  after  a  careful  microscopical  examination  of  the 
wax.  The  predominant  type  of  ceroris  in  this  species  is  the 
diamond-shaped  eerores  with  numerous  openings.  These  have  been 
named  the  tricerores.  While  they  are  of  general  occurrence  on  all 
parts  of  the  dorsal  and  lateral  aspects,  they  are  usually  more 
numerous  upon  the  anal  lobes  and  form  the  pencils  or  projections 
of  wax  attached  to  the  anal  lobes.  These  pencils  are  not  confined 
to  the  anal  lobes  but  in  many  species  there  is  a  row  of  them  along 
each  lateral  margin  of  the  body.  The  lateral  pencils  are  excreted 
by  groups  of  tricerores  like  those  of  the  anal  lobes.  The  porrect 
form  of  the  pencils  is  due  to  the  presence  of  one  or  more 
short  conical  setae.  The  number  varies  not  only  with  the  segment 
but  with  the  species.  The  setae  are  typical  in  form  and  frequently 
are  as  broad  as  long.  They  are  usually  associated  with  the  tri- 
cerores and  support  the  pencils  of  wax.  Berlese  named  these 
groups  of  t-ricerores  and  conical  setae  filiere.  They  are  also  known 
as  cerari,  cerarii,  and  filuri.  There  are  eighteen  pairs  of  cerari  on 
each  side  of  the  body  in  the  common  greenhouse  Pseudococcus, 
which  must  take  the  name  of  destructor  Comstock,  while  there  are 
only  seventeen  in  citri  according  to  Berlese,  Marchal,  and  Ferris. 
The  cerari  of  destructor  are  arranged,  four  on  the  head,  only  three 
in  citri,  two  on  each  thoracic  segment  and  one  on  each  of  the  eight 
abdominal  segments.  The  cerari  of  the  anal  lobes,  the  eighteenth 
pair,  as  they  are  generally  counted,  are  larger  than  those  on  the 
other  segments  of  the  body.  These  cerari  are  known  as  the  anal 
cerari  and  all  the  others  as  the  lateral  cerari.  If  necessary  those 
of  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  can  be  distinguished  as  the  head 


122  THE   COCCIDAE 

cerari,  thoracic  cerari,  and  abdominal  cerari.  There  may  be  twc 
rows  of  cerari  on  the  dorsal  aspect  between  the  lateral  cerari. 
the  dorsal  cerari,  and  if  a  single  dorsal  row  should  be  present,  they 
could  be  known  as  the  mesal  cerari.  The  setae  of  the  cerari  are 
not  always  short  and  conical,  but  may  be  long  and  slender  like 
the  other  setae  in  certain  species.  There  are  often  ordinary  setae 
associated  with  the  cerari,  named  the  auxiliary  setae  by  Ferris  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  conical  setae  of  the  cerari,  the  ceraran 
setae.  The  ordinary  setae  of  the  dorsal  aspect  are  known  as  the 
dorsal  setae.  The  number  of  ceraran  setae  varies  from  two  to 
twenty,  the  largest  number  so  far  observed.  If  there  is  a  vari- 
ation in  number  between  the  various  cerari,  there  is  likely  to  be  a 
larger  number  in  the  first  six  cerari  or  in  the  anal  cerari.  The 
cerari  are  sometimes  obscure  in  the  adult  female,  probably  due  to 
the  swelling  of  the  body  by  the  eggs,  but  are  generally  very  dis- 
tinct in  the  half  grown  nymphs.  In  certain  genera,  as  Antonia, 
the  cerari  are  wanting ;  are  represented  by  only  a  few  in  others,  as 
Trionymus,  where  only  the  anal  cerari  are  present  in  some  species, 
while  others  may  have  four  pairs;  or  there  may  be  a  considerable 
number  of  pairs  as  in  many  species  of  Pseudococcus.  The  number 
varies  from  a  single  pair  to  as  many  as  twenty-four  pairs  in 
Macrocerococcus  as  figured  by  Leonardi. 

Marchal  and  Ferris  have  described  some  minute  cylinders 
which  are  connected  with  the  external  cuticle  of  the  body-wall. 
Each  is  represented  as  having  one  side  of  the  distal  end  continued 
as  a  much  smaller  cylinder.  These  cuticular  cylinders  are  con- 
sidered as  the  outlets  of  wax  cells,  which  are  circular  in  outline. 
The  number  in  destructor  seems  to  be  variable.  I  have  found 
them  more  often  along  the  margin  of  the  body  near  the  anal  lobes. 
Some  species  seem  to  show  them  in  considerable  number.  They 
are  regarded  as  ceratubae. 

The  ventral  aspect  of  the  abdomen  of  the  female  bears  the 
numerous  cerores  from  which  the  cottony  threads  of  wax  in  which 
the  female  conceals  herself  and  her  eggs.  These  cerores  are 
peculiar  to  the  adult  female,  are  typical  in  form,  and  like  the 
genacerores  do  not  appear  until  after  the  last  molt. 

Berlese  has  called  attention  to  the  presence  of  four  peculiar 
structures  located  on  the  dorsal  aspect  which  he  designates  as  the 
foveola  labiate.  There  is  two  of  them  on  the  head  and  two  in  the 
coria  between  the  sixth  and  seventh  abdominal  segments.  These 


SUBFAMILY   ERIOCOCCINAE  123 

structures  may  be  known  as  the  labiae,  those  on  the  head  as  the 
cephalabiae  and  those  on  the  abdomen  as  the  caudalabiae.  They 
are  also  known  as  the  eye-like  glands,  cicatrices,  fossette  ostioloform 
labiate,  and  dorsal  ostioles.  The  labiae  were  considered  by  Ber- 
lese  as  places  where  the  cuticle  had  been  invaginated  for  the 
attachment  of  muscles.  They  are  lip-like  structures.  The  sides 
or  infolded  surfaces  of  the  lips  or  labiae  bear  setae  and  cerores. 
The  caudalabiae  are  generally  longer  than  the  cephalabiae,  the 
latter  are  sometimes  greatly  reduced  and  wanting.  Between  the  lips 
of  the  labiae  there  appears  to  be  the  mouth  of  invaginated  pockets. 
There  can  frequently  'be  observed  on  living  specimens  a  small 
globule  of  a  clear  fluid  over  the  mouth  of  each  labia,  more 
frequently  the  caudalabiae  than  the  cephalabiae,  so  that  they  are 
probably  also  glandular  in  structure  as  suggested  by  Comstock. 
For,  as  he  suggested,  when  the  specimens  are  stroked  with  a  pencil 
or  dissecting  needle,  the  insect  will  hump  up  its  back  and  extrude 
a  globule  of  liquid.  The  insect  is  unable  to  repeat  this  operation 
until  the  pocket  is  again  filled  with  the  clear  fluid.  Specimens 
have  been  observed  to  extrude  globules  from  all  four  labiae  at  the 
same  time.  The  labiae  undoubtedly  have  a  glandular  function 
which  is  probably  of  later  origin  than  their  earlier  function,  a 
parademe  for  the  attachment  of  muscles.  Sulc,  who  has  made  a 
histological  study  of  these  structures,  believes  that  the  globules 
of  sticky  matter  rolled  in  wax  are  for  defensive  purposes.  When 
they  come  into  contact  with  antennae  or  palpi  of  the  enemy,  as  he 
states,  these  appendages  are  all  stuck  up  and  unserviceable  until 
they  have  been  cleaned.  This  fact  together  with  the  belief  that 
the  excretion  is  derived  from  the  fat  tissue,  has  led  Sulc  to  name 
these  structures  the  ' ' adiopugnatorische  organ." 

There  is  another  labia  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  abdomen 
between  the  second  and  third  segments,  the  ventralabia.  This  has 
not  been  observed  to  extrude  any  globules.  Sulc  has  also  made  a 
careful  study  of  this  structure.  He  considers  this  labia  as  entirely 
different  in  origin  and  structure  from  the  cephalabiae  and 
caudalabiae.  His  published  figures  support  his  contention  as  to 
their  structure.  He  considers,  I  believe  erroneously,  this  structure 
as  homologous  with  the  stink  glands  of  the  adult  heteropterous 
Hemiptera.  He  also  calls  attention  to  a  rudimentary  structure  in 
the  first  abdominal  segment  which  does  not  show  in  specimens 


124  THE   COCCIDAE 

cleared  in  caustic  potash.     The  ventralabia  is  not  an  invaginated 
pocket  like  the  other  labiae. 

The  ventral  aspect  of  the  head  frequently  bears  about  eight 
setae  located  between  and  caudad  of  the  articulation  of  the 
antennae.  These  setae  are  known  as  the  interantennal  setae. 
They  can  usually  be  identified  from  the  other  setae  of  this  region 
by  their  greater  size  and  the  regularity  of  their  arrangement. 

The  mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  spiracles  are  located  in 
the  transverse  furrows  marking  the  position  of  the  mesocoria  and 
metacoria.  They  appear  in  mounted  specimens  as  hour-glass- 
shaped  structures.  One  end  of  each  spiracle  is  smaller  than  the 
other,  is  located  in  the  cuticle  of  the  body-wall,  and  contains  a 
small  opening.  This  opening  is  the  spiracle.  The  round  plate  of 
cuticle  which  surrounds  the  spiracle  is  the  peritreme.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  hour-glass-shaped  or  funnel-shaped  structure  is  a 
modification  of  the  spiracular  trachea,  although  the  entire  structure 
is  generally  figured  and  described  as  a  spiracle.  The  flaring 
structure  or  modification  of  the  spiracular  trachea  is  a  cavera. 
The  abdominal  spiracles  are  always  wanting. 

The  claws,  while  generally  simple,  in  a  few  genera  bear  a 
single  tooth  near  the  middle  of  their  ventral  aspect.  This  is  the 
" denticle  of  the  face  of  the  claw"  of  Ferris.  There  is  also  some 
variation  in  the  number  and  form  of  the  digitules  borne  by  the 
claws. 

The  anal  ring  and  the  anal  ring  setae  are  typically  present 
in  the  adult  female.  When  absent,  they  are  present  in  the  nymphal 
stages  or  at  least  in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  normal  number 
of  anal  ring  setae  is  six  judging  from  the  large  number  of  genera 
that  have  this  number  and  also  from  the  fact  that  those  genera 
without,  with  less  than,  or  with  more  than  six  in  the  adult  female 
often  have  six  in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  number  varies 
from  two  to  fifty  or  more,  but  is  never  apparently  an  odd  number. 
The  anal  ring  setae  can  be  differentiated  as  the  cephalic,  median, 
and  caudal  when  there  are  only  six  present.  The  cephalic  anal 
ring  setae  are  those  on  the  cephalic  or  dorsal  portion  of  the  anal 
ring,  depending  upon  the  position  of  the  ring.  The  anal  ring  is 
usually  more  or  less  vertical  in  position,  but  may  be  dorsal,  as 
is  frequently  the  case  with  the  anus  in  the  coccids.  The  closed 
end  of  the  anal  ring  in  Pseudococcus  which  is  the  dorsal  side,  if 


SUBFAMILY     ERIOCOCCINAE  125 

the  ring  is  vertical,  is  considered  as  the  cephalic  end  and  the 
opposite  end  as  the  caudal.  The  anal  ring  bears  cerores,  which 
are  arranged  in  two  rows  in  Pseudococcus,  the  orbacerores,  and 
judging  from  their  staining  reaction  are  different  in  structure. 
The  outer  and  shorter  row  is  the  lateral  orbacerores,  the  inner  and 
mesal  row  is  the  mesal  orbacerores.  This  latter  is  frequently 
continuous  between  the  cephalic  anal  ring  setae.  Some  of  the 
cerores  of  the  mesal  row  in  this  genus  are  elongated  and  produce 
extensions  of  or  irregularities  in  the  membrane  surrounding  the 
anus.  These  cerores  may  be  known  as  the  dentacerores.  They 
were  called  denticulate  pores  by  Smith,  who  was  the  first  to  call 
attention  to  them.  The  number  of  dentacerores  on  each  side  of 
the  anal  ring  is  not  large,  so  far  as  observed  two  to  four.  It  is 
difficult  to  make  good  flat  preparations  showing  the  characteristic 
number  and  arrangement  of  the  orbacerores,  dentacerores,  and 
anal  ring  setae,  but  my  observations  lead  me  to  believe  that  some 
of  the  best  characters  for  the  differentiation  of  species  are  to  be 
found  in  these  structures.  The  importance  of  these  characters 
was  first  emphasized  by  P.  E.  Smith.  Flat  preparations  for  the 
study  of  these  structures  can  be  secured  only  by  dissecting  out 
the  anal  ring  and  mounting  it  separately.  The  anal  lobes  should 
be  removed  and  the  dissecting  should  be  done  on  a  slide  after  the 
specimens  have  been  stained  and  cleared. 

There  are  in  certain  genera  four  prominent  setae  located 
caudad  or  ventrad  or  cephalad  of  the  caudal  end  of  the  anal  ring, 
depending  upon  whether  the  anal  ring  is  dorsal,  caudal  or  vertical, 
or  partially  ventral.  These  setae  are  known  as  the  cisanal  and 
obanal  setae.  They  mark  the  four  corners  of  a  quadrangular  area. 
The  two  setae  nearest  to  the  anal  ring  are  the  longest  and  are 
known  as  the  cisanal  setae.  These  are  the  cephalic  postanal  setae 
of  Smith.  The  two  setae  farthest  from  the  anal  ring  are  generally 
smaller  than  the  cisanal  setae  and  are  frequently  located  farther 
apart.  They  are  obanal  setae,  the  caudal  postanal  setae  of  Smith. 

The  species  of  this  subfamily  are  frequently  based  upon  the 
comparative  length  of  the  antennal  segments.  Kellogg  and  Bell 
and  later  P.  E.  Smith  made  careful  studies  and  measurements  of 
antennae  of  specimens  of  unquestioned  identity  and  showed  that 
characters  of  this  sort  were  worthless  for  the  separation  of  species. 
Their  studies  went  to  show  that  there  was  enough  variation  in  the 
length  of  the  segments  of  the  two  antennae  of  the  same  individual 


126  THE   COCCIDAE 

to  make  different  species  of  them.  While  Smith  has  shown  of  how 
little  value  most  of  the  comparative  characters  used  in  separating 
species  are,  he  has  called  attention  to  the  use  of  several  new  struc- 
tural characters,  as  the  cephalabiae  and  caudalabiae  which  were 
first  figured  by  Berlese,  the  cerari  and  the  number  of  conical  setae 
contained  in  each  which  had  been  previously  used  by  Marchal 
unbeknown  to  Smith,  the  cisanal  and  obanal  setae,  the  cerores  of 
the  anal  ring  and  their  arrangement  in  rows,  the  difference  in  the 
form  and  extent  of  the  two  rows,  and  the  dentacerores  of  the  mesal 
row.  It  has  also  been  noted  by  Matheson  that  in  the  case  of 
Pseudococcus  citri  that  there  is  a  great  variation  in  the  size  of 
the  adult  females  when  they  commence  laying  their  eggs,  as  he 
states,  "often  what  I,  judging  from  the  size  only,  considered  were 
nymphs  in  the  third  stage  would  prove  to  be  mature  females  and 
commence  egg  laying."  This  is  undoubtedly  true  of  many  if  not 
most  other  species  of  coccids. 

The  subfamily  Eriococcinae  includes  two  groups  of  genera 
which  are  easily  distinguished  in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  In  one 
group  the  dorsum  bears  rows  of  blunt  conical  setae  and  in  the 
other  the  dorsum  bears  fine  pointed  setae.  This  latter  group 
clearly  includes  the  generalized  genera  and  has  been  designated 
as  a  tribe  by  Cockerell  under  the  name  Dactylopiini.  The  group 
with  the  rows  of  blunt  dorsal  setae  is  clearly  the  specialized  end 
of  the  series,  genera  in  which  the  ordinary  pointed  setae  have 
become  changed  in  form  and  acquired  a  symmetrical  arrangement 
and  have  been  designated  as  a  tribe  by  the  same  author  under  the 
name  of  Ericoccini.  Whether  these  two  groups  of  genera  repre- 
sent distinct  subfamilies  as  the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  setae 
of  the  body  might  suggest,  is  not  clear.  Our  knowledge  of  the 
anatomy  of  the  adult  female  is  very  imperfect.  What  is  needed 
in  this  subfamily  is  not  the  description  of  more  new  species  and 
genera,  but  a  careful  study  of  the  anatomy  of  the  described  forms 
and  an  extended  search  for  additional  characters  upon  which  their 
classification  and  their  phylogeny  can  be  based. 

The  following  table  to  the  genera  is  based  in  great  part  upon 
descriptions  and  is  faulty  not  only  in  construction  but  undoubtedly 
in  the  characters  used.  Where  a  difference  in  number  of  antennal 
segments  is  shown,  specimens  should  be  traced  through  both  sides 
of  the  table.  I  have  egg  laying  females  of  what  I  believe  are 
undoubtedly  species  of  Phenacoccus  with  less  than  nine  segments 


SUBFAMILY     ERIOCOCCIKAE  127 

in  the  antennae.  It  is  hoped  that  it  will  save  at  least  the  repeated 
reading  of  a  large  number  of  descriptions.  The  arrangement  of 
the  genera  placed  after  the  table  is  that  of  the  table.  It  is  not 
intended  to  show  anything  as  to  the  relationship  of  the  genera. 

GENERA   OF  ERIOCOCCINAE 

a.     Thorax  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  normal  legs, 
b.     Insects  not  producing  or  living  in  galls  upon  plants. 

c.    Anal  ring  bearing  six  anal  ring  setae  in  at  least  some  stage  of 

development   of   insect, 
d.    Anal  ring  bearing  six  anal  ring  setae  in  all  stages,  nymphs 

and  adult. 

e.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  nine  segments. 
f.    Antennae  consisting  of  eight  segments. 

g.    Body    of    insect    oval    in    outline,    subdepressed,    en- 
closed in  cottony  wax  but  not  in  cottony  sac  of  wax; 
body  not  bearing  numerous  short  conical  setae, 
h.    Body    with    lateral    margins    not    produced    into 
series  of  blunt  tubercles,  each  bearing  cerarus. 
i.    Adult  female  with  lateral  margins  of  body  con- 
vex, body  about  twice  as  long  as  wide;  nymphs 
of   male   with   antennae   consisting   of   six   seg- 
ments;   abdomen  with  labiae  and   usually  with 

more  than  four  pairs  of  cerari. 

Pseudococcus  Westw. 

ii.    Adult    female    with    lateral    margins    of    body 

straight  and   subparallel,  about   three   times  as 

long  as   wide;    nymphs  of  male  with  antennae 

consisting    of    eight    segments;    abdomen    with 

labiae  and  never  with  more  than  four  pairs  of 

cerari;     antennae    of    adult    female    sometimes 

consisting  of  seven  segments.  Trionymus  Berg. 

hh.     Body   with   lateral   margins   produced    into   series 

of     prominent     blunt     tubercles,     each     bearing 

cerarus;     cephalabiae     and     caudalabiae     present. 

Tylococcus  Newst. 

gg.  Body  of  insect  circular  in  outline,  globular  or  sub- 
globular,  without  lateral  cottony  tufts  and  enclosed 
wholly  or  in  part  in  cottony  sac  of  wax;  body  bear- 
ing short  conical  setae  and  with  only  anal  cerari 

present.    Erium   Maskell. 

ff.    Antennae  consisting  of  less  than  eight  segments. 

g.    Adult    female    not    enclosed    in    shining   black    scale 
with  caudal  orifice. 

h.    Anal   lobes    not    strongly    chitinized    with    blunt 
spine-like   projections   at   distal   end. 


128  THE    COCCIDAE 


1.    Cuticle  of  adult  female  not  with  numerous  con- 
ical setae  that  are  as  broad  as  long. 
J.    Body  not  circular  in  outline;   legs  not  great- 
ly swollen  and  enlarged. 

k.  Anal  ring  retracted  and  surrounded  by  Ir- 
regular outer  chitinous  ring  or  plate  which 
supports  on  each  side  prominent  tubercle 
bearing  several  stout  setae;  antenna  of 
adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments. 
Lefroyia  Green. 

kk.  Anal  ring  not  retracted  and  surrounded  by 
outer  chitinous  ring  supporting  tubercles 
with  prominent  setae;  antennae  of  adult  fe- 
male usually  with  less  than  seven  seg- 
ments. 
1.  Antennae  of  adult  female  always  with 

more  than  three  segments. 
m.    Distance  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  head 
between  antacoriae  distinctly  less  than 
length   of   two   proximal   segments   of 
antennae. 

n.  Antennae  of  the  adult  female  with 
five  or  six  segments,  not  genicul- 
ate;  distal  segment  nearly  as  long 

as  other  segments  together 

Ripersiella  Ckll. 
nn.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  five 

segments;    antennae    geniculate 

Rhizoecus  Kunck. 

mm.  Distance  on  ventral  aspect  of  head 
between  antacoriae  equal  to  or  great- 
er than  length  of  two  proximal  seg- 
ments of  antennae. 

n.  Cephalic  pair  of  anal  ring  setae  of 
adult  female  nearer  together  or  at 
most  only  slightly  farther  apart 
than  caudal  pair;  cuticle  of  female 
nymphs  not  provided  with  rows  of 
blunt  setae. 

o.  Antennae  of  adult  female  with 
six  segments,  rarely  five  or  seven; 
cerari  wanting  or  only  anal 
cerari  present;  ceraran  setae  seti- 

form,  not  conical. 

Riper sia  Sign. 

oo.    Antennae    of    adult    female    with 

six    segments;     anal     cerari    only 

present;    ceraran    setae    setiform. 

Cryptoripersia  Ckll. 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  129 

nn.  Cephalic  pair  of  anal  ring  setae  of 
adult  female  twice  as  far  apart  as 
caudal  pair;  cuticle  of  female 
nymphs  provided  with  rows  of 
blunt  setae;  antennae  of  adult  fe- 
male consisting  of  six  segments; 

body    without    labiae 

FonscolomMa  Fonsc. 

11.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of 
three  segments;  femora  with  distal  por- 
tion dilated;  tarsal  claws  large,  entire, 
scarcely  arcuate,  armed;  presence  of  six 

anal  ring  setae  not  certain 

Termitococcus   Silv. 

jj.  Body  circular  in  outline;  legs  short  and  stout, 
femora  greatly  swollen,  radiating  from  peri- 
phery of  the  body;  abdomen  shorter  than  dis- 
tance between  two  caudal  pairs  of  legs;  an- 
tennae of  adult  female  consisting  of  six  seg- 
ments.   Pseudoripersia  Ckll. 

ii.    Cuticle  of  adult  female  with  numerous  conical 
setae   that   are   about    as   broad    as   long;    anal 
ring  crescentic  in  outline  with  anal  ring  setae 
located   on   convex  side;    antennae   of  adult  fe- 
male with  seven  segments.  Gymnococcus  Dougl. 
hh.    Anal   lobes   strongly   chitinized   with   blunt   spine- 
like  projection  at  distal  end,  making  them  appear 
segmented;   anal  ring  circular;   antennae  of  adult 
female  with  six  segments;   cuticle  with  conspicu- 
ous   irregularly    arranged    cerores    in    groups    of 

three.   Geococcus    Green. 

gg.  Adult  female  enclosed  in  shining  black  scale  with 
caudal  orifice;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of 

six  segments;  anal  lobes  not  much  produced 

Porococcus  Ckll. 
Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  nine  segments. 

f.  Body  of  adult  female  covered  with  mealy  or  granular 
wax,  wax  frequently  forming  pencils  but  never  fused  to 
form  plates  or  lamellae. 

g.  Abdomen  with  glistening  discs  on  ventral  aspect  of 
first  three  abdominal  segments,  probably  marking 
position  of  labiae.  Coccura  Sulc. 

gg.  Abdomen  not  with  glistening  discs  on  ventral  aspect 
of  first  three  abdominal  segments,  even  if  with  ven- 
tralabiae,  not  with  them  on  first  three  abdominal  seg- 
ments. 

h.    Adult  female  with  simple  claws,  not  toothed. 

i.    Body  with  twenty-four  pairs  of  cerari  and  six 


130  THE   COCCIDAE 

dorsal    longitudinal    rows    of    cerari-like    struc- 
tures.     Macrocerococcus   Leon. 

ii.  Body  with  fourteen  pairs  of  cerari  and  with- 
out dorsal  longitudinal  rows  of  cerari-like  struc- 
tures.   Macrocepicoccus  Morr. 

hh.  Adult  female  with  claws  distinctly  toothed;  body 
at  most  only  rarely  with  more  than  eighteen  pairs 
of  cerari. 

i.  Adult  female  provided  with  large  cerores  sur- 
rounded by  three  short  spine-like  setae,  cerores 
opening  in  short  processes  which  are  arranged 
in  longitudinal  rows;  each  ceroris  excreting  a 

long  glassy  thread  of  wax Heliococcus  Sulc. 

ii.    Adult   female   not  provided  with   large   cerores 
surrounded  by  three  spine-like  setae  opening  in 
projections  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows, 
j.    Adult  female  with  tricerores  and  round  ceror- 
es;   antennae    of   adult    female    consisting    of 
eight   or   nine   segments,   usually   nine;    body 

usually  with  eighteen  pairs  of  cerores 

Phenacoccus  Ckll. 

jj.    Adult   female   with   round   cerores   only;    an- 
tennae of  adult  female  consisting  of  nine  seg- 
ments;  body  with  only  two  pairs  of  cerores, 
these  located  at  the  caudal  end  of  abdomen.— 
Heterococcus  Ferris. 

ff.  Body  of  adult  female  not  covered  with  mealy  or  granu- 
lar wax,  but  with  wax  fused  to  form  plates  or  lamellae; 
antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  nine  segments; 
claws  of  adult  female  with  tooth;  body  usually  with 

eighteen  pairs  of  cerari. Ceroputo  Sulc. 

dd.    Anal  ring  of  first  stage  nymphs  with  six  anal  ring  setae  and 
of  adult  female  with  more  or  less  than  six  anal  ring  setae, 
e.    Anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  two  minute  anal  ring  setae. 

Ehrhornia  Ferris, 
ee.    Anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  twenty-four  to  thirty  anal 

ring  setae. Trabutina  Marchal. 

cc.    Anal  ring  bearing  eight  or  more  anal  ring  setae, 
d.    Anal  ring  bearing  eight  anal  ring  setae. 

e.    Antennae    of    adult    female    with    nine    segments;    tarsal 
claws  with  tooth  at  middle;  body  of  first  stage  nymphs  not 

with  row  of  blunt  dorsal  setae. Puto  Sign. 

ee.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  nine  segments; 

tarsal   claws   simple,  not  with   tooth;    body  of  first   stage 

nymphs  with  rows  of  blunt  dorsal  tubercles. 

f.    Body  of  adult  female  naked;  antennae  of  adult  female 

consisting  of  seven  segments. Rhizococcus  Sign. 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  131 

ff.    Body  of  adult  female  not  naked,  covered  at  least  in  part 
by  wax. 

g.  Body  of  adult  female  uniformly  covered  with  mealy 
or  granular  wax,  never  with  lateral  tufts  of  cottony 
lamellae-like  wax;  antennae  of  adult  female  with  six 

or  seven  segments. Ericoccus  Targ. 

gg.  Body  of  adult  female  with  the  dorsal  aspect  naked, 
hut  lateral  aspects  with  prominent  erect  tufts  of  cot- 
tony wax  resembling  lamellae  or  plates;  antennae  of 

adult  female  with  six  segments. Gossyparia  Sign. 

dd.    Anal  ring  always  bearing  more  than  eight  anal  ring  setae, 
e.    Antennae  of  adult   female   consisting  of   seven   segments; 
anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  twenty  to  twenty-four  anal 

ring  setae.   Lachnodius  Mask. 

ee.    Antennae  of  adult  female  always  with  less  than  seven  seg- 
ments. 

f.    Antennae  of   adult   female   consisting   of   six   segments; 
anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  fifty  or  more  anal  ring 

setae.  Lachnodiella  Hemp. 

ff.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  three  segments; 
anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  twelve  anal  ring  setae. 

Micrococcus  Leon, 
bb.     Insects  producing  or  living  in  galls  upon  plants. 

c.    Antennae  and  legs  normal  in  size  and  form,  not  rudimentary, 
d.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments;  anal 
ring  of  adult  female  with  anal  ring  setae;  galls  subglobular 

swellings  at  the  base  of  leaf Atriplicia  Ckll.  &  Rohw. 

dd.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  six  segments;   anal 
ring  of  adult  female  without  anal  ring  setae;  galls  formed  on 

both  sides  of  leaf;  anus  guarded  by  four  sharp  setae 

Tectococcus  Hempel. 

cc.    Antennae  and  legs  rudimentary;   antennae  of  nymphs  of  first 
stage  consisting  of  six  segments;    anal  ring  with   long  setae; 

galls  cup-shaped  and  growing  upon  branches 

Cissococcus  Ckll. 

i.    Thorax  of  adult  female  not  with  three  pairs  of  normal  legs,  some  or 
all  of  them  greatly  reduced  or  wanting, 
b.    Anal  ring  of  adult  female  always  with  anal  ring  setae. 

c.    Anal  ring  of  adult   female   and   of  first   stage   nymph   always 

with  six  or  less  anal  ring  setae. 

d.    Anal  ring  of  adult  female  and  first  stage  nymph  with  six 
anal  ring  setae. 

e.    Abdomen   never   with    ventral   cribiform   plate    caudad    of 
each  metaspiracle. 

f.    Nymphs  of  first  stage  not  with  rows  of  dorsal   setae; 
adult  female  with   stub-like  vestigial  antennae,   usually 


132  THE  COCCIDAE 

consisting  of  three  segments  and  without  legs;  rostrum 
not  located  on  prominent  protuberance. 
g.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  sometimes  with  the  caudal 
end  more  or  less  invaginated,  forming  anal  tube  with 
anal  ring  with  six  large  anal  ring  setae;   first  stage 
nymph  with  antennae  consisting  of  six  segments  and 
anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae. 

h.    Adult   female   and   first   nymphal   stage   with   cau- 
dalabiae;   adult  female  enclosed  in  tough  cottony 

ovisac  from  which  projects  small  tube  of  wax 

Antonio,   Sign. 

hh.  Adult  female  without  caudalabiae  and  first  nym- 
phal stage  with  cephalabiae  and  caudalabiae;  last 
nymphal  stage  of  female  with  legs;  adult  female 
enclosed  between  small  scales,  clothing  base  of 

long  pointed  gall Sphaerococcus  Mask. 

gg.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  caudal  end  not  invagi- 
nated to  form  anal  tube;  anal  ring  with  six  small 
anal  ring  setae;  first  stage  nymph  with  antennae 
consisting  of  six  segments  and  with  anal  ring  with 
six  slender  anal  ring  setae;  body  apparently  without 
cephalabiae  and  caudalabiae;  adult  female  enclosed 

under  sheathing  base  of  host  plant 

Paludicoccus  Ferris. 

ff.  Nymphs  of  first  stage  with  rows  of  dorsal  setae;  adult 
female  with  antennae  rudimentary,  consisting  of  three 
segments,  and  without  legs;  rostrum  borne  by  promi- 
nent cephalic  prolongation;  antennae  of  first  stage 

nymph  consisting  of  six  segments Nidularia  Targ. 

ee.  Abdomen  with  circular  cribiform  plate  on  ventral  aspect 
caudad  of  each  metaspiracle;  antennae  of  adult  female 
consisting  of  one  segment  and  of  first  stage  nymph  consist- 
ing of  three  segments;  adult  female  without  legs 

Kuwanina  Ckll. 

dd.  Anal  ring  of  adult  female  and  of  first  stage  nymph  with  four 
short  spine-like  setae;  antennae  of  adult  female  vestigial, 
consisting  of  about  four  segments;  metathoracic  legs  vesti- 
gial, others  wanting;  antennae  of  first  stage  nymph  consist- 
ing of  five  segments;  body  without  labiae. 

Cryptococcus  Dougl. 

cc.  Anal  ring  of  adult  female  and  of  first  stage  nymph  with  seven- 
teen anal  ring  setae;  abdomen  with  prominent  tubercle  caudad 
of  each  metaspiracle;  antennae  and  legs  of  adult  female  want- 
ing; nymphs  of  first  stage  with  antennae  consisting  of  seven 

segments.    Kermicus   Newst. 

bb.  Anal  ring  of  adult  female  described  as  without  anal  ring  setae; 
antennae  of  adult  female  vestigial,  segmentation  difficult  to  iden- 
tify, about  three  segments,  legs  always  wanting;  antennae  of  first 
nymphal  stage  consisting  of  six  segments,  anal  tubercles  small 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  133 

and   inconspicuous;   anal  ring   of  female   nymphs   with,  six   anal 
ring  setae.  Chaetococcus  Mask. 

Pseudococcus  Westw. — This  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  subfamily. 
Over  one-half  of  the  described  species,  one  hundred  or  more,  have  been 
reported  from  America.  The  species  are  as  a  rule  very  poorly  differenti- 
ated and  difficult  to  identify.  The  most  of  them  have  been  based  upon 
the  comparative  length  of  the  antennal  segments,  characters  which  have 
been  shown  several  times  to  be  absolutely  worthless.  The  only  published 
study  of  a  considerable  number  of  species  of  any  value  is  that  of  Ferris. 
He  has  made  use  of  the  cerari,  characters  first  noted  by  Marchal  and 
Smith  independently.  It  is  unfortunate  that  Ferris  did  not  make  use 
of  the  cerores  of  the  anal  ring  and  the  setae  associated  with  them. 
Credit  is  due  Smith  for  the  accuracy  of  his  observations  on  the  anal 
ring  as  all  his  work  was  based  upon  unstained  specimens.  The  follow- 
ing table,  although  differently  arranged,  is  based  upon  the  work  of  Ferris, 
supplemented  where  possible  by  that  of  Smith.  There  are  the  following 
American  species  not  included  in  the  table: — aphylonis  Ckll.  from  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  on  Aphyllon;  azaleae  Tins,  from  California  on  Azalea; 
brevipes  Ckll.  from  Jamaica  on  pineapple;  bromeliae  Bouche  from  India, 
South  Africa,  Zanzibar,  South  America,  Massachusetts  on  Mulberry, 
Canna,  Hibiscum,  pineapple;  claviger  King  &  Tins,  from  Massachusetts 
from  the  nests  of  Lasius;  cockerelli  King  &  Tins,  from  Massachusetts 
from  nests  of  ants;  cualatensis  Ckll.  from  Mexico;  dasylirii  Ckll.  from 
New  Mexico  on  Dasylirion;  filamentosus  Ckll.  from  South  Caicos  Island, 
Jamaica,  Mauritius,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Japan;  formicarii  Ehrh.  from 
Arizona  on  roots  of  Artemesia;  grandis  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae; 
hymenocleae  Ckll.  from  Arizona  on  Hymenoclea;  iceryoides  Mask,  from 
New  Zealand,  Australia,  California  on  Fagus;  ledi  Ckll.  from  New  York 
on  Ledum;  liliacearum  Bouche  from  South  America  on  Liliaceae;  mag- 
nolicida  King  from  Brazil;  mamillariae  Bouche  from  France,  Central 
America  on  Mamillaria,  Cactus;  mendozinus  Leon,  from  Argentina  on 
Hyalis;  missionum  Ckll.  from  Argentina;  neomexicanus  Tins,  from  New 
Mexico  on  Gutierrezia;  olivaceus  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Yucca;  pseudoni- 
piae  Ckll.  from  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  California,  Mexico  on  Cocoa- 
nut-palm;  percerorsus  Leon,  from  Argentina  on  Gourliea;  phoradendri 
Ckll.  from  Arizona  in  hollow  stems  of  Phoradendron  attended  by 
Cremastogaster ;  quaintancii  Tins,  from  Florida  on  Rhus;  roseotinctus 
T.  &  W.  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  roots  of  grass;  sacchari  Ckll.  from 
Trinidad,  Barbadoes,  Porto  Rico,  Mauritius,  Mexico  on  Sugar-cane; 
secretus  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Solenaceae;  segregatus  Ckll.  from  Jamaica 
on  grass;  setosus  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Ficus;  simplex  Ckll.  from  Ja- 
maica on  Pancratum,  "Liliaceous  plants;"  solani  Ckll.  from  New  Mex- 
ico on  potato;  subterraneus  Hemp,  from  Argentina  on  roots  of  grape; 
texensis  Tins,  from  Texas  on  Acacia;  townsendi  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico; 
tuliparum  Bouche  from  South  America;  virgatus  Ckll.  from  Jamaica, 
Mexico,  Texas,  Mauritius,  Hawaiian  Islands  on  Acalypha,  violets,  cotton, 
cocoanut-palm,  cactus;  and  wheeleri  King  from  Texas  from  nests  of 
Campanotus. 


134  THE  COCCIDAE 

SPECIES  OF  PSEUDOCOCCUS 

a.    Anal  cerari  with  ten  or  more  ceraran  setae. 

b.  Body  with  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari,  anal  cerari  with  fifteen  to 
twenty  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  three  to  six  ceraran  setae; 
anal  ring  with  single  dentaceroris  on  each  side;  cisanal  setae 
adjacent  to  anal  ring,  distance  between  them  subequal  to  distance 
between  obanal  setae. — California  on  Ramona,  Artemisia,  Quercus, 

Pasania,  Adenostoma.  crawii  Coq. 

bb.  Body  with  not  more  than  eleven  pairs  of  cerari,  anal  cerari  with 
fifteen  to  twenty  ceraran  setae,  first  pair  of  cerari  cephalad  of  anal 
cerari  with  six  to  ten  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two  to  four 

ceraran  setae. — California  on  Ephedra. ephedrae  Coq. 

aa.    Anal  cerari  never  with  more  than  two  ceraran  setae. 

b.  Cerari  other  than  anal  cerari  never  with  more  than  two  ceraran 
setae. 

c.  Body  always  with  eighteen  pairs  of  cerari;  ceraran  setae  us- 
ually two  in  number,  rarely  with  one  or  two  of  cephalic  cerari 
with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae. — Eastern  United  States  on 

Coleus,  ferns,  various  greenhouse  plants. destructor  Comst. 

cc.    Body  always  with  less  than  eighteen  cerari. 

d.    Body  always  with  at  least  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari. 

e.  Anal  cerari  never  placed  on  well  defined  chitinized  area, 
f.  Ceraran  setae  of  usual  conical  form,  never  with  distal 
portion  of  shaft  or  with  distal  portion  of  shaft  of  dorsal 
setae  flagelliform;  cerari  without  auxiliary  setae, 
ccraran  setae  large;  dorsal  setae  small  and  scattered; 
anal  ring  setae  shorter  than  anal  setae;  anal  ring  with 
two  dentacerores  on  each  side;  the  cisanal  setae  dis- 
tinctly closer  together  than  obanal  setae. — Europe, 
United  States,  Jamaica,  Brazil,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mauri- 
tius on  orange,  lemon,  coffee,  tobacco,  ivy,  peony,  coleus, 

and  many  other  plants. citri  Risso. 

ff.  Ceraran  seate  with  distal  portion  of  shaft  flagelliform; 
dorsal  setae  numerous,  elongate,  with  dorsal  portion 
more  or  less  flagelliform;  cerari  without  auxiliary 
setae;  anal  setae  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 
as  anal  ring  setae. — Japan,  California,  New  Jersey  on 

Krauhnia.    krauhniae   Kwn. 

ee.  Anal  cerari  always  placed  on  well  chitinized  area;  ceraran 
setae  not  with  distal  portion  flagelliform;  dorsal  setae 
numerous,  long;  anal  cerari  and  adjacent  one  or  two  pairs 
of  lateral  cerari  with  auxiliary  setae,  other  cerari  without; 
anal  setae  and  anal  ring  setae  subequal. — California  on 

Distichlis.    timberlakei    Ckll. 

dd.    Body  always  with  less  than  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari. 

e.  Body  with  twelve  to  fifteen  pairs  of  cerari;  ceraran  setae 
short  and  stout,  those  of  lateral  cerari  distant,  more  dis- 
tant than  those  of  anal  cerari;  auxiliary  setae  wanting, 


SUBFAMILY     ERIOCOCCINAE  135 

also  groups  of  tricerores;  anal  setae  slightly  shorter  than 
anal  ring  setae.  This  statement  of  characters  is  based 
upon  the  work  of  Ferris.  One  of  my  students  who  has 
examined  specimens  of  nipae  and  what  we  believe  to  be 
pseudonipae  has  found  characters  showing  these  two  spe- 
cies to  be  not  only  well  but  easily  differentiated  species. — 
British  Guiana,  Mexico,  Massachusetts,  Indiana,  Michigan, 

California  on  Nipa,  palms nipa  Mask. 

ee.  Body  with  five  to  six  pairs  of  cerari  present  on  five  or  six 
caudal  segments;  anal  cerari  on  indefinite  chitinized  area 
bearing  two  or  three  slender  auxiliary  setae  and  few  tri- 
cerores; dorsal  setae  small  and  few  in  number;  anal  setae 
subequal  to  anal  ring  setae. — Australia,  New  Zealand, 

Natal,  California  on  Araucaria,  Dammara 

aurilanatus  Mask. 

bb.    Cerari  other  than  the  anal  cerari,  at  least  cephalic  pair,  always 
with  more  than  two  ceraran  setae. 

c.  Body  always  with  more  than  twelve  pairs  of  cerari. 
d.  Body  with  cephalic  six  or  seven  pairs  of  cerari  with  each 
cerarus  with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae;  body  with  seven- 
teen pairs  of  cerari;  lateral  cerari  with  three  or  four  auxil- 
iary setae;  anal  cerari  borne  on  chitinized  plate;  dorsal  setae 
numerous  and  rather  long;  anal  setae  equal  to  or  slightly 
longer  than  anal  ring  setae. — Japan,  New  York,  California  on 

Mulberry,   maple,    Pinus.    comstocki   Kwn. 

dd.    Body  with  the  cephalic  three  or  four  pairs  and  sixth  pair  of 
cerari  with  each  cerarus  with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae, 
e.    Anal  cerari  not  borne  by  distinct  more  strongly  chitinized 
area, 
f.    Cerari  without  auxiliary  setae. 

g.    Anal  cerari  with  tricerores  numerous,  twenty-five  or 

more,  immediately  about  their  ceraran  setae. 

h.    Body   with    fifteen    to    seventeen    pairs    of   cerari, 

cephalic  two   or   three   pairs   of   cerari   with  each 

cerarus    with    three    ceraran    setae,    other    cerari 

with  two;    tricerores  about  six   in   number  about 

lateral   cerari,   but   few  on  body;    anal   setae  and 

anal   ring   setae   subequal. — California   on   Cupres- 

sus,  Thuja,  Libocedrus,  Sequoia ryani  Coq. 

hh.  Body  with  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari,  cephalic 
four  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus  with  three 
or  four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two;  tri- 
cerores about  twelve  to  fifteen  on  cephalic  and 
caudal  cerari,  always  more  than  six,  fairly  nu- 
merous on  the  body;  anal  setae  two-thirds  length 
of  anal  ring  setae,  latter  distinctly  longer  than 
diameter  of  anal  ring;  ventral  surface  of  anal 
lobes  chitinized. — Illinois,  Massachusetts  on  sor- 
ghum, corn,  nests  of  L,a.sius.—sorghiellus  Forbes. 


136  THE  COCCIDAE 

gg.    Anal  cerari  with  tricerores  always  few  in  number, 
twelve  or  less,  about  their  ceraran  setae. 

h.  Body  with  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari,  cephalic 
three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus 
with  three  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two; 
anal  lobes  with  three  or  four  slender  setae;  dorsal 
setae  few,  very  small;  anal  setae  somewhat 
shorter  than  anal  ring  setae. — California  on 

Sequoia,   Cupressus.   sequoiae   Coleman. 

hh.    Body  with  less  than  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari. 

i.  Body  with  sixteen  pairs  of  cerari,  cephalic 
three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus 
with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari 
with  two. 

j.  Ceraran  setae  of  cephalic  pair  of  head  cerari 
located  close  together,  less  than  their  own 
length  apart;  dorsal  setae  few,  small  and 
slender;  anal  ring  setae  scarcely  longer  than 
width  of  anal  ring  and  about  one-half  length 

of  anal  setae. — Arizona  on  Covillea 

irishi  Ckll. 

jj.  Ceraran  setae  of  cephalic  pair  of  head  cerari 
distant,  located  their  own  length  or  more 
apart;  dorsal  setae  few,  small,  and  slender; 
anal  ring  setae  scarcely  longer  than  width 
of  anal  ring  and  about  one-half  length  of  anal 

setae. — New   Mexico   on   Covillea 

steelii  Ckll.  &  Towns. 

ii.  Body  with  fifteen  pairs  of  cerari,  cephalic  two 
or  three  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus  with 
four  or  five  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with 
two;  ceraran  setae  small  and  widely  separated; 
dorsal  setae  few,  extremely  few  and  slender; 
anal  ring  setae  somewhat  longer  than  width  of 
anal  ring  and  subequal  in  length  to  anal  setae. 

— Arizona  on  Juniperus juniperi  Ehrh. 

ff.    Cerari  with  auxiliary  setae. 

g.  Anal  cerari  with  tricerores  always  few  in  number, 
not  forming  crowded  area  about  their  ceraran  setae; 
body  with  fifteen  to  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari,  typi- 
cally seventeen;  cephalic  three  or  four  pairs  of 
cerari  with  each  cerarus  with  three  conical  setae; 
other  cerari  with  two;  all  cerari  with  prominent 
auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  numerous  and  usually 
long;  anal  setae  and  anal  ring  setae  subequal. — Cali- 
fornia on  Castillea,  Oribanche,  Armeria 

longisetosna  Ferris. 

gg.    Anal  cerari  with  numerous  tricerores   crowded   into 
a  circular  area  about  the  ceraran  setae;   body  with 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  137 

seventeen  pairs  of  cerari;  cephalic  two  or  three  and 
sixth  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus  with  three  or 
four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two;  all  cerari 
with  numerous  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  few  and 
slender;  anal  setae  shorter  and  more  slender  than 
anal  ring  setae;  anal  ring  with  single  dentaceroris 
on  each  side;  mesal  orbacerores  forming  irregular 
double  row  between  cephalic  anal  ring  setae;  cisanal 
setae  farther  apart  than  obanal  setae. — California, 
Oregon,  Missouri,  New  York  on  tomato,  carnation, 
passion  flower,  maple,  clover,  cherry,  Eriogonum, 

Quercus,  Magnolia,  Crataegus,  Pinus 

maritimus  Ehrh. 

ee.  Anal  cerari  borne  by  distinct  more  strongly  chitinized  area, 
f.  Penultimate  pair  of  cerari  never  borne  on  more  strong- 
ly chitinized  areas;  body  with  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari, 
cephalic  three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus 
with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two; 
lateral  cerari  with  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  few 
and  slender;  anal  setae  and  anal  ring  setae  subequal; 
anal  ring  with  single  dentaceroris  on  each  side;  lateral 
orbacerores  forming  irregular  double  row  between  me- 
dian and  caudal  anal  ring  setae;  cisanal  setae  distant 
from  anal  ring  and  closer  together  than  obanal  setae. — 

California  on  Passania,  Quercus agrifoliae  Essig. 

ff.    Penultimate  pair  of  cerari  always  borne  on  more  strong- 
ly chitinized  areas. 

g.  Anal  cerari  with  their  tricerores  arranged  in  compact 
group  about  anal  ceraran  setae;  body  with  seventeen 
pairs  of  cerari;  cephalic  three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari 
with  each  cerarus  with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae, 
other  cerari  with  two;  all  cerari  with  auxiliary  setae; 
dorsal  setae  few  and  slender;  anal  setae  shorter  than 
anal  ring  setae;  anal  ring  with  two  or  three  denta- 
cerores  on  each  side;  cisanal  setae  adjacent  to  anal 
ring  and  farther  apart  than  obanal  setae. — Pseudo- 
coccus  longispinus  Targ. — United  States,  Jamaica, 
Chili,  Europe,  Mauritius,  New  Zealand  on  ferns, 
mango,  guava,  fig,  plum,  Citrus,  Croton,  Cycas,  Fla- 

courtia,    Nephrodium,    Stangeria adonidum   Linn. 

gg.  Anal  cerari  with  their  tricerores  scattered,  not  ar- 
ranged in  compact  group  about  anal  ceraran  setae; 
body  with  seventeen  pairs  of  cerari;  cephalic  three 
or  four  pairs  of  cerari  with  each  cerarus  with  three 
ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two;  dorsal  setae 
few  and  scattered;  lateral  cerari  with  auxiliary 
setae;  anal  setae  and  anal  ring  setae  subequal. — Cal- 
ifornia on  Citrus,  Azalea,  Rubus,  Hedera,  Flcug, 


138  THE  coccroAE 

Malva,     Brassica,     Solanum,     Shinus,     Chenopodium, 

Rheum,  Rosa,  Melilotus,  Helianthus,  Juglans,  etc 

citrophilus  Claussen. 

cc.    Body  always  with  less  than  twelve  pairs  of  cerari. 
d.    Body  with  eleven  pairs  of  cerari. 

e.  Cerari  arranged  as  follows:  pair  cephalad  of  eyes,  pair 
near  eyes,  pair  opposite  prothoracic  legs,  pair  opposite 
mesothoracic  spiracles,  and  seven  pairs  on  abdomen,  ce- 
phalic and  thoracic  pairs  sometimes  wanting;  each  cerarus 
usually  with  two  ceraran  setae;  anal  setae  and  anal  ring 

setae  subequal. — California  on  Cupressus 

cupressicolus  Ferris. 

ee.  Cerari  arranged  as  follows:  four  pairs  on  head  and  seven 
pairs  on  abdomen;  two  cephalic  pairs  of  cerari  with  each 
cerarus  with  three  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two; 
auxiliary  setae  associated  with  ultimate  and  penultimate 
pairs  of  cerari  only;  dorsal  setae  few  and  small;  anal  ring 
slightly  chitinized;  anal  setae  about  one-half  length  of 

anal  ring  setae.— California  on  Distichlis scainus  Ckll. 

dd.    Body  always  with  less  than  eleven  pairs  of  cerari. 

e.  Body  with  eight  or  nine  pairs  of  cerari  counting  cephalad 
from  anal  cerari  and  usually  with  pair  cephalad  of  eyes; 
cephalic  pair  on  head  with  several  ceraran  setae,  other 
cerari  with  two;  anal  cerari  with  auxiliary  setae,  lateral 
cerari  without;  dorsal  setae  numerous,  slender;  anal  setae 
about  twice  as  long  as  anal  ring  setae. — California  on 
Eriogonum,  Viola,  Stachys,  Eriodictyon,  Ceanothus,  Erig- 

eron.    eriogoni    Ehrh. 

ee.    Body  with  ten  pairs  of  cerari. 

f.  Anal  ring  setae  about  equal  in  length  to  anal  setae  and 
about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  width  of  anal 
ring;  head  with  only  ocular  cerari,  which  contain  three 
or  four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two;  auxiliary 
setae  present  only  among  the  anal  cerari;  dorsal  setae 
few  and  small. — New  Mexico,  Utah,  California  on 

Gutierrezia.    gutierreziae    Ckll. 

ff.  Anal  ring  setae  somewhat  shorter  than  anal  setae;  anal 
setae  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  width  of 
anal  ring;  head  with  only  ocular  cerari,  which  contain 
three  or  four  ceraran  setae,  other  cerari  with  two;  anal 
cerari  only  with  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  small  and 

few  in  number. — New  Mexico,  Arizona  on  Prosopis 

prosopidis  Ckll. 

Trionymus  Berg. — This  genus  contains  only  two  species  according 
to  Fernald's  Catalogue,  perrisii  Sign,  from  France,  the  type,  and  a  second 
species,  americanus  Ckll.  from  the  District  of  Columbia.  Ferris  has  pre- 
pared a  synopsis  of  the  Californian  species.  It  is  possible  that  several 
of  the  species  now  referred  to  Pseudococcus  belong  here.  The  follow- 
ing table  is  based  upon  the  work  of  Ferris: — 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCIXAE  139 

SPECIES  OF  TRIONYMUS 
a.    Body  never  with  more  than  single  pair  of  cerari,  anal  cerari. 

b.  Anal  cerari  with  their  ceraran  setae  elongate  and  longer  than 
dorsal  setae,  never  short  and  conical;  antennae  of  adult  female 
consisting  of  seven  segments;  anal  cerari  with  two  or  three  auxil- 
iary setae;  anal  ring  not  strongly  chitinized;  anal  setae  slightly 

shorter  than  anal  ring  setae. — California  on  Distichlis 

distichlii  Ferris. 

bb.    Anal  cerari  with  their  cereran  setae  short  and  conical,  usually 
shorter  than  body  setae. 

c.  Anal  cerari  with  numerous  tricerores  grouped  about  their 
ceraran  setae,  distance  between  them  subequal  to  or  less  than 
length  of  diameter  of  calices  of  ceraran  setae. 

d.  Setae  varying  in  size  from  small  and  slender  to  quite  large 
and  stout,  those  on  each  lateral  portion  of  eighth  segment 
subequal  in  diameter  at  proximal  end  to  ceraran  setae; 
antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments;  anal 
cerari  with  two  or  three  ceraran  setae  and  several  slender 
auxiliary  setae;  anal  setae  somewhat  more  slender  and 

smaller  than  anal  ring  setae. — California  on  Grindelia 

grindeliae  Ferris 

dd.  Setae  not  varying  in  size,  all  very  short  and  slender,  sub- 
equal,  those  on  lateral  portions  of  eighth  segment  never  sub- 
equal  in  diameter  at  proximal  end  to  ceraran  setae,  always 
slender;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  seg- 
ments; anal  cerari  with  two  ceraran  setae  and  five  to  eight 
auxiliary  setae;  anal  setae  slightly  shorter  than  anal  ring 

setae. — Eastern  United  States  on  clover trifolii  Forbes. 

cc.  Anal  cerari  with  only  few  tricerores  and  always  distant,  dis- 
tance between  them  always  twice  or  more  than  length  of  diame- 
ter of  calices  of  ceraran  setae. 

d.  Anal  ring  setae  scarcely  more  than  one-half  length  of  anal 
setae;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  seg- 
ments. 

e.  Body  with  dorsum  with  relatively  few  cerores  and  cylin- 
drical ducts,  none  of  ducts  short,  broad,  and  tubular;  ab- 
domen with  two  caudal  segments  with  many  short,  slender, 
curved  setae,  other  segments  with  few. — California  on 

Elymus.    smithii   Es-.ig. 

ee.  Body  with  dorsum  with  few,  scattered,  small,  slender 
setae  and  numerous  tricerores  and  short,  broad,  tubular 
ducts  with  a  narrow  raised  rim;  abdomen  with  two  caudal 
segments  not  with  many  curved  setae. — California  on 

Quercus.   villosa  Ehrh. 

dd.  Anal  ring  setae  subequal  in  length  to  anal  setae;  antennae 
of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  segments;  anal  cerari 
with  two  ceraran  setae  and  two  or  three  auxiliary  setae; 
dorsal  setae  few,  short,  slender,  curved;  anal  ring  small  and 


140  THE   COCCIDAE 

heavily     chitinized. — California     on     Bromus,     Ammophila, 

Ericameria.   bromii   Ferris. 

aa.    Body  always  with  more  than  one  pair  of  cerari. 

b.  Anal  cerari  always  situated  upon  distinct  chitinized  area  bearing 
numerous  tricerores  and  auxiliary  setae;  antennae  of  adult  female 
consisting  of  eight  segments;  abdomen  with  two  to  four  cerari  at 
caudal  end,  ceraran  setae  of  anal  cerari  large  and  stout,  of  other 
segments  smaller;  anal  cerari  surrounded  by  numerous  tricer- 
ores and  eight  to  ten  auxiliary  setae;  anal  ring  setae  slightly  long- 
er than  anal  setae. — California  on  Elymus. californicus  Ehrh. 

bb.    Anal  cerari  never  situated  on  chitinized  area. 

c.  Body  with  three  pairs  of  cerari,  located  at  caudal  end;  ceraran 
setae  all  short  and  cylindrical,  those  of  anal  cerari  largest; 
antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  segments;  anal 
setae  distinctly  longer  than  anal  ring  setae. — France  on  Cala- 

magrostis,  Sphagnum,  Agropyrum,  Festuca perrisii  Sign. 

<cc.  Body  with  two  pairs  of  cerari  located  at  caudal  end  of  body, 
d.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  segments; 
ceraran  setae  short,  stout,  conical,  not  accompanied  by 
grouped  tricerores  or  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  numerous, 
short,  subequal;  anal  ring  large  and  heavily  chitinized;  anal 
setae  slightly  longer  than  anal  ring  setae. — Australia,  Cali- 
fornia on  Calceolaria,  Danthonia,  Phormium,  Cordyline, 

sugar-cane.   calceolariae   Mask. 

fld.  Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments; 
•ceraran  setae  small,  conical,  two  in  each  cerarus;  cerari  not 
with  grouped  tricerores  or  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  short, 
more  numerous  on  caudal  part  of  body;  anal  ring  small  and 
strongly  chitinized;  anal  setae  slightly  shorter  than  anal 
ring  setae. — California  on  Festuca. festucae  Kwn. 

Tylococcus  Newst. — This  genus  was  based  upon  a  single  species, 
madagascariensis  Newst.,  from  Madagascar  from  the  nests  of  Cremas- 
togaster.  The  body  is  provided  with  cephalabiae  and  caudalabiae  and 
with  fifteen  pairs  of  cerari.  It  is  questionable  if  the  other  species  re- 
ferred to  this  genus  by  Brain  belong  to  it. 

Erium  Mask. — A  genus  containing  five  species.  The  type, 
globosum  Mask.,  is  from  Australia  on  Acacia.  All  the  other  species  are 
.from  America,  they  are:  armatum  Hemp,  from  Brazil;  eriogoni  Ehrh. 
from  California  on  Eriogonum;  lichtensioides  Ckll.  from  Colorado,  Cali- 
fornia on  Artemesia;  and  zapotlanum  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  "Huele  de 
INoche."  Ferris  has  referred  irishii  Ckll.  and  steelii  Ckll.  &  Towns,  to 
. Pseudococcus.  He  describes  lichtensioides  Ckll.  as  follows:  antennae 
•consisting  of  seven  segments,  anal  cerari  only  present,  consisting  of  ten 
ceraran  setae  borne  on  a  chitinized  area  without  auxiliary  setae;  dorsum 
of  thorax  and  abdomen  with  numerous  short  conical  setae,  similar  to  the 
ceraran  setae. 

Iiefroyia  Green. — A  single  species,  castaneae  Green  from  Assam, 
Jndia  on  Castanea,  is  included. 

Kipersiella  Ckll. — This  generic  name  was  first  published  by  Cock- 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  141 

erell  and  should  be  credited  to  him.  The  type  species,  rumicis  Maskell 
is  from  New  Zealand  on  Rumex.  The  other  species  are  kelloggi  Ehrh. 
&  Ckll.  from  California  on  roots  of  bunch  grass;  leucosoma  Ckll.  from 
New  Mexico  from  the  nests  of  Lasius;  and  maritima  Ckll.  from  Long 
Island,  New  York  on  roots  of  Spartina. 

Natalensia  Brain. — This  genus  is  based  upon  a  single  species, 
fulleri  Brain  from  Natal  from  roots  of  grass  from  nests  of  ants.  By  the 
table  this  genus  will  run  to  Ripersiella  Ckll.  The  circular  form  of  the 
body,  the  antennae  consisting  of  six  segments,  and  the  anal  ring  bear- 
ing six  anal  ring  setae  in  nymphal  and  adult  females,  are  characteristic. 
The  adult  female  is  enclosed  in  a  double-walled  cyst  without  openings. 

Rhizoecus  Kunck. — An  European  genus  of  four  species:  eloti 
Giard  from  roots  of  coffee-tree;  falcifer  Kiinck.  from  roots  of  palms  and 
vines;  (?)targionii  Ckll.  on  Mammillaria;  and  (?)terrestris  News,  on 
roots  of  Stephanotis. 

Ripersia  Sign. — This  genus  is  of  indefinite  limits.  The  following 
American  species  have  been  referred  to  it:  aurantia  Ckll.  from  New 
Mexico  from  nests  of  Lasius;  blanchardii  King  &  Ckll.  from  Massachu- 
setts from  nests  of  Lasius;  cockerellae  King  from  New  Mexico  from 
nests  of  Lasius;  fimbriatula  Ckll.  &  King  from  New  Mexico  from  nests 
of  Lasius;  flaveola  Ckll.  from  Massachusetts,  New  Mexico  from  nests 
of  Lasius;  kingii  Ckll.  from  Massachusette  from  the  nests  of  ants;  lasii 
Ckll.  from  Canada,  Massachusetts  on  roots  of  asters  and  from  the  nests 
of  ants;  magna  T.  &  W.  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico;  minima  Tins.  &  King 
from  Massachusetts  from  nests  of  Lasius;  myrmecophila  Mask,  from 
Michigan;  porterae  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  the  roots  of  grass;  salmon- 
acea  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  roots  of  grass;  serrata  Tins,  from  Trini- 
dad; sporoboli  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Sporobolus;  tenuipes  Ckll. 
from  New  Mexico  on  the  roots  of  grass;  trichura  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico 
from  the  roots  of  grass;  trivittata  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  from  nests  of 
Lasius;  villosa  Ehrh.  from  California  on  Quercus;  and  viridula  Ckll. 
from  New  Mexico  from  nests  of  Lasius. 

Cryptoripersia  Ckll. — Two  species  have  been  referred  to  this 
genus,  Eriococcus  salinus  Ehrh.  from  California  on  Distichlis  and  Riper- 
sia arizonensis  Ehrh.  from  Arizona,  California  on  Elymus.  Ferris  has 
examined  the  types  of  both  species  and  has  pronounced  them  identical. 

Fonscolombia  Fonsc. — There  are  two  European  species:  fraxini 
Kalt.  on  Fraxinus  and  radicum-graminia  Fonsc.,  the  type,  on  roots  of 
grass  and  grain  and  two  American  species:  braggi  Ckll.  &  Robs,  from 
Colorado  on  Berberis  and  yuccae  Ferris  from  New  Mexico  on  Yucca.  In 
yuccae  there  are  numerous  cerores  in  the  region  of  the  vulva  which  are 
wanting  in  braggi. 

Termiticoccus  Silv. — Two  species,  aster  Silv.  from  Paraguay  and 
bicornis  Silv.  from  Brazil,  collected  in  the  nests  of  termites,  not  from 
ant's  nests  as  recorded  in  Fernald's  Catalogue,  belong  to  this  genus. 

Pseudoripersia  Ckll. — A  genus  including  a  single  species,  turgipes 
Mask,  from  Australia  on  Casuarina. 

Gymnococcus  Dougl. — The  type  of  this  genus  is  agavium  Dougl. 
from  Europe.  The  genus  contains  two  American  species  found  upon 
grass,  nativus  Parr,  from  Kansas  and  ruber  Parr.  &  Ckll.  from  New 


142  THE   COCCIDAE 

Mexico.  These  species  can  be  separated  by  the  following  table  prepared 
by  Parrott.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  American  species  will  not  run 
to  Gymnococcus  in  the  table  to  the  genera  of  Eriococcinae. 

SPECIES   OF   GYMNOCOCCUS 
a.    Cuticle  of  adult  female  with  numerous  short  conical  setae. — Europe 

on  Agave.   agavium    Dougl. 

aa.    Cuticle  of  adult  female  not  bearing  conical  setae. 

b.    Thoracic    spiracles    with    cerores    forming    complete    ring    about 

them. — New  Mexico  on  grass. ruler  Parr.  &  Ckll. 

bb.    Thoracic  spiracles  with  cerores  limited  to  one  side,  not  forming 
complete  ring  about  spiracle. — Kansas  on  grass nativus  Parr. 

Geococcus  Green. — A  single  species,  radicum  Green  from  Ceylon 
upon  the  roots  of  grass,  is  included. 

Porococcus  Ckll. — There  are  two  species  from  Mexico  included, 
occurring  on  mistletoe  on  oak;  pergandei  Ckll.  and  tinctorius  Ckll. 

Coccura  Sulc. — A  genus  erected  for  Phenacoccus  comari  Kiinow 
from  Germany  on  Comarum  by  Sulc.  Ferris  believes  that  the  American 
Phenacoccus  stachyos  Ehrh.  is  congeneric. 

Macrocerococcus  Leon. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species, 
superbus  Leon,  from  Italy,  Corsica,  and  France  on  Lepidum,  Alyssum, 
lotus,  Fumaria,  Cetarach,  Antirrhinum,  and  undetermined  grass. 

Macrocepicoccus  Morr. — A  single  species,  loranthi  Morr.,  the  type 
of  the  genus,  described  from  British  Guiana.  The  cerari  consist  of  a 
chitinized  area  bearing  from  one  to  four  ceraran  setae. 

Tetrura  Licht. — This  genus  is  omitted  from  the  table.  The 
description  of  the  genus  and  species  is  too  indefinite  to  permit  of  its 
location.  It  would  run  to  Phenacoccus  by  the  table.  There  is  a  single 
species,  rubi  Licht.  from  Europe  on  Rubus. 

Heliococcus  Sulc. — A  single  species  included,  bohemicus  Sulc 
from  Bohemia  and  Moravia  on  Robinia. 

Phenacoccus  Ckll. — There  are  thirty-four  species  referred  to  this 
genus  in  Fernald's  Catalogue.  Of  this  number  sixteen  are  recorded  from 
America,  some  of  these  have  since  the  publication  of  the  Catalogue  been 
referred  to  the  synonomy.  The  following  species,  other  than  those  in- 
cluded in  the  table,  should  be  noted.  They  are:  americanae  King  & 
Ckll.  from  Massachusetts  from  the  nests  of  Lasius;  cevalliae  Ckll.  from 
New  Mexico  on  Cevallia;  cockerelli  King  from  Colorado  on  Amelanchier; 
gossypii  Towns.  &  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  cotton,  other  Malvaceae,  wild 
guava;  minimus  Tins,  from  Colorado  on  Picea;  rubivorum  Ckll.  from 
New  Mexico  on  Rubus;  ripersioides  W.  &  T.  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  from 
nests  of  Lasius;  simplex  King  from  California  on  Atriplex;  solenopsis 
Tins,  from  New  Mexico  from  nests  of  Solenopsis;  spiniferus  Hemp,  from 
Brazil;  and  wilmattae  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Viola. 

SPECIES   OF  PHENACOCCUS. 
a.    Body    with    many    short,    stout,    cylindrical    ducts. — California    on 

lichens  on  Picea. kuwanae  Coleman. 

aa.    Body  not  with  many  short,  stout,  cylindrical  ducts, 
b.    Anal  cerari  with  only  two  ceraran  setae. 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  143 

c.  Head  cerari  and  all  other  cerari  of  body  never  with  more  than 
two  ceraran  setae. 

d.  Body  with  eighteen  pairs  of  cerari;  auxiliary  setae  want- 
ing; tricerores  few  and  scattered;  anal  lobes  sometimes  with 
single  seta,  sometimes  with  two  or  three  small  setae  in  addi- 
tion to  ceraran  setae;  dorsal  setae  small,  sharply  pointed; 
anal  setae  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  anal 
ring  setae;  antennae  consisting  of  eight  segments. — Cali- 
fornia, Utah  on  roots  of  Hemizoonia,  potato,  tomato,  wild 
radish,  Malva,  pansies,  wild  sunflower,  aster,  nightshades, 
purslane.  solani  Ferris. 

dd.  Body  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  pairs  of  cerari;  cerari  with 
small  but  distinct  clusters  of  tricerores  and  without  auxil- 
iary setae;  ceraran  setae  large,  subequal  in  size,  stout,  coni- 
cal, with  distal  portion  slightly  flaggellate;  antennae  consist- 
ing of  six  to  eight  segments;  anal  ring  setae  about  twice 
as  long  as  diameter  of  anal  ring  and  much  longer  than  anal 

setae. — Pseudococcus  lycii  Ferris. — Arizona  on  Lycium. 

lycii  Ferris. 

cc.  Head  cerari,  at  least  one  pair,  with  three  to  four  ceraran  setae, 
d.  Anal  setae  slightly  shorter  than  anal  ring  setae;  cephalic 
three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari  with  three  or  four  ceraran 
setae,  other  cerari  with  two,  all  cerari  obscure  and  without 
auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  minute  and  few  in  number; 
tubular  ducts  few,  without  raised  rim. — California  on 

Artemisia. artemisiae  Ehrh. 

dd.  Anal  setae  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  anal  ring 
setae;  ocular  cerari  with  three  to  four  ceraran  setae,  other 
cerari  with  two,  all  without  auxiliary  setae;  anal  lobes  large 
and  prominent;  dorsal  setae  few  and  extremely  small;  tubu- 
lar ducts  with  their  mouths  borne  at  apical  end  of  conical 
projections,  projections  surrounded  by  one  to  four  small 
setae;  tubular  ducts  arranged  two  to  three  near  each  cerar- 
us,  irregular  double  row  near  the  meson,  and  indefinite 
number  on  head. — Phenacoccus  osborni  Sanders. — Phenacoc- 
cus  pettiti  Hollinger. — California,  Ohio,  Missouri  on  Stachys, 
Monardella,  Diplacus,  Solanum,  Toxicodendron,  Catalpa, 

Sycamore.    stachyos    Ehrh. 

bb.    Anal  cerari  always  with  more  than  two  ceraran  setae. 

c.  Anal  cerari  with  three  or  four  ceraran  setae,  also  cephalic 
three  or  four  pairs  of  cerari,  all  other  cerari  with  two  ceraran 
setae;  cerari  without  auxiliary  setae;  body  setae  few,  scat- 
tered, and  small;  anal  setae  nearly  twice  as  long  as  anal  ring 
setae. — California  on  Rubus,  Fragaria,  Symphoricarpus,  Cas- 

tilleia,  Eriophyllum,  Geranium.   colemani  Ehrh. 

cc.    Anal  cerari  always  with  more  than  four  ceraran  setae. 

d.  Anal  setae  nearly  twice  as  long  as  anal  ring  setae;  anal 
cerari  with  six  to  ten  ceraran  setae,  second  pair  from  caudal 
end  with  six  to  ten,  third  with  two  and  several  other  setae 


144  THE   COCCIDAE 

scattered  about,  all  other  cerari  with  two;  cerari  with  auxil- 
iary setae;  dorsal  setae  shaped  like  ceraran  setae  and  as 
large  as  smallest  of  them;  anal  ring  setae  longer  than 
diameter  of  anal  ring. — Phenacoccus  betheli  Ckll. — Canada, 

Michigan,  Illinois,  Arizona  on  Amelanchier,  Crataegus. 

dearnessi  King, 
dd.    Anal  setae  and  anal  ring  setae  subequal,  former  never  twice 

as  long  as  latter. 

e.  Anal  cerari  with  about  ten  ceraran  setae,  all  other  cerari 
with  three  to  six,  these  setae  slender  and  sharply  pointed; 
cerari  without  auxiliary  setae;  tricerores  of  cerari  few, 
scarcely  exceeding  setae  in  number;  dorsal  setae  almost 
lacking  and  extremely  minute;  anal  setae  equal  to  or  trifle 

shorter  than  anal  ring  setae. — California  on  Eriogonum 

eriogoni  Ferris. 

ee.  Anal  cerari  with  ten  or  more  ceraran  setae  and  numerous 
scattered  tricerores;  penultimate  pair  of  cerari  with  five 
to  eight  ceraran  setae  and  numerous  tricerores;  cephalic 
two  or  three  pairs  of  cerari  with  four  to  six  ceraran  setae 
and  eight  to  ten  tricerores;  all  other  cerari  with  two 
ceraran  setae  and  cluster  of  eight  to  ten  tricerores;  cerari 
without  auxiliary  setae;  dorsal  setae  few,  small,  in  part 
slender  and  in  part  like  ceraran  setae;  anal  ring  setae 
somewhat  longer  than  diameter  of  anal  ring  and  about 
equal  in  length  to  anal  setae. — New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Cal- 
ifornia on  Helianthus,  Pluchea,  Solanum,  Baccharis, 
Ptiloria.  helianthi  Ckll. 

Heterococcus  Ferris. — A  genus  containing  a  single  species,  arenas 
Ferris  from  California  on  Poa. 

Ceroputo  Sulc. — The  type  of  this  genus  is  pilosellus  Sulc  from 
Europe.  The  other  species  are  from  America,  as  follows:  ambigua  Full- 
away  from  California  on  Salicornia;  bahiae  Ehrh.  from  California  on 
Bahia;  barberi  Ckll.  from  Antigua,  New  Mexico  on  Thunbergia,  Alla- 
manda,  Coleus,  Croton;  calcitectus  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  grass; 
koebelet  Ehrh.  from  Arizona  on  Quercus ;  lassiorum  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico 
from  nests  of  Lasius;  orthezioides  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  roots  of  dock- 
weed;  yuccae  Coq.  from  Antigua,  Mexico,  California  on  Yucca,  Lantana, 
Mimulus,  Ceanothus,  banana,  orange,  lime,  etc.  Ferris  writes  as  follows 
on  this  genus:  "I  consider  Ceroputo  to  be  strictly  a  synonym  of  Puto. 
The  former  was  separated  from  the  latter  solely  on  the  basis  of  the  pres- 
ence of  but  six  hairs  on  the  anal  ring  and  of  non-clubbed  digitules." 

Ehrhornin  Ferris. — This  genus  contains  two  species,  cupressi 
Ehrh.  on  Cupressus  and  graminis  Ferris  on  grass.  Both  species  are  from 
California. 

Trabutinu  Marchal. — A  single  species  is  included,  elastica  Marchal 
from  Algeria  on  Tamarix. 

Puto  Sign. — The  type  of  the  genus  is  antennata  Sign,  from  France 
on  pine.  There  is  a  described  American  species,  the  Pseudococcus  cu- 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  145 

press!  Coleman  from  California  on  Cupressus,  Pinus,  Torreya,  and  Se- 
quoia. 

Bhizococcus  Sign. — This  genus  includes  about  twelve  described 
species,  one  from  France,  gnidii  Sign,  on  roots  of  Daphne,  is  the  type; 
one  from  Texas,  texanus  King  from  the  nests  of  Cremastogaster ;  and  all 
the  other  species  are  from  the  Australian  region. 

Eriococcus  Targ. — This  genus  contains  over  sixty  species.  The 
following  have  been  recorded  from  America:  adenostomae  Ehrh.  from 
California  on  Adenostoma;  araucariae  Mask,  from  New  Zealand,  Ceylon, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  South  Africa,  California  on  Araucaria,  Kunzea; 
arenosus  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico;  armatus  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Bac- 
charis;  artemisiae  Knw.  from  California  on  Artemisia;  aurescens  Ckll. 
from  Mexico  on  "Guasima;"  azaleae  Comst.  from  Massachusettes,  New 
York,  District  of  Columbia,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan  on  Azalea,  Cratae- 
gus,  Rhododendron;  bahiae  Ehrh.  from  California  on  Bahia,  Gutierrezia; 
borealis  Ckll.  from  Alaska  on  willow;  brasiliensis  Ckll.  from  Brazil  on 
Baccharis;  catalinae  Ehrh.  from  California  on  Artemisia;  coccineus 
Ckll.  from  Nebraska  on  Cactus;  diversispinus  Leon,  from  Argentina  on 
Zaccagnia;  dubius  Ckll.  from  Mexico;  eriogoni  Ehrh.  from  Arizona  on 
Eriogonum;  gilletti  Tins,  from  Colorado  on  Juniperus;  howardi  Ehrh. 
from  California  on  Quercus;  kemptoni  Parr,  from  Kansas  on  Andropo- 
gon;  larreae  Parr.  &  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Larrea;  multispinosus 
Kuhlgatz  from  South  America  on  Cactus;  neglectus  Ckll.  from  New 
Mexico  on  Atriplex;  palmeri  Ckll.  from  Carmen  Island,  Lower  California 
on  Bourreria,  Eriogonum;  parcispinosus  Leon,  from  Argentina  on  Atri- 
plex; perplexus  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae;  quercus  Comst.  from 
Massachusette,  Florida,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico  on  Quercus,  gall- 
berry,  Vaccinium,  Prosopis,  grass;  salinus  Ehrh.  from  California  on 
Distichlis;  and  tinsleyi  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Atriplex,  Malvastrum, 
Gutierrezia. 

Gossyparia  Sign. — This  genus  contains  five  species,  three  from 
the  Australian  region  and  two  from  Europe.  One  of  these  latter,  spuria 
Modeer  on  elm,  has  been  introduced  into  the  United  States. 

L/achnodius  Mask. — A  genus  containing  three  described  species 
from  Australia  on  Eucalyptus  and  Acacia. 

liachnodiella  Hempel. — A  single  species,  cecropiae  Hempel  from 
Brazil  on  Cecropia,  is  included.  The  name  of  this  genus  and  species 
was  first  offered  in  print  by  von  Ihering,  but  no  description  of  either  was 
given  by  this  author. 

Micrococcus  L»eon. — A  single  species,  silvestri  Leon,  from  Sardinia 
from  the  nests  of  Tapinoma,  is  included. 

Atriplicia  Ckll.  &  Rohw. — A  genus  of  gall  making  eriococcids 
containing  a  single  species,  gallicola  Ckll.  &  Rohw.  from  New  Mexico  and 
Colorado  on  Atriplex. 

Tectococcus  Hemp. — There  is  a  single  species,  ovatus  Hempel 
from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae. 

Cissococcus  Ckll. — A  single  species,  fulleri  Ckll.  from  Soatk 
Africa  on  Cissus  is  included.  Ehrhorn  has  referred  oahuensis  Ehrh.  from 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  on  Urera  doubtfully  to  this  genus. 

Antonia  Sign. — The  American  species  of  this  genus  can  be  seya- 
arated  by  means  of  the  following  table: — 


146  THE   COCCIDAE 

SPECIES  OF  ANTONIA 

a.  Anal  ring  located  at  cephalic  end  of  invaginated  anal  tube;  an- 
tennae of  adult  female  consisting  of  three  segments;  caudal  end  of 
abdomen  usually  strongly  chitinized. 

b.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  not  strongly  chitinized  or  not  decided- 
ly more  strongly  chitinized  than  adjacent  parts;  adult  female 
about  three  times  as  long  as  broad;  metathoracic  spiracles  located 
near  middle  of  length  of  body,  mesothoracic  spiracles  midway 
between  metathoracic  spiracles  and  antennae,  and  rostrum  mid- 
way between  mesothoracic  spiracles  and  antennae;  spiracles  with 
group  of  about  twenty-five  closely  placed  cerores  adjacent  to  their 
lateral  margin;  anal  lobes  wanting;  caudal  end  of  body  on  each 
side  of  anal  tube  with  three  long  setae. — England  on  recently  im- 
ported plants  of  Arundinaria  japonica. socialis  Newst. 

bb.    Abdomen  with  caudal  end  strongly  chitinized  on  ventral  or  both 

dorsal  and  ventral  aspects. 

c.  Adult  female,  untreated,  oval  in  form  and  cream-colored; 
caudal  portion  of  abdomen  strongly  chitinized  on  ventral  as- 
pect and  dark  in  color;  abdomen  on  caudal  segments  bearing 
numerous  small  slender  setae;  spiracles  surrounded  on  lateral 
margin  by  crescentic-shaped  group  of  cerores;  first  stage 
nymph  with  transverse  row  of  short  conical  setae  on  middle 

of  each  segment. — Kansas  on  Bouteloua boutelouae  Parr. 

cc.  Adult  female,  untreated,  oval  or  circular  in  outline  and  deep 
purplish-red  in  color;  caudal  portion  of  abdomen  quite  heavily 
chitinized  and  bearing  numerous  short,  spine-like  setae,  other 
portions  of  body  with  only  few  setae  at  margin,  first  stage 
nymphs  with  group  of  two  or  three  short  setae  at  lateral  mar- 
gin of  each  of  three  last  abdominal  segments. — Japan,  Californ- 
ia on  bamboo crawii  Ckll. 

aa.  Anal  ring  not  located  at  cephalic  end  of  invaginated  anal  tube; 
antennae  consisting  of  three  to  five  segments;  caudal  end  of  abdomen 
not  strongly  chitinized. 

b.  Antennae  short,  with  four  or  five  segments,  the  two  proximal  seg- 
ments are  usually  about  the  same  width  and  distal  segments 
taper  sharply;  prothoracic  legs  sometimes  present;  body  with  few 
short  setae,  more  numerous  on  caudal  portion;  spiracles  with 
crescentric  group  of  about  forty  closely  placed  cerores,  situated 
near  lateral  margin  of  spiracle. — Kansas  on  Eragrostis,  Bulbilis, 

Paspalum.    parrotti   Ckll. 

lib.    Antennae  aborted,  never  with  more  than  three  segments. 

c.  Body,  exclusive  of  caudal  segment,  bearing  large  number  of 
setae;  spiracles  colored  and  accompanied  by  abundant  punctu- 
ation.— France  on  stubble  and  roots  of  certain  Graminaceae, 

principally  Milium,  Agropyrum.  purpurea  Sign. 

ec.  Body  not  bearing  large  number  of  setae;  adult  female  oval, 
plump,  cream-colored,  with  slight  tinge  of  brown  on  margin; 
spiracles  on  lateral  margin  with  crescentic  group  of  closely 
placed  rather  large  cerores;  anal  orifice  situated  in  slight  de- 


SUBFAMILY    ERIOCOCCINAE  147 

pression;  anal  area  with  many  slender  setae,  much  smaller  than 
anal  ring  setae. — Kansas  on  Bouteloua nortoni.  Parr  &  Ckll. 

Sphaerococcus  Mask. — Maskell  erected  his  group  Idiococcidae  for 
the  inclusion  of  this  genus  and  the  genus  Cylindrococcus.  The  anal  ring 
has  been  poorly  studied  in  most  of  the  species  of  Sphaerococcus  and  in 
the  descriptions  of  several  is  not  even  mentioned.  Some  of  them  have 
already  been  removed  and  made  the  types  of  other  genera.  The  type 
species  of  the  genus  Sphaerococcus,  casuarinae  Mask.,  has  according  to 
the  describer  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae  in  the  second  nymphal 
stage  and  probably  also  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  although  the  anal 
ring  is  not  mentioned  in  the  description  of  this  stage.  Ferris,  who  has 
studied  this  species,  reports  the  presence  of  an  anal  ring  with  six  anal 
ring  setae  in  the  adult  female  and  first  nymphal  stage.  In  the  adult 
female  the  anal  ring  is  located  at  the  cephalic  end  of  an  invaginated 
anal  tube.  The  cephalabiae  and  caudalabiae  are  present  in  the  first 
nymphal  stage.  The  presence  of  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setate 
would  debar  this  genus  from  the  Idiococcidae,  the  Cylindrococcinae  of 
the  present  work.  A  single  species,  Sphaerococcus  sylvestris  Ckll.  & 
King  from  Massachusetts  on  white  oak,  has  been  recorded  from  America. 
The  species  of  Sphaerococcus  fall  into  two  groups,  those  forming  true 
galls,  apparently  always  bud  galls,  or  blisters  on  their  host-plants  and 
those  not  forming  abnormal  growths  but  in  which  the  body  of  the  adult, 
female  is  covered  with  white  cottony  or  woolly  wax  or  are  enclosed  in  a 
hard  test  of  wax.  The  nineteen  species  listed  in  Fernald's  Catalogue 
represent  several  generic  types.  Ferris  has  made  disticlium  Knw.  the 
type  of  Paludicoccus,  pirogallis  Mask,  the  type  of  Eremicoccus,  and 
pulchellus  Mask,  the  type  of  Callococcus.  He  has  referred  obscuratus 
Mask,  to  Kuwanina  and  leptospermi  Mask,  to  Amorphococcus  and  states 
"that  Sphaerococcus  sylvestris  Ckll.  &  King  is  probably  nothing  more 
than  an  immature  stage  of  some  species  of  Kermes." 

Paludicoccus  Ferris. — A  single  species,  Sphaerococcus  disticlium 
Knw.  from  California  on  Distichlis,  is  the  type  and  sole  species  of  the 
genus. 

Nidularia  Targ. — An  European  genus  containing  a  single  species, 
pulvinata  Planch.  The  cephalic  end  of  the  cyst  bears  two  transverse 
rows  of  small  conical  protuberances.  The  body  of  the  adult  female  rests 
upon  an  ovisac  similar  to  that  of  Pulvinaria. 

Kuwanina  Ckll. — The  type  of  this  genus,  Sphaerococcus  parvus 
Mask,  from  Japan  on  cherry,  was  the  sole  species  until  the  reference  of 
obscuratus  Maskell  to  this  genus. 

Cryptococcus  Dougl. — This  genus  contains  a  single  species,  fagi 
Baer.  from  Great  Britain,  France,  Belgium,  Germany,  Bohemia,  and 
Switzerland  on  birch. 

Kermicus  Newst. — An  Indian  monotypical  genus  including 
wroughtoni  Newst.  from  the  nests  of  an  ant,  Oecophylla. 

Chaetococcus  Mask. — A  single  species,  bambusae  Mask,  occurs  in 
the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mauritius,  Ceylon,  and  Brazil  on  Bambusa. 


CHAPTER  XIV 

SUBFAMILY  TACHABDIINAE 

The  Lac  Insects 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  typically  conical  or  subconical  or 
subglobose  with  the  mouth-parts  located  at  the  pointed  end  of  the  cone 
and  the  anus  at  the  other.  Body  always  irregular  in  form,  bag-like. 
It  is  impossible  to  identify  the  lateral  margins  and  the  aspects  are  not 
well  denned.  The  caudal  end  is  never  inflated  with  the  cephalic  and 
lateral  margins  keeled.  The  antennae  are  minute,  vestigial,  consist  of 
three  or  four  segments,  and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the 
head.  The  eyes  are  wanting.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis, 
are  always  present,  the  rostrum  consists  of  two  segments.  The  legs  are 
wanting.  The  metathoracic  spiracles  are  normal  in  size  and  ventral  in 
position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  large  and  distinct,  always  larg- 
er than  the  metathoracic  spiracles,  and  are  located  near  prominent  stig- 
matic  processes  which  are  always  located  near  the  anus,  the  distance 
from  the  anus  varying  with  the  species.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are 
always  wanting.  The  stigmatic  clefts  and  spinae  are  wanting.  The 
lateral  surface  of  each  stigmatic  process  bears  a  canella  and  spiracerores. 
The  anus  is  located  at  the  end  of  a  prominent  anal  process.  There  is 
usually  an  anal  spine  associated  with  the  stigmatic  and  anal  processes. 
The  anus  is  surrounded  by  a  prominent  anal  ring  bearing  about  ten  anal 
ring  setae.  The  body  through  the  migration  of  the  mesothoracic  spiracles 
is  greatly  distorted,  so  that  the  abdomen  appears  to  be  two  or  more  times 
as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together.  The  abdomen  is  bag-like  or 
Jug-like  with  three  necks.  The  lateral  margins  are  wanting.  All  of  the 
segments  are  fully  exposed,  none  of  the  coriae  between  them  can  be 
identified,  and  none  of  the  segments  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium. 
The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula  or  anal 
lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  anal  ring  is  always  distinct,  located  on  the 
anal  process,  and  provided  with  ten  anal  ring  setae  located  on  six  plates. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  can  not  be  identified.  The  body,  except 
the  stigmatic  and  anal  processes,  is  not  provided  with  cerores  and  none 
of  these  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores.  The  body  is  never  provided  with 
ceratubae.  The  body  is  always  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three 
adjacent  openings,  small  threads  of  wax  often  protruding  from  the  three 
openings.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax 
or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is 
never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form.  It  is  never  covered  or  associated  with 
mealy  or  powdery  or  cottony  wax. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage 

148 


SUBFAMILY    TACHARDIINAE  149 

and  wanting  in  all  others,  and  when  present  are  similar  in  form.  The 
profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never 
fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and 
opercula,  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae. 
The  anal  ring  is  distinct,  located  on  an  anal  process  in  the  second 
nymphal  stage  and  bears  six  to  ten  anal  ring  setae.  The  caudal  end  of 
the  rectum  is  not  chitinized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or 
more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The 
caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  four  ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral.  The  ab- 
domen is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  and  bears  two  long 
slender  caudal  threads  of  wax.  The  wings  are  present  and  fully  formed 
or  wanting.  The  stylus  is  distinct,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the 
abdomen. 

This  subfamily  includes  the  lac  insects  of  commerce  all  of 
which  originally  belonged  to  the  'genus  Tachardia  and  previously 
to  the  genus  Carteria.  There  are  probably  few  of  the  people  who 
are  constantly  using  shellac  who  are  aware  as  to  how  and  where  it 
is  obtained  and  that  it  is  an  excretion  of  a  minute  insect.  The 
wax  or  lac  as  it  is  usually  called,  from  which  is  derived  the  shellac 
of  commerce,  is  excreted  by  the  lac  insect,  Tachardia  lacca.  Its 
chief  home  is  the  forests  of  India,  Burma,  and  Assam.  While  the 
best  quality  of  lac  comes  from  Burmah  and  Assam,  lac  is  also 
produced  in  Ceylon,  Siam,  China,  and  some  of  the  islands  of  the 
East  Indies.  There  are  about  twenty-five  thousand  tons  collected 
annually  in  the  central  provinces  of  India.  This  lac  has  a  valuation 
of  about  a  million  and  a  quarter  dollars.  All  of  the  lac  of  commerce 
is  produced  on  the  forest  trees  in  a  wild  state  and  no  effort  is  made 
to  produce  it  artificially  or  to  cultivate  it  as  is  done  in  the  case 
of  the  cochineal  insect.  The  lac  insect  lives  upon  a  large  number 
of  species  of  trees,  at  least  sixty  according  to  Froggatt,  the  most 
of  which  belong  to  the  genus  Ficus,  fig. 

The  following  account  as  to  the  preparation  and  use  of  lac 
is  taken  from  Froggatt.  "The  different  kinds  of  lac  are  known 
in  commerce  under  many  names.  Stick  lac  is  the  natural  produc- 
tion encrusting  the  twigs  just  as  it  is  obtained  from  the  forest; 
seed  lac  is  the  stick  lac  after  it  has  been  ground  up  in  water  to 
extract  the  coloring  matter  out  of  the  insect,  known  as  lac  dye; 
button  and  shell  lac  are  prepared  from  the  seed  lac  by  melting  the 
latter.  Other  forms,  such  as  garnet  and  liver  lac,  are  produced 
from  different  qualities  of  shellac,  the  color  often  differing  consid- 
erably in  the  various  districts,  while  some  of  the  fine  bright  orange 


150  THE  COCCIDAE 

shellac  is  said  to  be  artificially  colored  with  orpiment.  Lac  is 
extensively  used  for  making  the  finer  kinds  of  sealing  wax,  and 
is  the  chief  ingredient  in  most  of  the  wood  polishes,  besides  the 
regular  lacquer  varnish  used  to  coat  the  boxes,  cabinets,  and  toys 
known  as  lacquer  ware  used  so  much  in  China  and  India.  The 
lacquer  ware  from  Japan,  however,  is  polished  with  a  varnish 
made  from  the  sap  of  one  of  the  sumac  trees  (Rhus  venix)  and  not 
from  the  insect  lac. ' '  The  coloring  matter  secured  from  the  bodies 
of  the  lac  insect  is  very  similar  to  that  obtained  from  the  cochineal 
insect.  Species  of  the  genus  Tachardia  are  found  in  most  parts 
of  the  world.  The  following  description  is  based  upon  the 
admirable  account  by  Green  of  the  development  of  two  species  of 
Tachardia,  fici  and  albizziae.  While  it  is  quite  likely  that  other 
species  will  differ  somewhat  in  minor  details  from  this  account, 
yet  the  discrepancy  is  not  likely  to  be  great. 

The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  have  a  subdepressed  body,  are 
elongate  oval  in  outline  with  well  developed  legs  and  antennae  and 
an  anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae.  They  resemble  somewhat 
in  general  outline  a  young  mealy-bug,  but  differ  from  these  insects 
in  that  their  body  is  naked,  not  covered  with  mealy  wax,  and  are 
bright  red  or  yellow  in  color.  The  antennae  consist  of  six  seg- 
ments, of  which  the  third  is  greatly  elongated  and  enlarged  on  the 
distal  half,  also  the  distal  segment  or  sixth,  as  well  as  the  fifth, 
bears  two  very  long  slender  setae.  The  rostrum  is  large  and 
conspicuous.  The  legs  are  distinct  and  normal  in  form.  The  anal 
ring  is  large  and  each  of  the  six  anal  ring  setae  is  attached  to  a 
small  circular  plate.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  small  and  incon- 
spicuous. There  is  apparently  a  distinct  canella  with  spiracerores 
associated  with  each  mesothoracic  spiracle,  but  no  such  structures 
are  connected  with  the  metathoracic  spiracles. 

The  young  nymphs  soon  begin  to  excrete  wax.  If  one  that  is 
two  or  three  days  old,  is  examined,  it  will  be  found  that  the  entire 
body  is  completely  encased  in  a  thin  homogenous  sheet  of  wax. 
Green  states  that  this  wax  first  appears  in  the  form  of  plates  which 
with  increase  in  size  coalesce.  The  form  and  general  distribution 
of  the  wax  and  the  absence  of  cerores  on  the  surface  of  the  body 
has  led  to  the  suggestion  that  the  wax  is  the  product  of  all  the 
hypodermal  cells  excreting  together  and  not  of  certain  cells  con- 
nected with  cerores  as  in  most  coccids.  A  histological  study  of 
these  cells  has  not  been  made  so  far  as  I  am  aware. 


SUBFAMILY   TACHARDHNAE  151 

The  female  nymphs  at  the  first  molt  reduce  their  legs  and 
antennae  to  mere  vestiges.  The  body  is  more  swollen  and 
there  is  a  prominent  furrow  on  each  side  in  line  with  the  rostrum, 
which  gives  the  body  a  lobed  appearance.  There  is  a  canella 
extends  obliquely  from  the  former  ventral  position  of  each  meso- 
thoracic  spiracle  onto  the  dorsal  aspect,  where  the  mesothorac 
spiracles  are  now  located,  due  to  the  rearrangement  of  the  folds  of 
the  body.  Each  of  these  canellae  bears  numerous  cerores  or 
spiracerores.  The  metathoracic  spiracles  are  normal  in  position 
on  the  ventral  aspect  and  no  canellae  or  spiracerores  are  associated 
with  them.  The  anal  ring  bears  ten  anal  ring  setae,  each  arising 
from  a  cuticular  plate  with  a  tendency  for  eight  of  the  plates  to 
fuse  into  pairs.  The  portion  of  the  body  bearing  the  anal  ring  is 
prolonged  and  forms  the  beginning  of  the  anal  process. 

The  test  or  scale  of  the  second  stage  female  nymph  is  charac- 
teristic in  form.  As  viewed  from  above,  it  consists  of  lobes,  three 
on  each  side.  There  is  at  one  end  a  prominent  opening  on  the 
meson  of  the  dorsal  aspect,  this  is  the  caudal  opening  and  the  one 
in  which  the  anal  process  fits.  There  is  also  a  prominent  opening 
on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  aspect  near  the  furrow  marking  the 
caudal  limit  of  the  cephalic  lobes.  A  stigmatic  process  fits  into 
each  of  these  openings. 

The  adult  females  are  easily  recognized  in  most  species,  because 
they  bear  a  prominent  anal  spine.  This  is  a  pointed  prolongation 
of  the  cuticle  which  is  located  cephalad  of  the  anus  on  the  dorsal 
aspect.  The  spine  is  sometimes  placed  on  a  fleshy  tubercle,  a 
further  prolongation  of  the  cuticle  of  the  body.  The  function  of 
the  anal  spine  or  dorsal  spine  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  unknown. 

There  are  three  stages  of  development  through  which  the 
early  adult  female  passes,  the  early  adult  female  or  before  gesta- 
tion, the  adult  female  during  gestation,  and  the  old  adult  female 
or  after  gestation  or  after  the  eggs  are  laid. 

The  early  adult  female  is  small  and  similar  in  general  form 
to  the  female  of  the  second  stage.  It  differs  in  that  the  lobes  are 
more  pronounced  and  the  body  is  wider.  The  stigmatic  processes, 
the  projections  which  bear  the  mesothoracic  spiracles,  are  only 
slightly  elevated  above  the  general  surface  of  the  body  but  the 
canellae  and  spiracerores  are  distinct.  The  spiracles  retain  their 
dorsal  position  and  open  dorso-laterad.  The  anal  process  is  large 
and  prominent,  the  end  is  truncated,  and  the  truncated  portion 


152  THE  COCCIDAE 

bears  the  anal  ring  ~and  the  ten  anal  ring  setae  located  on  six 
cuticular  plates.  These  plates  bear  numerous  large  cerores.  The 
cutieular  periphery  of  the  anal  ring  is  bounded  by  projecting 
spine-like  processes. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  during  gestation  is  larger  and 
more  swollen  from  the  numerous  eggs  which  it  contains.  It  becomes 
so  distorted  that  the  position  of  the  parts  are  considerably  altered. 
The  metathoracic  spiracles  are  small  and  retain  their  normal 
position  on  the  ventral  aspect  near  the  rostrum.  The  mesothoracic 
spiracles  are  large  and  conspicuous  and  are  located  at  one  side  of 
the  proximal  end  of  the  stigmatic  processes.  These  processes  with 
the  distortion  and  remoulding  of  the  body  are  elongated  and 
brought  nearer  to  the  anal  spine  and  the  anal  process.  There  is 
a  furrow,  a  canella,  extends  from  the  spiracle  along  one  side  of  the 
stigmatic  process  to  its  distal  truncate  end.  Each  canella  bears 
numerous  spiracerores  and  its  distal  end  which  is  continuous  on  one 
side  with  the  canella  bears  several  large  cerores  with  small  cerores 
or  spiracerores  mixed  among  them.  The  stigmatic  processes  were 
originally  known  as  the  lac  tubes  from  the  mistaken  notion  that  all 
the  wax  of  the  test  was  excreted  by  them.  The  anal  process  also 
becomes  more  prominent  with  the  swelling  of  the  body.  The 
stigmatic  processes  with  the  mesothoracic  spiracles,  the  anal  spine, 
and  the  anal  process  are  now  all  near  together  at  one  end  of  the 
body.  The  migration  in  position  of  the  spiracles  is  probably  due 
to  the  stretching  of  the  cuticle  of  the  body.  The  body  of  the  adult 
female  during  gestation  completely  fills  the  cell  in  the  wax.  As 
the  eggs  are  extruded,  the  body  gradually  shrinks  and  the  empty 
space  in  the  cell  about  the  body  of  the  female  is  packed  with  eggs. 
The  young  nymphs,  when  they  hatch,  emerge  through  the  openings 
in  the  cell  in  which  the  anus  and  mesothoracic  spiracles  fit.  The 
lobed  appearance  of  the  body  is  lost  after  the  female  deposits  her 
eggs,  and,  when  it  is  expanded,  is  bag-like  in  form. 

The  waxy  test  formed  by  the  female  varies  in  size  and  form 
with  the  species.  In  some  the  females  are  isolated,  each  female 
forming  a  test;  in  others  only  a  few  females,  three  or  four,  are 
found  in  the  same  globule  of  wax  and  contribute  toward  its  forma- 
tion; or  a  considerable  number  of  females,  twenty  to  thirty  or  a 
large  number,  several  hundred,  form  a  large  thick  mass  completely 
encrusting  a  limb  as  in  the  stick-lac  of  India.  The  shape  of  the 
cell  varies  also  somewhat  with  the  species.  The  cell  of  the  adult 


SUBFAMILY  TACHARDIINAE  153 

female  is  always  provided  with  three  openings,  one  the  anal 
aperture,  is  slightly  larger  than  the  other  two,  the  stigmatic 
apertures.  The  apertures  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  triangle, 
the  anal  aperture  located  at  the  apex  of  the  triangle.  The 
stigmatic  and  anal  processes  fit  into  their  respective  apertures. 
The  position  of  the  anal  spine  between  these  processes  would 
suggest  that  its  function  may  be  to  hold  the  processes  in  place  in 
the  apertures.  The  wax  lining  each  aperture  is  different  in 
appearance  and  consistency  and  is  undoubtedly  excreted  by  the 
cerores  of  the  stigmatic  and  anal  processes.  The  spiracerores 
excrete  a  fine  pulverulent  wax  or  tufts  of  filaments  of  wax  which 
extrude  from  the  stigmatic  apertures  sometimes  almost  closing 
them.  Green  has  suggested  that  this  wax  may  function  to  prevent 
the  entrance  of  moisture. 

The  test  of  the  male  is  oblong  oval  in  outline,  slightly 
constricted  near  the  oval  caudal  aperture  and  the  dorsum  is 
supplied  with  a  distinct  median  carina.  The  aperture  is  closed 
during  the  quiescent  stages  with  wax.  The  wax  or  lac  of  the  male 
is  similar  in  appearance  to  the  lac  formed  by  the  female.  The 
male  tests  are  always  formed  by  single  individuals. 

The  nymphal  stages  of  the  male  have  not  been  described. 
The  adult  male  is  ordinary  in  form,  some  individuals  are  winged 
while  others  even  in  the  same  species  may  be  wingless.  The  caudal 
end  of  the  abdomen  bears  a  pair  of  long  opaque  filaments,  which 
are  probably  formed  of  wax.  The  head  is  provided  with  four 
ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral.  The  antennae  of  the 
winged  forms  are  provided  with  ten  segments  and  of  the  wingless 
forms  with  nine.  "The  genital  sheath  is  elongate,  slender,  and 
sharply  pointed,  rather  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  abdomen." 

This  subfamily  contains  three  genera,  two  of  which  were 
originally  described  as  subgenera,  which  can  be  separated  by 
means  of  the  following  table : — 

GENERA  OF  TACHARDIINAE 

a.    Insects  enclosed  in  masses  of  wax  surrounding  twigs,  never  in  indi- 
dividual  tests;  body  of  female  elongate  and  vasiform;  abdomen  with 

anal   spine.   Tachardia  Sign. 

aa.  Insects  enclosed  in  small  masses  of  wax,  not  completely  surround- 
ing twigs,  individuals  may  form  separate  test;  body  of  adult  female 
more  or  less  globular. 

b.    Abdomen  of  the  adult  female  with  anal  spine;  wax  reddish  or  of 
resin  color.   Tachardiella  Cls.ll. 


154  THE  COCCIDAE 

bb.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  without  anal  spine;   wax  whitish,  not 
.reddish.   Tachardina  Ckll. 

Tachardia  Sign. — This  generic  name  has  been  restricted  to  those 
species  forming  a  large  mass  of  wax.  The  lac  insect  of  India,  Tachardia 
lacca,  is  the  type  of  the  genus.  It  is  found  on  fig,  banyan,  Rhamnus, 
Mimosa,  Anona,  etc. 

Tachardiella  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  the  greater  number  of 
the  species,  over  thirty  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  following  spe- 
cies have  been  described  from  America: — caerulea  Hemp,  from  Brazil; 
cornuta  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  and  Mexico  on  Parthenium;  cydoniae 
Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Cydonia;  cordaliae  Leon,  from  Argentina  on 
Cordalia;  argentina  Dominguez  from  Argentina  on  Acacia;  fulgens  Ckll. 
from  Arizona  and  Mexico  on  Mimosa,  Prosopis,  Coursetia;  fulvoradiata 
Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  "Palo  de  gusano";  gemmifera  Ckll.  from  Jamaica 
on  Chrysobalanus ;  glomerella  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Gutierrezia; 
ingae  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Inga;  larreae  Comst.  from  southwestern 
United  States  and  Mexico  on  Larrea;  lycii  Leon,  from  Argentina  on 
Lycium;  mexicana  Comst.  from  Mexico  on  Mimosa;  nigra  Towns.  &  Ckll. 
from  Mexico  on  Acacia;  parva  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae;  pustu- 
lata  Ckll.  from  Arizona;  rosae  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Rosa;  rotundata 
Towns.  &  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  "Zicna,  Guasima";  and  rubra  Hemp, 
from  Brazil  on  Cydonia  and  Croton.  The  Gascardia  madagascariensis 
Targ.  is  a  species  of  Ceroplastes  and  the  Colobopyga  magnanl  Brethes 
was  evidently  referred  to  this  subfamily  through  an  oversight. 

Tachardina  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  a  single  species,  albida 
Ckll.,  which  lacks  an  anal  spine  and  has  white  lac.  It  was  described 
from  Natal  on  Mimosa. 


CHAPTER  XV 

SUBFAMILY  LECANIINAE 

The  Tortoise  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  variable  in  form,  usually  distinctly 
longer  than  broad,  sometimes  almost  circular,  frequently  convex  on  the 
dorsum  and  concave  on  the  venter,  helmet-like  in  shape  and  outline. 
The  lateral  margins  are  frequently  thin  and  distinct,  if  so,  usually 
fringed  with  marginal  setae,  margin  sometimes  wanting  or  obscure. 
The  segmentation  is  usually  obscure  and  the  coriae  are  frequently  want- 
ing. The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and 
lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae,  when 
present,  are  normal  in  form,  usually  small,  and  consist  of  seven  or 
eight  segments.  The  number  of  segments  and  their  size  may  be  greatly 
reduced,  sometimes  wanting.  They  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect 
of  the  head,  usually  distant  from  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are 
present.  There  is  a  single  ocellana  located  on  each  lateral  margin  near 
the  articulation  of  an  antennae.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis, 
are  always  present,  the  rostrum  consists  of  a  single  segment.  The  legs 
are  usually  present,  they  are  sometimes  rudimentary  or  wanting,  when 
present,  they  are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profe- 
mora  are  never  enlarged,  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for 
digging.  The  trochanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  normally 
formed  legs  are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and 
metathorax  are  normal  in  form  and  size  and  ventral  in  position.  The 
mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal 
spiracles  are  always  wanting.  The  ventral  aspect  of  the  thorax  is  pro- 
vided with  spinae  and  canellae  and  usually  with  stigmatic  clefts.  The 
abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  the  thorax  together.  It  is  fre- 
quently convex  on  the  dorsal  and  concave  on  the  ventral  aspect,  some- 
times convex  on  both  aspects.  The  lateral  margins  are  generally  sharp- 
ly defined,  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting.  The  caudal  end  is  broadly 
rounded  or  the  caudal  portion  is  produced  and,  whether  rounded  or 
produced,  is  provided  with  a  distinct  mesal  cleft.  All  of  the  segments 
are  exposed  or  at  least  no  part  of  the  abdomen  is  retracted  to  form  a 
marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  always  provided  with  an  anal  cleft,  some- 
times apparently  wanting,  due  to  the  fusion  of  the  margins  of  the  cleft. 
The  opercula  are  rarely  if  ever  wanting.  The  anal  ring  is  always  pres- 
ent, usually  retracted  into  the  anal  tube,  and  provided  with  six,  eight, 
ten,  or  more  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae  are  want- 
ing. The  caudal  abdominal  segment  can  not  be  identified.  The  body 
is  provided  with  cerores,  but  the  number  is  frequently  not  large  and  is 
often  limited  to  the  canellae  and  about  the  vulva.  The  body  is  never 

155 


156  THE_  COCCIDAE 

provided  with  pilacerores,  octacerores  are  rarely  present.  Ceratubae 
are  frequently  present.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell 
with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without 
exuviae,  is  often  naked  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  enclosed  in  a  compact 
ovisac  and  sometimes  excreting  a  mass  of  doughy  wax  from  the  ventral 
cerores  in  which  the  eggs  are  laid.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with 
a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings 
of  anacerores.  The  body  is  frequently  naked  and  sometimes  gall-like  in 
form,  but  if  so,  always  provided  with  normal  antennae  and  legs  and  anal 
ring  and  anal  ring  setae. 

The  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and  rostralis. 
The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  usually 
in  all  the  others,  particularly  if  they  are  present  in  the  adult,  and  are 
similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the 
prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  provided  with 
an  anal  cleft,  rarely  wanting,  and  with  opercula  in  different  stages  of 
migration  from  margin  of  body  to  cephalic  end  of  anal  cleft  in  nymphs 
of  different  ages.  The  anal  ring  is  always  distinct  and  bears  six  to  ten 
or  more  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  as  such,  are 
present  only  in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  Octacerores  are  rarely  pres- 
ent, pilacerores  or  ceratubae  are  never  present.  The  caudal  end  of  the 
rectum  may  be  strongly  chitinized,  but  is  never  modified  into  a  rectal 
tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long 
glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  never  protuberant. 

The  male  has  ocellanae,  the  number  varying  with  the  genus.  The 
abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  or  tufts  of  long 
wax  filaments,  but  may  bear  two  long  thread-like  caudal  filaments  of  wax. 
The  stylus  is  short  and  conical. 

The  members  of  this  subfamily  are,  as  a  rule,  when  denuded 
of  their  wax,  homogenous  in  appearance,  not  only  as  adults  but  as 
nymphs.  The  most  striking  features  in  the  adult  female  are  the 
mesal  slit  or  cleft  at  the  caudal  end  of  the  body  which,  except  in  a 
few  genera  where  the  two  sides  of  the  slit  have  fused  with  an 
obliteration  of  the  line  of  fusion,  is  rarely  absent.  There  is  a 
corresponding  slit  in  the  young  nymphs,  bounded  on  each  side  by 
a  distinct  lobe  or  plate,  an  operculum,  which  bears  a  single  large 
anal  seta  and  frequently  one  or  more  other  smaller  setae. 

There  is  considerable  variation  among  the  numerous  genera  as 
to  the  amount  of  wax  excreted,  which  gives  the  body  of  the  adult 
female  a  very  different  look  according  as  to  whether  the  amount 
of  wax  is  large  or  small.  The  amount  of  wax  formed  by  the  nymph 
except  in  certain  genera  is  as  a  rule  not  large,  so  that  the  body  of 
the  great  majority  of  the  species  is  generally  stated  to  be  naked. 
The  genera  Lecanium,  Saissetia,  Physokermes  and  their  allies  are 
such  genera  and  are  said  to  have  the  body  naked.  This  is  not 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  157 

absolutely  true  for  the  dorsal  and  more  often  the  ventral  aspect 
is  covered  more  or  less  with  mealy  wax.  These  species  are, 
however,  truly  naked  when  compared  with  representatives  of  such 
genera  as  Ceroplastes  which  is  completely  encased  in  a  mass  of 
wax  or  Pulvinaria  which  excretes  a  large  white  doughy  mass  of 
wax  several  times  as  long  as  the  body  or  as  Takahashia  where  the 
wax  excreted  is  a  tail  several  inches  long.  In  Platinglisia 
the  waxy  covering  is  glassy,  in  Signoretia  woolly,  and  in  Eriopeltis 
a  closely  felted  sac. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  in  those  genera  where  the  body 
is  said  to  be  naked,  as  Lecanium,  is  fairly  uniform  in  appearance. 
This  form  of  body  has  been  taken  as  the  type  for  the  following 
description.  The  general  outline  is  that  of  an  elongate  oval  figure, 
passing  through  the  various  stages  to  that  of  a  rotund  figure  or  one 
that  is  almost  or  wholly  globular.  The  two  surfaces  of  the  body  are 
near  together,  the  dorsal  convex  and  the  ventral  concave.  This 
gives  the  characteristic  scoop-like  figure  of  the  shell  of  a  tortoise 
or  of  a  steel  war  helmet  and  hence  the  vernacular  name  of  the 
group.  Those  species  that  are  encased  in  a  mass  of  wax,  varying 
in  amount  and  thickness  with  the  species  and  those  species  that 
form  large  ovisacs  depart  more  or  less  from  this  general  form. 
Those  that  form  ovisacs  have  the  body  flat  and  both  surfaces  more 
or  less  convex  and  approximate  the  condition  of  a  typical  eriocoecid 
and  so  far  as  form  is  concerned  represent  the  generalized  end  of 
the  series  of  genera.  The  person  with  an  eye  for  judging  form 
will  note,  however,  that  even  in  these  genera,  there  is  a  striking 
resemblance  between  the  wax  excreting  and  the  naked  species.  A 
prominent  feature  of  most  of  the  naked  species  is  the  strongly  con- 
cave ventral  aspect  of  the  body  of  the  older  nymphal  stages  and  of 
the  adult  female. 

A  noticeable  feature  of  the  body  is  the  entire  absence  of  any 
indication  of  segmentation  in  the  adult  female.  The  only  means  of 
identifying  the  extent  of  the  three  primary  regions  is  through  the 
presence  and  articulation  of  the  antennae,  rostrum,  legs,  and  the 
position  of  the  thoracic  spiracles. 

The  typical  form  of  the  body,  shaped  like  a  tortoise-shell, 
makes  the  margin  of  the  body  sharp  and  prominent,  forming  a 
distinct  margin.  This  margin  is  generally  fringed  with  setae 
which  vary  considerable  in  number,  size,  and  shape.  They  are 
known  as  the  marginal  setae.  While  in  many  species  these  setae 


158  THE   COCCIDAE 

are  typical  in  form  with  a  slender  pointed  flexible  shaft,  in  others 
the  shaft  is  stiff  and  inflexible  or  spine-like.  The  distal  portion  of 
the  shaft  is  frequently  distinctly  enlarged  or  dilated  forming  a 
clavate  seta.  Such  setae  may  have  the  clavate  distal  portion  of 
the  shaft  indented  or  toothed  forming  frayed  or  furcate  setae. 
The  marginal  setae  in  certain  genera  have  been  modified  into 
flattened  scales  which  are  broad  oval  in  outline  or  almost  round, 
broader  than  long.  They  differ  from  the  lepidopterous  scales  in 
their  uniformly  convex  untoothed  margin.  They  are  designated 
as  flabellae  by  Green  and  as  flabelliform  marginal  hairs  by  others. 

There  is  on  the  dorsal  aspect  of  certain  species  a  varying 
number  of  small  tubercles,  ten  to  twenty,  which  have  been  described 
and  figured  by  both  Thro  and  Green.  They  were  named  sub- 
marginal  tubercles  by  the  latter,  who  considered  them  as  glandular 
in  nature.  There  are  usually  about  five  on  each  side  of  the  body 
near  the  lateral  margin.  Thro  describes  in  one  species  a  mesal  row 
of  twenty.  These  minute  structures  rest  upon  the  surface  of  the 
cuticle  and  resemble  in  profile  a  small  neckless  flask  with  a  central 
dipper.  Since  they  are  likely  to  occur  upon  any  part  of  the 
dorsum,  they  have  been  named  the  dorsal  tubercles. 

The  caudal  extent  of  the  head  can  not  be  determined.  The 
eyes  are  usually  inconspicuous  or  wanting,  when  present  they  are 
small,  slightly  convex  areas  which  are  sometimes  darkened  with 
pigment  and  located  on  each  lateral  part  of  the  ventral  aspect  cf 
the  head. 

The  antennae  usually  consist  of  six  to  eight  segments.  This 
number  may  be  greatly  reduced  or  the  antennae  modified  into 
mere  tubercles,  while  in  certain  genera  the  antennae  are  always 
wanting.  In  some  genera  the  length  of  the  segments  is  greatly 
reduced  and  the  antennae  as  a  whole  greatly  shortened,  while  the 
typical  number  of  segments  may  be  present.  The  comparative 
length  of  the  segments  of  the  antennae,  expressed  in  the  form  of 
a  formula,  has  been  used  by  certain  workers  in  differentiating 
species.  Such  characters  are  no  more  reliable  here  than  in  the 
other  subfamilies.  This  fact  and  the  general  uniformity  of  the 
number  and  arrangement  of  the  antennal  setae  has  been  noted  by 
Thro,  who  found  the  number  identical  in  the  different  species  that 
he  studied  and  in  cases  noted  where  there  was  a  difference  and  he 
was  able  to  find  material  for  studjr,  found  that  some  of  the  setae 
had  been  broken  off  and  overlooked.  The  interantennal  setae  are 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  159 

frequently  present,  but  instead  of  being  arranged  to  form  the 
corners  of  a  four  sided  figure  are  frequently  placed  in  a  transverse 
or  approximately  transverse  line. 

The  mouth-parts  are  normal  in  form  and  position.  The  rostrum 
consists  of  a  single  segment.  Its  distal  margin  is  rounded.  There 
is  a  prominent  crumena  connecting  with  the  cavity  extending 
through  the  rostrum  in  which  the  loop  of  the  rostralis  is  held. 
The  tendons  attached  to  the  proximal  end  of  the  mandibles  and 
the  maxillae  are  prominent  and  the  tendons  attached  to  the  in- 
funda,  the  hypopharynx  of  Berlese  and  Green,  are  very  large.  The 
ventral  aspect  of  the  endoskeleton  of  the  head,  the  so  called  cradle 
of  Green,  is  bounded  on  the  ventral  side  by  a  broad  band,  the 
clypeus  of  Green.  This  latter  structure,  however,  is  always  located 
within  the  lumen  of  the  head  and  since  the  clypeus  is  a  sclerite  of 
the  external  skeleton,  can  not  be  considered  as  homologous  with  the 
clypeus.  This  band  has  been  called  the  clavus  and  the  so  called 
cradle  is  derived  from  the  tentorium,  consisting  in  the  main  of  the 
arms  of  the  metatentoria. 

The  legs,  when  present,  are  completely  developed  and  all 
parts  are  present,  although  they  are  frequently  so  small  that  their 
tips  project  only  slightly  or  not  at  all  beyond  the  lateral  margin 
of  the  body.  The  tip  of  the  tarsus  frequently  bears  a  pair  of  long 
slender  dorsal  digitules  and  the  claws  a  pair  of  short  and  stouter 
ungual  digitules. 

The  spiracles  open  on  the  ventral  aspect,  each  mesothoracic 
spiracle  just  laterad  of  the  articulation  of  a  prothoracic  leg  and 
each  metathoracic  spiracle  about  in  line  with  a  mesothoracic 
spiracle  and  midway  between  the  mesothoracic  and  metathoracic 
legs.  The  spiracles  of  this  subfamily  are  frequently  figured  as 
distinct  trumpet-shaped  or  hourglass-shaped  structures.  All  of 
which  except  the  opening,  the  spiracle,  is  a  cavaera. 

There  is  extending  from  each  spiracle  to  the  lateral  margin 
of  the  body  in  most  species  a  more  or  less  distinct  furrow.  Each 
of  these  furrows  is  a  canella,  which  bears  a  varying  number  of 
cerores,  the  spiracerores.  They  are  also  known  as  the  grouped 
orifices  of  the  thoracic  spiracles,  glandular  pores  or  spinnerets, 
spinnerets  of  the  spiracles,  glands  of  the  spiracles,  parastigmatic 
glands,  and  parastigmatic  pores.  They  were  first  named  in  the 
Diaspidinae  where  the  canellae  and  spinae  are  always  wanting. 
These  cerores  excrete  a  powdery  wax  which  serves  to  keep  the 
canellae  open  and  permit  the  ingress  of  air  to  the  spiracles.  There 


160  THE   COCCIDAE 

is  frequently  at  the  margin  of  the  body  a  more  or  less  distinct 
indentation  where  the  canellae  terminate.  These  indentations  are 
the  stigmatic  clefts,  also  known  as  spiracular  depressions  or  spirac- 
ular  grooves.  The  wax  excreted  by  the  spiracerores  frequently 
projects  as  a  white  powdery  mass  from  the  stigmatic  clefts.  The 
lateral  ends  of  the  canellae  are  usually  provided  with  large  spine- 
like  setae  which  are  located  in  the  stigmatic  clefts  and  serve  to 
keep  the  mouth  of  the  canellae  open.  These  setae,  the  spinae,  also 
known  as  stigmatic  or  spiracular  spines  or  setae,  vary  greatly  in 
form  and  size  from  the  marginal  setae  and  are  useful  as  characters 
in  identifying  the  species  of  this  subfamily.  The  number  of 
spinae  varies  in  the  different  species.  There  may  be  one,  two,  three, 
four,  five,  or  six  in  each  stigmatic  cleft.  The  great  majority  of 
the  species  are  provided  with  three  spinae  in  each  cleft.  The 
median  one  in  such  species  is  known  as  the  median  spina  and  the 
others  as  lateral  spinae.  The  median  spina  is  usually  much  longer 
than  the  lateral  or  all  the  others  where  there  is  more  than  three. 
In  some  species  the  spinae  are  very  short  and  broad,  broader  than 
long,  while  in  others  they  may  be  small  pointed  normal  setae. 

The  abdomen  is  usually  convex-concave  like  the  thorax.  There 
is  no  indication  of  segmentation  in  the  adult  female.  The  marginal 
setae  and  marginal  scales,  when  these  latter  are  present,  extend 
around  the  margin  of  the  abdomen. 

The  most  striking  feature  in  the  structure  of  the  abdomen  is 
the  deep  mesal  cleft  or  emargination,  the  anal  cleft.  The  sides  of 
the  cleft  frequently  overlap  so  that  the  cleft  appears  simply  as 
a  longitudinal  suture.  In  a  few  genera  referred  to  this  subfamily, 
as  Aclerda,  the  anal  cleft  is  wanting.  It  is  assumed  that  in  such 
cases  the  sides  of  the  cleft  have  fused  with  a  complete  obsolescence 
of  the  line  of  fusion.  The  length  of  the  anal  cleft  varies  somewhat 
with  the  genus  or  species,  it  is  generally  about  one-fourth  to  one- 
fifth  the  length  of  the  body,  but  in  some  cases,  as  Protopulvinaria, 
it  may  be  one-half  or  more  of  the  total  length  of  the  body.  In 
those  species  deeply  imbedded  in  wax  as  certain  species  of 
Ceroplastes,  the  caudal  portion  of  the  body  has  been  prolonged  into 
a  prominent  strongly  chitinized  horn  or  handle-like  structure  and 
the  anal  cleft  is  located  at  the  caudal  end  of  the  horn.  This  horn 
is  known  as  an  opercularia.  The  length  of  the  opercularia  varies 
not  only  with  the  species  but  with  the  depth  of  the  wax  excreted. 
In  those  species  where  the  amount  of  wax  is  considerable,  the 
opercularia  is  almost  one-half  the  length  of  the  body.  It  varies 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  161 

also  in  position,  in  some  species  it  is  directed  caudad  and  in  others 
dorsad. 

A  structural  feature  equally  as  striking  as  the  anal  cleft  is 
the  presence  in  the  adult  female  of  a  triangular  plate  on  each  side 
of  the  cephalic  end  of  the  anal  cleft.  These  plates  are  adjacent, 
exposed  on  the  dorsum,  and  each  plate  is  known  as  an  operculum. 
They  are  also  known  as  the  anal  plates,  valve  anali,  while  Green 
considered  the  two  plates  as  a  single  structure  and  designated  the 
two  together  as  the  operculum  or  anal  operculum  and  each  of  its 
parts  as  an  anal  plate  or  valve  of  the  operculum.  The  shape  of 
the  opercula  varies  with  the  species.  The  angle  at  the  caudal  end 
of  each  operculum  is  known  as  the  apex,  the  one  at  the  cephalic 
end  as  the  inner  angle,  and  the  one  on  the  lateral  margin  as  the 
outer  angle.  The  margin  connecting  the  inner  angle  and  the  apex 
is  known  as  the  mesal  or  inner  margin,  the  one  connecting  the  apex 
and  the  outer  angle  as  the  caudo-lateral  or  outer  margin,  and 
the  one  connecting  the  inner  and  outer  angles  as  the  cephalo-lateral 
margin  or  base.  Each  operculum  is  attached  to  the  body  along  the 
lateral  margin.  The  outer  angle  is  wanting  in  semicircular 
opercula  and  the  base  and  outer  margin  form  a  continuous  curve. 

The  cuticle  ventrad  of  the  opercula  in  this  subfamily  is 
invaginated  and  forms  a  barrel-shaped  tubular  structure  or 
eversible-sac  continuous  with  the  rectum.  This  is  the  "organo 
retrattile  anali"  of  Berlese  and  the  anal  tube  of  Thro  and  other 
writers.  As  to  just  how  this  tube  originated  is  not  clear.  A 
similar  result  would  be  obtained  if  the  anus  and  anal  ring  were  to 
migrate  away  from  the  exterior  of  the  body,  pushing  the  rectum 
into  the  body  cavity  and  pulling  the  portion  of  the  cuticle  sur- 
rounding the  anal  ring  into  the  depression  formed  to  bound  the 
tube  extending  from  the  anal  ring  to  the  exterior.  The  anus  is 
located  inside  the  body.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  distinct  anal  ring 
which  bears  a  varying  number  of  anal  ring  setae,  six,  eight,  ten, 
or  more,  which  project  through  the  anal  tube  and  when  longer  than 
the  anal  tube  may  be  observed  projecting  from  its  caudal  end. 
The  anal  ring  usually  bears  prominent  orbacerores.  There  are 
two  projections  on  the  ental  surface  of  the  anal  tube  adjacent  to 
the  anal  ring  to  which  large  muscles  are  attached.  These  muscles 
extend  and  retract  the  anal  tube.  They  function  also  for  extrud- 
ing the  excrement  or  honeydew  and  for  everting  the  anal  ring. 
The  surface  of  the  cuticle  lining  the  lumen  of  the  anal  tube  is 
finely  longitudinally  striated.  These  striations  are  frequently 


162  THE   COCCIDAE 

mistaken  for  setae  and  described  as  such.  The  anal  tube  is  normally 
retracted  and  must  be  everted  in  order  to  expose  the  anal  ring  and 
the  anal  ring  cerores  or  orbacerores.  These  cerores  in  some  species 
excrete  a  fine  tube  of  wax  which  extends  beyond  the  body  and 
serves  to  carry  the  honeydew  still  farther  away  from  it.  The 
anal  ring  in  some  species  is  subdivided  into  two  parts  or  nearly  so 
and  frequently  one-half  is  larger  than  the  other.  Berlese  in  his 
"Le  Cocciniglie  Italiane  vivente  Sugli  Agrumi"  gives  several 
excellent  figures  of  the  anal  tube  and  its  associated  parts.  This 
masterpiece  of  Berlese,  so  rarely  noted  in  the  literature  of  the 
Coccidae  that  one  might  readily  forget  its  existence,  is  the  most 
complete  and  comprehensive  work  that  has  ever  been  published 
dealing  with  the  morphology  of  coccids. 

The  caudal  end  of  the  anal  tube  on  the  ventral  aspect  may 
bear  two,  four,  six,  or  eight  setae  in  a  transverse  or  nearly  trans- 
verse row.  The  setae  were  named  by  Thro  the  fringe  setae.  The 
seta  at  each  lateral  end  of  this  row  when  there  is  more  than  two 
fringe  setae  present,  is  usually  larger  than  the  mesal  setae.  When 
there  are  only  two  fringe  setae,  each  is  located  near  a  lateral 
margin  of  the  anal  tube ;  when  there  is  four,  they  are  usually 
equidistant  from  each  other,  two  on  each  side  of  the  meson  or 
adjacent  near  each  lateral  margin.  While  the  fringe  setae  are 
always  arranged  in  a  transverse  row,  it  is  not  always  a  straight 
line  but  usually  more  or  less  curved. 

The  ventral  aspect  of  the  outer  wall  of  the  anal  tube  in  certain 
species  bears  two  longitudinal  rows  of  setae,  the  hypopygial  setae. 
These  rows  usually  converge  cephalad  or  are  parallel  and  appear 
to  be  a  continuation  of  the  fringe  setae. 

The  position  of  the  anus  and  anal  ring  at  the  cephalic  end  of 
the  anal  tube  and  forming  the  cephalic  boundary  of  its  lumen  has 
already  been  indicated.  The  position  of  the  vulva  is  difficult  to 
identify.  It  is  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  cephalad  of  the 
external  opening  of  the  anal  tube  and  the  fringe  setae. 

The  lateral  portion  of  the  ventral  aspect  of  each  operculum 
frequently  contains  a  distinct  longitudinal  thickening,  a  ventral 
thickening.  It  is  also  known  as  the  ventral  chitinous  process  of 
the  ventral  plate.  The  ventral  thickenings  vary  considerable  in 
length  and  breadth.  The  row  of  fringe  setae  appears  to  be  limited 
on  each  side  by  a  ventral  thickening. 

The  distal  half  of  each  operculum  bears  several  small  setae. 
There  is  one  group  which  appears  to  form  a  line  continuous  with  the 


SUBFAMILY  LECANIINAE  163 

caudal  end  of  the  ventral  thickening.  These  setae  are  the  sub- 
apical  setae.  While  there  is  frequently  two  subapical  setae,  there 
may  be  as  many  as  five  or  more.  The  small  setae,  generally  if  not 
always  four  in  number,  located  caudad  of  the  subapical  setae  are 
the  apical  setae.  They  may  be  located  on  the  dorsal  aspect  or  on 
the  ventral  aspect  or  a  part  of  them  may  be  located  on  the  dorsal 
and  the  remainder  on  the  ventral  aspect.  At  times  some  may  be 
located  on  the  margin  of  the  operculum.  The  caudal  half  of  the 
dorsal  surface  in  certain  species  bears  a  single  large  seta,  the 
discal  seta.  This  seta  is  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  subapical 
setae  and  is  located  on  the  same  portion  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the 
operculum,  so  that  in  mounted  transparent  specimens,  they  appear 
to  be  closely  associated. 

The  ventral  aspect  of  the  body  cephalad  of  the  opercula  bears 
a  series  of  three  or  more  pairs  of  small  setae,  the  abdominal  setae 
of  Green.  -These  setae  are  usually  arranged  in  two  longitudinal 
rows.  The  ventral  aspect  of  the  abdomen  cephalad  and  laterad  of 
the  opercula  also  bears  a  few  scattered  cerores,  the  circumgenital 
glands  of  Green. 

The  cuticle  of  the  dorsal  aspect  of  certain  lecaniids,  as  the 
species  of  the  typical  genus  and  its  allies,  when  studied  under 
transmitted  light,  show  a  more  or  less  distinct  pattern  of  variously 
shaped  areas.  These  areas  are  usually  round  or  oval  or  suboval 
and  appear  as  large  cellular  areas.  They  frequently  consist  of  a 
series  of  concentric  lighter  and  darker  colored  bands  or  areas  and 
are  known  as  the  cells  or  as  the  dermal  cells  or  pores  or  cellulae. 
They  are  not  cells  in  a  histological  sense  but  are  probably  thicken- 
ings of  the  cuticle  of  different  density.  They  vary  greatly  in 
number,  shape,  and  size  in  the  different  species.  The  cellulae  are 
more  distinct  in  old  individuals,  they  also  become  indistinct  after 
a  long  boiling  in  caustic  potash.  Those  species,  where  the  cellulae 
form  a  series  of  disconnected  rings  or  ovals,  are  said  to  have  the 
cuticle  alveolate.  When  these  areas  are  connected  forming  a 
series  of  adjacent  polygonal  areas,  these  areas  are  designated  as 
tesserae. 

The  opening  in  each  cellula  is,  so  far  is  observed,  always  the 
mouth  of  a  ceratuba  or  an  oraceratuba.  The  oraceratubae  are 
usually,  if  not  always,  eccentric  in  position.  The  ceratubae  appear 
to  be  characteristic  in  form  but  vary  greatly  in  length.  Bach 
generally  consists  of  a  proximal  straight  tube  bearing  a  smaller 
curved  portion  or  tube.  The  change  in  diameter  of  the  two  tubes 


164  THE   COCCIDAE 

is  due  to  a  sudden  constriction  which  is  limited  to  one  side.  The 
distal  end  of  the  small  tube  bears  a  bouquet-like  swelling. 

The  adult  females  of  the  Lecaniinae  usually  produce  eggs, 
which  are  in  most  cases  deposited  under  the  concave  ventral  aspect 
of  the  body  or  in  an  ovisac.  Many  species  instead  of  depositing 
their  eggs  give  birth  to  living  young.  In  such  cases  the  ruptured 
egg-shell  and  the  young  nymph  may  be  extruded  from  the  vulva  at 
the  same  tim<$.  Such  (species  differ  fr6m  the  true  oviparous 
species  only  in  that  the  eggs  are  retained  in  the  body  of  the  female, 
in  the  oviduct,  until  they  hatch.  Certain  writers  have  made  the 
mistake  of  considering  all  species  whose  females  give  birth  to  living 
young  as  reproducing  parthenogenetically.  While  undoubtedly 
many  females  are  able  to  produce  young  without  being  fertilized, 
it  is  quite  likely  a  much  larger  number  give  birth  to  living  young 
from  eggs  that  have  been  fertilized  but  are  retained  by  the  female 
until  after  the  eggs  hatch.  It  is  not  impossible  that  many  species 
reproduce  in  both  ways,  that  is,  that  certain  females  at  certain 
seasons  reproduce  pathenogenetically  while  other  individuals  re- 
produce in  the  normal  way.  It  is  difficult  to  explain  why  there 
should  be  an  absence  of  males  at  certain  times.  The  giving  birth 
to  living  young  is  not  a  proof  of  parthenogenesis. 

The  eggs  are  ovoid  in  shape  and  white,  yellow,  or  red  in  color. 
They  are  of  common  occurrence  in  those  species  which  are  naked 
and  where  the  ventral  aspect  is  concave.  In  such  cases  the  body 
of  the  female  serves  as  a  plate  for  covering  and  protecting  the 
eggs.  The  edge  of  the  body  adheres  to  the  host-plant  and,  when 
the  body  is  raised,  the  space  under  it  is  seen  to  be  packed  with 
eggs.  The  cerores  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  body  ex- 
crete a  powdery  wax,  the  amount  varying  with  the  species,  which 
is  mixed  with  the  eggs. 

The  females  in  certain  genera,  as  Pulvinaria,  are  naked  until 
they  become  adult  and  are  ready  to  deposit  their  eggs.  They  then 
begin  to  excrete  a  mass  of  doughy  wax  from  the  numerous  cerores 
located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  body.  This  wax  is  gradually 
piled  up  as  a  pad  or  cushion  until  the  caudal  end  of  the  body  is 
gradually  raised  from  the  host-plant  and  the  body  assumes  a  ver- 
tical position.  The  insect  is  attached  to  the  host-plant  only  by 
the  mouth-parts  and  the  ovisac,  which  is  often  several  times  the 
length  of  the  body,  and  projects  behind  it.  As  a  result  the  body 
of  the  adult  female  after  all  the  eggs  are  laid  is  often  washed  off 
by  the  rain  while  the  wax  containing  the  eggs  may  remain  for  a 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  165 

long  time  in  contact  with  the  bark  of  the  plant.  The  adult  female 
in  other  genera  forms  a  loosely  or  closely  felted  cylindrical  sac  of 
wax  in  which  the  eggs  are  deposited.  In  Ceroplastes  the  body,  is 
completely  encased  in  wax,  formed  by  the  fusion  of  plates  of  vari- 
ous sizes  and  shapes.  The  ventral  aspect  of  the  body  contracts 
away  from  the  wax  surrounding  the  body  and  forms  a  cavity  in 
which  the  eggs  are  deposited.  A  similar  condition  is  found  in 
other  genera  where  the  body  is  completely  encased  in  wax.  The 
formation  of  a  definite  ovisac  is  usually  limited  to  the  adult 
female  but  in  Eriochiton  according  to  Maskell  the  covering  of  wax 
is  formed  during  the  last  nymphal  stage.  In  Ceroplastes,  if  the 
wax  of  the  adult  is  considered  as  an  ovisac,  the  formation  of  the 
primary  plates  from  which  the  wax  of  the  adult  is  derived  begins 
in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  number  of  plates  increases  in 
each  stage  and  in  many  species  the  shape  and  symmetry  of  the 
plates  is  lost  by  their  fusion  into  a  thick  shapeless  mass.  But  as 
Green  points  out,  the  plates  of  wax  formed  by  the  first  and  later 
nymphal  stages  can  often  be  identified  in  the  mass  of  wax  encasing 
the  adult  female.  The  number  of  molts  undergone  by  the  indi- 
viduals of  this  genus  and  the  relation  of  the  exuviae  to  the  wax 
is  not  understood. 

Where  the  body  is  deeply  encased  in  wax,  as  in  the  genus 
Ceroplastes,  the  volume  of  wax  may  be  greater  than  the  volume  of 
the  body.  While  in  this  genus  the  wax  and  body  together  fre- 
quently form  a  globular  mass,  this  is  not  always  true,  for  in  some 
species  of  Ceroplastes  and  in  the  species  of  such  genera  as  Vinsonia, 
Ctenochiton,  and  Inglesia  the  form  of  the  wax  is  definite  and  char- 
acteristic. The  wax  is  generally  designated  as  a  test  where  the 
body  is  encased  in  a  mass  that  is  hard,  horny,  or  glassy.  The  term 
test  is  used,  however,  by  some  writers  to  include  the  covering  of 
wax  no  matter  what  its  form.  The  formation  of  a  test  is  not 
peculiar  to  the  Lecaniinae,  but  it  is  found  in  genera  of  other 
subfamilies. 

The  sexes  of  the  lecaniids  are  not  distinguishable  in  the  first 
nymphal  stage.  The  individuals  of  this  stage  are  oval  in  outline, 
usually  somewhat  depressed  with  well  developed  legs  and  antennae. 
The  latter  are  usually  provided  with  six  segments.  The  young 
nymphs  are  very  active,  searching  out  all  parts  of  the  plant  and 
with  their  ungainly  appearing  legs  and  antennae  resemble  mites 
or  acarids.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  usually  provided  with 
a  distinct  anal  cleft.  The  most  striking  feature  which  seems  to  be 


166  THE   COCCIDAE 

characteristic  of  practically  all  the  first  stage  nymphs  of  species 
of  this  subfamily,  is  the  presence  of  a  distinct  operculum  on  each 
side  of  the  anal  cleft.  These  instead  of  being  at  the  cephalic  end 
of  the  anal  cleft  are  at  the  caudal  end  and  form  a  part  of  the 
caudal  margin.  Each  operculum  bears  a  single  large  seta,  an  anal 
seta,  and  often  other  much  smaller  setae.  The  opercula  are  con- 
sidered as  the  homologues  of  the  anal  lobes  and  by  some  as  the 
homologues  of  the  last  abdominal  segment,  but  more  strictly  should 
be  homologized  with  the  penultimate  segment.  The  thoracic 
spiracles  are  always  present,  but  there  is  some  variation  in  the 
presence  and  size  of  the  canellae,  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and 
spiracerores.  The  anal  ring  and  the  anal  ring  setae  are  present 
and  situated  at  the  cephalic  end  of  the  anal  tube  which  opens  at 
the  cephalic  end  of  the  anal  cleft.  The  anal  ring  and  anal  tube 
and  their  associated  parts  are  frequently  extruded  as  a  bag-like 
structure  after  treatment  with  caustic  potash.  The  possession  of 
an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  and  especially  of  anal  lobes  and 
anal  setae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  shows  that  there  is  a 
phylogenetic  relationship  existing  between  the  lecaniids  and 
eriococcids. 

The  female  nymphs  of  the  second  stage  have  legs  and  antennae 
that  are  smaller  than  those  of  the  first  stage.  They  resemble  more 
closely  the  adult  females  in  general  appearance.  This  is  due  to 
the  size  in  the  naked  species  and  to  the  increase  in  the  amount  of 
wax  in  those  genera  excreting  a  covering  of  wax.  The  opercula, 
while  they  are  not  yet  located  at  the  cephalic  end  of  the  anal  cleft, 
have  migrated  away  from  the  caudal  margin  and  at  the  first  molt 
lost  their  anal  setae.  A  second  molting  of  the  cuticle  transforms 
them  into  adult  females.  It  is  not  difficult  to  understand  how  the 
naked  species  are  able  to  molt,  but  in  the  species  of  such  genera 
as  Ceroplastes  which  bear  a  test  of  wax  of  considerable  thickness 
which  adheres  closely  to  the  body  throughout  life,  it  is  not  easy  to 
understand  how  this  takes  place.  It  has  been  suggested  by  Green, 
since  in  this  genus  the  plates  of  wax  excreted  by  the  dorsum  and 
latus  of  the  larva  can  be  recognized  in  the  test  of  the  adult,  the 
molted  skin  must  be  incorporated  in  the  mass  of  wax  of  the  adult. 

The  males  are  said  to  molt  three  times  and  to  pass  through 
three  nymphal  stages  before  becoming  winged  adults.  They  are 
difficult  to  separate  from  the  females  during  the  second  nymphal 
stage  until  they  have  formed  their  cocoons,  which  in  the  great 
majority  of  the  males  of  this  subfamily  is  a  subdepressed,  thin, 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE 


167 


glassy,  test  of  wax.  This  test  is  formed  toward  the  close  of  the 
second  nymphal  stage.  It  is  divided  into  a  series  of  symmetrically 
arranged  areas  by  a  series  of  raised  or  thickened  lines.  The  num- 
ber of  these  areas  varies  from  six  to  nineteen.  A  common  type  of 
the  naked  lecaniids  is  to  have  two  elongate  mesal  or  dorsal  areas,  a 
cephalic  marginal  area,  and  about  three  lateral  marginal  areas  on 
each  side,  or  nine  areas  in  all.  The  males  of  many  genera  are 
unknown.  In  the  genus  Cryptes  the  cocoon  is  felted,  while  in 
Ericerus,  a  Chinese  species,  the  males  are  gregarious  and  envelope 
themselves  in  a  mass  of  wax,  which  is  of  such  amount  that  it  was 
collected  and  used  for  the  making  of  candles  before  the  introduc- 
tion of  paraffin  candles.  The  third  nymphal  stage  of  the  male  is 
passed  under  the  cocoon.  The  developing  legs  and  antennae  of 
the  adult  are  prominent.  The  second  and  third  exuviae  are  shed 
while  under  the  cocoon.  They  are  pushed  out,  when  cast,  from 
beneath  the  posterior  extremity. 

The  adult  males  are  similar  to  those  described  in  previous 
subfamilies  so  far  as  their  general  form  is  concerned.  There  is 
considerable  variation  among  the  various  species  as  to  the  number 
of  ocellanae  present.  Newstead  figures  the  facets  of  twelve  simple 
eyes  in  Lichtensia,  eight  in  Vinsonia,  and  six  in  Pulvinaria.  The 
caudal  pair  of  the  dorsal  aspect  are  probably  ocelli  and  the  others 
are  ocellanae.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  may  bear  a  pair  of 
conspicuous  thread-like  filaments  of  wax  which  are  wanting  in 
some  genera.  The  stylus  is  generally  a  long  straight  tube. 


GENERA  OF  LECANIINAE 

Body  of  adult  female  not  naked,  always  forming  or  attached  to  or 
encased  in  distinct  mass  of  wax  of  varying  form  and  consistency  or 
body  covered  by  thin  film  of  opaque  or  glassy  wax;  abdomen  of  adult 
female   sometimes   with  segmentation   clearly   indicated, 
b.    Wax   excreted   by   adult   female   doughy   or   cottony,   situated   be- 
neath or  behind   or  entirely  enclosing  body,  body  never  covered 
with  thin  film  of  wax;   abdomen  of  adult  female  sometimes  with 
segmentation  clearly  indicated. 

c.    Body  of  adult  female  more  or  less  enclosed,  frequently  entirely 
enclosed  in  cottony  or  felted  ovisac,  wax  rarely  limited  in  great 
part  to  dorsal  aspect;  abdomen  of  adult  female  sometimes  with 
segmentation  clearly   indicated, 
d.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  segments. 

e.  Mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  legs  much  longer  than 
prothoracic,  tarsi  of  latter  secondarily  divided  into  two 
segments;  antennae  of  first  stage  nymphs  consisting  of 


168  THE  COCCIDAE 

six  segments;   anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  eight  and 
of  first  nymphal  stage  of  six  anal  ring  setae 

Exaeretopus  Newst. 

ee.  Mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  legs  subequal  in  length 
with  prothoracic  legs;  tarsi  of  all  legs  consisting  of  single 
segment. 

f.    Body   of   adult   female    greatly   elongated,    much    longer 
than  broad. 

g.    Body   of  adult   female   elongate  with   parallel   sides; 
legs    normal    in    form,    slender    and    well    developed; 

anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setate 

Luzulaspis  Ckll. 

gg.  Body  of  adult  female  twice  as  long  as  wide;  legs  nor- 
mal; antennae  consisting  of  seven  or  eight  segments; 
antennae  of  first  nymphal  stage  consisting  of  six  seg- 
ments.   Spermococcus  Giard. 

ff.    Body   of  adult  female   oval   or   suboval   in   outline,   not 
greatly  elongated. 

g.    Body  of  adult  female  margined  with  distinctly  thick- 
ened marginal  setae. 

h.  Spinae  pointed,  stout,  subequal  in  length  or  small- 
er than  marginal  setae;  body  of  adult  female  ex- 
cept a  small  cephalic  portion,  completely  enclosed 
in  felted  white  ovisac;  anal  ring  of  adult  female 

with  eight  anal  ring  setae Lichtensia  Sign. 

hh.  Spinae  much  larger  than  marginal  setae;  body 
of  adult  female  completely  enclosed  in  compact 
striated  ovisac;  anal  ring  of  adult  female  with 

eight  anal  ring  setae Stotzia  Marchal. 

gg.  Body  of  adult  female  margined  with  short,  fine 
pointed  setae;  body  of  adult  female  covered  by  ovisac 
of  curled  threads  of  wax  divided  into  four  trapezoi- 
dal areas,  which  in  egg  laying  female  completely 
covers  dorsal  aspect;  anal  ring  of  first  nymphal  stage 

with  eight  anal  ring  setae Euphillipia  Berl.  &  Silv. 

dd.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  eight  segments. 
e.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments. 
f.    Body  of  adult   female   not  enclosed   in   spherical   felted 
ovisac  with   elongated   dorsal   opening. 
g.    Body  of  adult  female  oval  or  elliptical,  with  loosely 
felted  excretion  of  wax,  especially  in  second  nymphal 
stage,  but  absent  or  inconspicuous  in  adult  female; 
tarsi  longer  than  tibiae;   body  with  marginal  fringe. 

Eriochitin  Mask. 

gg.  Body  of  female  elliptical  and  convex,  with  closely 
felted  ovisac;  cuticle  with  many  large  circular 
cerores;  anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae;  margin 
with  prominent  marginal  setae Mallococcus  Mask. 


SUBFAMILY  LECANIINAE  169 

ff.  Body  of  adult  female  enclosed  in  spherical  felted  ovisac 
with  elongated  dorsal  opening;  anal  ring  of  adult  fe- 
male with  six  anal  ring  setae  and  their  tibiae  longer 

than  their  tarsi Austrolichtensia  Ckll. 

ee.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  seven  segments. 
f.    Antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  six  segments. 
g.    Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  not  limited  for  most 
part  to  dorsal  aspect;  stigmatic  clefts  without  spinae. 
h.    Body  of  adult  female  elongate,  two  or  more  times 
as   long   as   broad,   antennae   and   legs   short   and 
stout;    ovisac    cottony    or    felted;     dorsum    with 

numerous  truncated  setae Eriopeltis  Sign. 

hh.    Body  of  adult  female  oval  or  subdval,  not  twice 
as  long  as  broad. 

i.  Adult  female  with  body  enclosed  in  felted  ovi- 
sac; legs  and  antennae  normal  in  size;  insects 
arboreal  in  habits;  anal  ring  of  first  stage  nymphs 

with  eight  anal  ring  setae Fillipia  Targ. 

ii.  Adult  female  with  body  enveloped  in  loose 
white  cottony  wax  or  in  thin  shell  of  hard  wax; 
legs  and  antennae  complete  in  form  but  greatly 
reduced  in  size;  insects  subterranean  in  habits; 
antennae  of  adult  female  sometimes  consisting 

of  eight  segments. Lecanopsis  Targ. 

gg.  Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  limited  for  most  part 
to  dorsal  aspect,  excreted  from  prominent  lateral  or 
mesal  rows  of  cerores  with  cuticular  tubes;  stigmatic 

clefts  with  four  spinae Ceronema  Mask. 

ff.  Antennae  of  adult  female  rudimentary,  segmentation 
indistinct,  four  segments  or  less;  legs  rudimentary, 

stout  conical  claw-like  protuberances : 

Pseudophillipia  Ckll. 

cc.  Body  of  adult  female  excreting  doughy  or  cottony  ovisac  situ- 
ated beneath  or  behind  body  of  insect;  abdomen  of  adult  female 
never  with  segmentation  indicated. 

d.    Adult  female  not  excreting  an  ovisac  that  is  elongated  pos- 
teriorly; dorsum  of  insect  sometimes  covered  with  wax. 
e.    Antennae     consisting     of    eight     segments;     ovisac     cone- 
shaped  and  fluted;  body  of  insect  free  from  host-plant  on 
end  of  conical  ovisac;  anal  ring  with  ten  anal  ring  setae — 

Pulvinella  Hemp. 

ee.    Antennae   consisting  of  seven   segments;    ovisac  not  coni- 
cal  with   fluted   sides;    dorsum   of   second    nymphal   stage 

with  lamellae  of  wax Pseudopulvinaria  Atk. 

dd.    Adult  female  excreting  ovisac  that  is  elongated  posteriorly 

behind  body  of  the  insect  and  that  does  not  cover  body  at  all. 

e.    Body   of  adult  female   triangular   in   outline;    ovisac  only 

slightly    developed,    mere    fringe    around    hind    margin    of 


170  THE   COCCIDAE 

body;  anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae 

Protopulvinaria  Ckll. 

ee.    Body  of  adult  female  oval  or  suboval  in  outline;   ovisac 
usually  well  developed. 

f.  Ovisac  at  most  never  more  than  four  or  five  times  as 
long  as  broad,  attached  to  host-plant  throughout  its  en- 
tire length. 

g.  Body  of  adult  female  soft,  pink  in  color  in  front, 
greenish  on  dorsum  with  minute  black  specks,  cephal- 
ic part  of  dorsum  with  white  area  of  wax,  body  with 
irregular  patches  in  three  longitudinal  rows;  anten- 
nae consisting  of  eight  segments.- -Philephedra  Ckll. 
gg.  Body  of  adult  female  hard  and  strongly  chitinized, 
dorsum  usually  naked,  if  provided  with  wax,  not 
arranged  in  longitudinal  rows. 

h.  Body  with  dorsum  entirely  covered  with  felt-like 
white  secretion  of  wax  in  two  parts,  lateral  por- 
tion and  mesal  portion;  antennae  of  adult  female 
with  eight  segments;  anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring 

setae.    Tectopulvinaria   Hemp. 

hh.  Body  with  dorsum  naked,  at  most  only  covered 
with  powdery  wax;  antennae  of  adult  female 
normally  with  eight  segments,  sometimes  with 

seven;    anal  ring  with  eight  anal   ring  setae 

Pulvinaria  Targ. 

ff.  Ovisac  greatly  elongated,  always  much  longer  than 
broad,  attached  to  host-plant  only  at  one  end;  antennae 
of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  segments;  anal  ring 

apparently  with  six  anal  ring  setae Takahashia  Ckll. 

bb.  Wax  excreted  by  adult  female  horny  or  opaque  or  glassy,  thick 
or  thin  mass  or  sheet  of  wax  closely  attached  to  or  free  from 
body  of  insect,  never  doughy  or  cottony  mass;  abdomen  of  adult 
female  never  with  segmentation  indicated. 

c.    Adult  female  with  legs  present  and  normal  in  form  and  size. 
d.    Adult  female  with  antennae  present  and  normal  in  form, 
e.     Test  of  adult  female  consisting  of  opaque  waxy  wax,  more 
or  less  thick,  never  thin  and  brittle. 

f.  Test  of  adult  female  not  with  marginal  fringe  or  with 
radiating  processes  of  wax. 

g.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  usually  with  a  more  or  less 
distinct  opercularia;  antennae  of  adult  female  con- 
sisting of  six  to  eight  segments;  margin  of  body  of 
adult  female  with  marginal  setae,  never  with  spear- 
head-shaped spines Ceroplastes  Gray. 

gg.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  never  with  opercularia; 
antennae  of  adult  female  obscurely  segmented;  mar- 
gin of  body  with  few  marginal  setae  and  numerous 
spearhead-shaped  spines Cardiococcus  Ckll. 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  171 

ff.    Test  of  adult  female  always  with  a  marginal  fringe  or 
with  radiating  processes  of  hard  wax. 

g.  Test  of  adult  female  with  seven  prominent  radiating 
processes  of  wax,  insect  star-like  in  appearance; 
opercularia  present  but  small;  antennae  of  adult  fe- 
male consisting  of  six  segments Vinsonia  Sign. 

gg.  Test  of  adult  female  not  with  seven  radiating  pro- 
cesses but  with  marginal  fringe  of  prominent  tooth- 
like  projections  of  wax;  opercularia  never  present; 
antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  seven  seg- 
ments.   Ctenochiton  Mask. 

i.     Test    of   adult   female    glassy,    thick   or    thin    and   brittle, 
never  opaque  and  thick. 

f.  Test  of  adult  female  perfectly  flat  or  only  slightly  con- 
vex; antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  seg- 
ments. 

g.  Test  with  mesal  part  of  dorsal  portion  subdivided 
into  small  oval  plates;  body  of  adult  female  about 

as  broad  as  long. Lagosinia  Ckll. 

gg.  Test  apparently  subdivided  into  four  plates,  one  on 
the  dorsum,  one  on  each  side,  and  one  at  the  caudal 
end;  body  of  adult  female  nearly  twice  as  long  as 

broad  and  anal  ring  with  ten  anal  ring  setae 

Alichtensia  Ckll. 

ff.     Test  of  adult  female  not  flat,  usually  irregular  in  form 

and  strongly  convex,  approaching  spherical. 

g.     Test  of  adult  female  conical  with  its  surface  fluted; 

antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  five  segments; 

marginal  setae  numerous,  short,   sharp,  and  conical. 

Edwallia  Hemp. 

gg.    Test  of  adult  female  not  conical  and  if  approaching 
conical  form,  not  longitudinally  fluted, 
h.    Test  of  adult  female  with  distinct  air-cells. 

i.  Insect  living  free,  never  forming  galls  on 
plants;  test  of  adult  female  always  divided  into 
plates  like  the  shell  of  tortoise  and  striated 
with  rows  of  air-cells,  not  free  from  body  of 
insect;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of 

six  segments.  Inglisia  Mask. 

ii.  Insects  not  living  free,  forming  galls  upon 
roots  of  plants;  test  of  adult  female  not  divided 
into  plates  and  striated,  air-cells  running  to- 
gether, forming  long  air-spaces,  not  free  from 
body  of  insect;  antennae  of  adult  female  con- 
sisting of  seven  or  eight  segments 

Cryptinglisia  Ckll. 

kh.     Test  of  adult  female  never  with  distinct  air-cells, 
i.    Test  of  adult  female  divided  by  transverse  de- 


172  THE    COCCIDAE 

pression,  portion  on  each  side  of  depression  ele- 
vated   and    subconical    with    grooves    radiating 

7  -  from  their  apices,  probably  not  free  from  body 
of  insect;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting 
of  eight  segments. Parafairmairia  Ckll. 

ii.  Test  of  adult  female  convex,  subglobular,  free 
from  body  of  insect,  surface  roughened  by 
irregular  granules  or  symmetrical  polygonal 
plates  of  wax;  antennae  of  adult  female  consist- 
ing of  eight  segments Ceroplastodes  Ckll. 

dd.  Antennae  wanting  or  indicated  only  by  two  impressions; 
insect  enclosed  in  test  that  is  deeply  incised  at  stigmatic  and 
anal  clefts;  opercula  twice  as  long  as  wide;  insects  living  in 
nests  of  ants Myxolecanium  Beccari. 

cc.    Adult  female  with  legs  rudimentary  or  wanting. 

d.    Adult   female   with   antennae   present,   consisting    of   one   to 
seven  segments. 

e.  Adult  female  covered  by  hard  brown  test,  mesal  portion 
formed  during  nymphal  life;  antennae  consisting  of  seven 
segments;  cuticle  of  dorsal  aspect  not  with  large  alveolae. 

Lecanochiton  Mask. 

ee.  Adult  female  covered  by  thin  glassy  test,  all  formed  by 
adult;  antennae  short  with  indistinguishable  segments; 

cuticle  of  dorsal  aspect  with  large  alveolae 

Neolecanium   Ckll.   &  Parr. 

dd.    Adult   female   with   antennae   wanting. 

e.    Test  of  adult   female  flat   and   circular,   divided   into   two 

parts  on  dorso-meson,  with  rows  of  air-cells 

Platinglisia  Ckll. 

ee.  Test  of  adult  female  always  more  or  less  convex  and  never 
provided  with  air-cells. 

f.  Test  of  adult  female  convex,  thin  glassy  scale,  divided 
into  two  parts  by  longitudinal  furrow,  forming  sub- 
lateral  low  cones  with  concentric  but  not  longitudinal 

striae;   anal  ring  with  seven  anal  ring  setae 

Pseudokermes  Ckll. 

ff.  Test  of  adult  female  convex,  semitransparent  thin 
glassy  scale,  divided  into  two  parts  by  longitudinal 
furrow,  with  low  eminence  on  each  side  of  furrow,  pro- 
vided with  radiating  and  concentric  striae;  anal  ring 

with  six  anal  ring  setae Schizochlamidea  Ckll. 

aa.  Body  of  adult  female  always  naked,  never  attached  to  or  encased  in 
distinct  mass  of  wax  of  varying  form  and  consistency  or  with  body 
covered  by  thin  sheet  of  opaque  or  glassy  wax,  at  mosit  only  with 
powdery  bloom  or  thin  covering  or  patches  of  pulverulent  wax  on 
dorsal  or  ventral  aspects;  abdomen  of  adult  female  never  with 
segmentation  indicated. 


SUBFAMILY   LECANUNAE  173 

.    Adult  female  with  legs  and  antennae  always  present  and  antennae 
segmented. 

c.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  conspicuously  transversely  furrowed, 
appearing  as  if  distinctly  segmented,  as  seen  in  unmounted 
specimens  from  dorsal  aspect;  antennae  of  adult  female  short 
and  thick,  with  six  segments;  legs  rudimentary,  segments  short 
and  swollen. Alecanopsis  Ckll. 

cc.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  never  with  prominent  transverse  fur- 
rows so  as  to  appear  as  if  segmented. 

d.    Adult  female  with  margin  of  the  body  fringed  with  marginal 
setae,  never  with   scales. 

e.    Body  of  adult  female  always  alveolate,  never  with  tesserae. 

f.    Abdomen    of    adult    female    always    with    distinct    anal 
cleft  with  opercula  near  margin  of  the  body. 

g.  Cuticle  of  dorsal  aspect  with  minute  microscopic  pits 
or  alveolae,  distance  between  alveolae  always  several 
times  diameter  of  alveolae. 

h.    Adult   female    with    alveolae    never   symmetrically 

arranged,   bounding   tesserae-like  areas. 

i.    Body   of  adult  female   flat   or   slightly  convex; 

antennae  consisting  of  seven  or  eight  segments; 

median    spina    about   twice    as   long   as    lateral 

spinae;    opercula    usually    longer    than    broad; 

anal  ring  with  eight  anal  ring  setae 

Lecanium  Burm. 

ii.    Body  of  adult  female   distinctly  convex,  oper- 
cula usually  broader  than  long, 
j.    Adult    female    with    antennae    consisting    of 
seven    segments;    median    spina    usually    less 
than    twice   as    long   as    lateral    spinae;    anal 

ring  with  eight  anal  ring  setae 

Eulecanium  Ckll. 

jj.    Adult    female    with    antennae    consisting    of 
seven  or  six  segments;   median  spina  usually 

three  times  as  long  as  lateral  spinae 

Mesolecanlum  Ckll. 

hh.  Adult  female  with  alveolae  symmetrically  ar- 
ranged and  bounding  tesserae-like  areas;  antennae 
consisting  of  seven  or  eight  segments;  anal  ring 

with  six  anal  ring  setae Stictolecanium  Ckll. 

gg.     Cuticle    of    dorsal    aspect    with    large    often    nearly 
adjacent  alveolae,  the  distance  between  alveolae  not 
several  times  diameter  of  alveolae, 
h.    Body   of   adult   female   slightly   convex    or   hemis- 
pherical, lateral  portions  never  vertical;  antennae 
of  adult  female  consisting  of  eight  segments;  anal 
ring  with  eight  anal  ring  setae Saissetia  Depl. 


174  THE   COCCIDAE 

hh.  Body  of  adult  female  with  lateral  portions  per- 
pendicular, edge  of  dorsal  portion  overlapping  at 
top  like  roof  of  house;  antennae  of  second 

nymphal  stage  of  female  with  seven  segments 

Platysaissetia  Ckll. 

ff.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  anal  cleft  and  opercula 

located  near  middle  of  dorsal  aspect. 

g.    Body  of  adult  female  spherical  with  opercula  located 

near   middle    of   length    of   body;    antennae   minute, 

consisting  of  eight  segments  in  adult  female  and  of 

six  in  first  nymphal  stage,  anal  ring  of  first  nymphal 

stage  with  seven  anal   ring  setae;    dorsum   of  adult 

female  and  of  nymphs  not  with  two  cephalic  and  two 

caudal  groups  of  cerores Cryptes  Mask. 

gg.  Body  of  adult  female  not  spherical,  flat  and  cor- 
rugated, with  opercula  located  near  middle  of  length 
of  body;  antennae  of  adult  female  consisting  of  nine 
segments  and  of  first  nymphal  stage  of  six;  dorsum 
of  female  in  all  stages  with  two  prominent  cephalic 

and  two  caudal   groups  of  cerores 

Hemilecanium   Newst. 

ee.  Body  of  adult  female  flat  and  convex,  never  spherical, 
never  with  alveolae,  but  always  with  tesserae;  antennae 
of  adult  female  with  eight  segments;  anal  ring  with  six 

anal   ring   setae Eucalymnatus   Ckll. 

dd.    Adult   female   with   margin   of   body   fringed   with   flattened 
setae  or  scales;   antennae  consisting  of  eight  segments;  anal 

ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae Paralecanium  Ckll. 

bb.    Adult   female  with   legs   and   antennae,   when   present,   all   or   in 
part  rudimentary,  one  or  both  wanting. 

c.  Adult  female  with  body  not  greatly  elongated,  lateral  margins 
strongly  convex,  never  subparallel;  anal  cleft  and  opercula  dis- 
tinct. 

d.    Body  of  adult  female  convex,  sometimes  approaching  hemis- 
pherical, never   spherical. 

e.  Body  of  adult  female  convex,  sometimes  approaching 
hemispherical,  fringed  with  long  slender,  spear-like  mar- 
ginal setae;  legs  and  antennae  wanting. ..Ericerus  Westw. 
ee.  Body  of  adult  female  always  convex,  not  approaching  hem- 
ispherical, not  fringed  with  slender  spear-like  marginal 
setae. 

f.  Body  of  adult  female  with  margin  of  dorsal  aspect 
divided  into  twenty  plates  of  which  one  is  cephalic,  one 
is  about  the  anus,  four  are  spiracular,  and  others  are 
intermediate  in  position;  legs  are  wanting,  antennae 

tuberculate;  anal  ring  with  ten  anal  ring  seate 

Houardia  Marchal. 

ff.    Body  of  adult  female  with  dorsal   aspect  never  divided 
into  plates;   legs  and  antennae  rudimentary,  latter  con- 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  175 

sisting  of  six   segments;    cuticle   of  dorsal   aspect   with 
minute  distant   alveola;    anal   ring   with   ten   anal   ring 

setae.    Toumeyella    Ckll. 

dd.     Body  of  adult  female  spherical,  never  convex  or  subdepressed. 
e.    Adult  female  with  opercula  not  prominent  and  not  dorsal 
in  position. 

f.    Cuticle    of    the    dorsal    aspect    with    minute     distant 
alveolae;    legs   and   antennae   rudimentary  or   wanting; 

opercula  obscure.   Akermes  Ckll. 

ff.    Cuticle    of    dorsal    aspect    with    large     polygonal    sub- 
adjacent  alveolae;  legs  and  antennae  rudimentary 

Megasaissetia  Ckll. 

ee.    Adult  female  with  opercula  prominent,  swollen,  dorsal  in 
position;    antennae   and   legs   wanting;    body   with   lateral 

portions  infolded  forming  marsupium  on  each  side 

Physokermes  Targ. 

cc.  Adult  female  with  body  greatly  elongated  with  lateral  mar- 
gins subparallel;  anal  cleft  and  opercula  wanting;  legs  want- 
ing; antennae  represented  by  unsegmented  tubercle  on  each 
side;  mesothoracic  spiracles  sometimes  located  considerable 
distance  cephalad  of  attachment  of  rostrum Aclerda  Sign. 

Exaeretopus  Newst. — The  type  species,  formiceticola  Newst.,  was 
collected  in  the  nests  of  ants  in  England,  the  other  species,  caricis  Ehrh., 
occurs  on  Carex  and  Trisetum  in  California. 

Luzulaspis  Ckll. — A  single  species,  luzulae  Dufour,  is  found  in 
Europe  on  Luzula.  A  second  species,  spinulosa  Leon.,  has  been  recorded 
from  Argentina  on  Atriplex. 

Spermococcus  Giard. — This  poorly  defined  genus  includes  a  single 
species,  fallax  Giard,  from  France  on  the  roots  of  grass. 

Lichtensia  Sign. — There  are  twelve  species  included  in  this  genus. 
The  following  are  found  in  America: — argentata  Hemp,  from  Brazil; 
colimensis  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  ?Celtis;  crescentiae  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on 
"Guanabano";  lutea  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Croton,  wild  fig;  lycii  from 
New  Mexico  on  "Lycium  bush";  mimosae  Towns.  &  Ckll.  from  Mexico 
on  Mimosa;  parvula  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Mimosa;  simillima  Ckll.  from 
Paraguay;  viburni  Sign,  from  France,  England,  Wales,  Massachusetts  on 
Viburnum,  Spiraea,  Prinos,  Hedera;  zapotlana  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  copal. 

Stotzia  Marchal  —  This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  striata 
Marchal,  from  Algeria  on  Ephedra. 

Enphillipia  Berl.  &  Silv. — A  single  species,  olivina  Berl.  &  Silv., 
occurs  on  olive  in  Italy. 

Eriochitin  Mask. — A  genus  containing  three  species  from  New 
Zealand  and  India,  hispidus  Mask,  from  New  Zealand  on  Olearia; 
spinosus  Mask,  from  New  Zealand  on  Atherosperma,  Melicope,  Elaeo- 
carpus,  Muhlenbeckia,  and  theae  Green  from  India  on  tea-plant. 

Mallococcus  Mask. — Two  species  are  described,  sinensis  Mask, 
from  China  on  Callicarpa  and  lanigerus  Hemp,  from  Brazil. 

Austrolichtensia  Ckll. — A  single  species,  hakearum  Fuller,  oc- 
curs in  Australia  on  Hakea. 


176  THE  COCCIDAE 

Eriopeltis  Sign. — Four  species  are  included,  brachypodii  Giard 
on  Brachypodium,  festucae  Fonsc.  on  Festuca,  and  lichtensteinii  Sign. 
on  Festuca  and  other  grasses  from  Europe.  Festucae  Fonsc.  has  been 
introduced  into  Nova  Scotia,  Eastern  Canada,  Maine,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
and  Dakota.  The  fourth  species,  coloradensis  Ckll.  occurs  in  Colorado 
on  grass. 

Fillipia  Targ. — A  single  species,  oleae  Costa,  occurs  on  olives  in 
Italy. 

Lecanopsis  Targ. — Four  species  are  found  in  Europe  upon  the 
roots  of  grass,  Asperula,  and  from  the  nests  of  Lasius.  A  single  species, 
lineolatae  King  &  Ckll.  occurs  in  Massachusetts  in  the  nests  of  ants. 

Ceronema  Mask. — A  genus  of  five  species,  three  from  Australia, 
one  from  India  and  Japan,  and  one  from  Ceylon. 

Pseudophllllpia  Ckll.— There  is  a  single  species,  quaintancii  Ckll., 
from  Florida  on  pine. 

Pulvinella  Hemp. — A  single  species,  pulchella  Hemp.,  is  de- 
scribed from  Brazil  on  Baccharis. 

Pseudopulvinaria  Atk. — There  is  a  single  species  from  India, 
sikkimensis  Atk.  on  Cinchona. 

Protopulvinaria  Ckll. — This  genus  includes  two  species,  convexa 
Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Smilax,  is  the  type,  and  longivalvata  Green  from 
Ceylon. 

Philephedra  Ckll. — A  single  species,  ephedrae  Ckll.  from  New 
Mexico  on  Ephedra,  is  included.  According  to  Ferris  this  species  ap- 
pears like  a  much  elongated  Pulvinaria  in  which  spinae  and  stigmatic 
clefts  are  wanting.  The  marginal  setae  are  large  and  spine-like. 

Tectopulvinaria  Hemp. — A  monotypic  genus  from  Brazil  with 
albata  Hemp,  as  type  occurs  on  Veronia  and  Trichogonia. 

Pulvinaria  Targ. — This  genus  contains  over  sixty  species  of 
which  the  following  are  found  in  America: — acericola  Walsh  &  Riley 
from  eastern  and  western  United  States  on  maple;  amygdali  Ckll.  from 
New  Mexico  and  Georgia  on  peach,  apple,  plum;  argentina  Leon,  from 
Argentina  on  Lycium,  Fabiana;  bigeloviae  Ckll.  from  California,  Colo- 
rado on  Bigelovia;  broadwayi  Ckll.  from  Grenada;  camelicola  Sign,  from 
Europe,  Australia,  Japan,  southern  United  States  on  Camellia,  Euonymus, 
Oncidium,  Calanthe;  cockerelli  King  from  Massachusette  on  Spiraea, 
Prinos;  convexa  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Smilax;  cooleyi  King  from  Mon- 
tana on  Picea;  coulteri  Ckll.  from  Colorado  on  Rosa;  cupaniae  Ckll.  from 
Jamaica  on  Cupania,  Bignonia,  guava;  dendrophthorae  Ckll.  from  Ja- 
maica on  Dendrophthora;  depressa  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Miconia; 
ehrhorni  King  from  California  on  alder,  willow;  eugeniae  Hemp,  from 
Brazil  on  Eugenia;  ficus  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Ficus,  Psidium,  Mangi- 
fera,  Ixora;  floccifera  Westw.  from  England,  India,  Canada,  Massachu- 
setts, Trinidad  on  Auguloa,  Lyasta,  Camellia,  Acalypha,  Brassia,  Phaius; 
grandis  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae;  hunteri  King  from  Kansas  on 
maple,  honey  locust;  innumerabilis  Rathvon  from  Canada,  United  States 
on  maple,  many  shade  trees;  maclurae  Fitch  from  eastern  United  States, 
New  Mexico  on  osage  orange,  sumac;  mammeae  Mask,  from  Hawaiian 
Islands,  North  America  on  Mammea,  ferns,  orange,  coffee,  plum;  occi- 
dentalis  Ckll.  from  Washington,  British  Columbia,  Nova  Scotia  on  cur- 
rant, gooseberry,  hawthorn,  plum,  pear,  mountain  ash,  willow,  poplar, 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  177 

alder;  ornata  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Ariabidaea;  plucheae  Ehrh.  from  Cal- 
ifornia on  Pluchea;  pruni  Hunter  from  Kansas  on  plum,  white  elm; 
psidii  Mask,  from  New  Zealand,  Japan,  California,  etc.  on  tea,  plum, 
coffee,  Citrus,  etc.;  pulchella  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Baccharis;  pyri- 
formis  Ckll.  from  Trinidad,  Jamaica,  Grenada,  Madeira  on  guava,  cinna- 
mon, etc.;  rhois  Ehrh.  from  California  on  Rhus;  simulans  Ckll.  from 
Trinidad,  Mexico;  spinulosa  Leon,  from  Argentina  on  Atriplex;  tiliae 
King  &  Ckll.  from  Massachusetts  on  Tilia;  tinsleyi  King  from  New  Mex- 
ico on  Celtis;  tuberculatus  Bouche  from  South  America  on  Malvaceae; 
urhicola  Ckll.  from  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  Trinidad  on  Capsicum;  viburni 
King  from  Canada  on  Viburnum;  and  vitis  Linn,  from  Europe,  United 
States  on  Grape.  The  two  common  eastern  species  of  the  United  States 
can  be  separated  as  follows:  — 

SPECIES    OF    PULVINARIA 

a.    Cuticle  of  dorsum  with  distinct  large  subadjacent  alveolae;   ovisac 
much  longer  than  body  of  adult  female  and  formed  upon  leaves  of 

host-plant.    Eastern  United  States  on  Maple acericola  W.  &  R. 

aa.  Cuticle  of  dorsum  with  small  distant  alveolae;  ovisac  not  much 
longer  than  body  of  adult  female  and  formed  upon  stems  and 
branches  of  host-plant. — Eastern  United  States  on  maple,  grape,  elm, 
box  elder,  etc.  vitis  Linn. 

Takashasia  Ckll. — The  type  species,  japonica  Ckll.  is  from 
Japan  on  Mulberry  A.  second  species,  jaliscensis  T.  &  W.  Ckll.  occurs 
in  Mexico  on  Rhus(?).  A  third  species,  citricola  Knw.  has  been  de- 
scribed from  Japan  on  Citrus. 

Ceroplastes  Gray. — This  genus  occurs  in  all  parts  of  the  world 
and  includes  over  sixty  species,  of  which  over  fifty  are  found  in  Amer- 
ica. The  following  species  are  found  in  the  United  States: — cirripedi- 
formis  Comst.  from  Florida,  Louisiana,  Mexico,  West  Indies  on  orange, 
quince,  myrtle,  persimmon,  Solanum,  Eupatorium,  etc.;  cistudiformis 
Towns.  &  Ckll.  from  Mexico,  California  on  Chrysis,  Bignonia,  Chrysan- 
themum, Cordia,  etc.;  floridensis  Comst.  from  southern  United  States, 
West  Indies,  Ceylon,  Asia,  Australia  on  Oleander,  Citrus,  quince,  red 
bay,  Anona,  Andromeda,  etc.;  irregularis  Ckll.  from  Mexico,  New  Mexico, 
Texas  on  Atriplex.  Cockerell  has  proposed  the  following  subgeneric 
groups  for  the  genus  Ceroplastes:  — 

1.  "Typical    Ceroplastes,    with    convex    scales,    in    which    the    lateral 
plates  are  large  and  reach  the  lower  margin;  caudal  horn   (opercularia) 
usually  moderate  and  directed  posteriorly." 

2.  Ceroplastina  Ckll.— Type,  C.  lahillei  Ckll.    "Wax  abundant,  pushing 
the  plates  to  the  dorsal  surface;   caudal  horn  mammiform,  directed  up- 
wards.   Wax  of  different  individuals  often  confluent." 

3.  Ceroplastidia    Ckll.    Type    C.    bruneri    Ckll.    "In    this    group    the 
wax  of  the  several  individuals  is  thick  and  always  confluent,  and  the  fe- 
male has  become  high  and  narrow." 

Cardiococcus  Ckll. — Three  species  are  included,  two  from  Aus- 
tralia and  the  third,  umbonatus  Ckll.,  is  from  Mexico  on  wild  guava. 

Vinsonia  Sign. — A  single  species,  stellifera  Westw.,  occurs  com- 
monly on  many  plants  throughout  tropical  America  and  Ceylon. 


178  THE   COCCIDAE 

Ctenochiton  Mask. — There  are  fifteen  species  listed  in  Fernald's 
Catalogue.  The  following  occur  in  America: — aztectus  Towns.  &  Ckll. 
from  Mexico  on  "Cafetilla  cimarron"  and  flavus  Maskell  from  Brazil  on 
Brachyglottis,  Panax,  Leptospermum,  Elaeocarpus. 

Lagiosinia  Ckll. — A  single  species,  strachani  Ckll.  from  west 
Africa  on  Anona,  is  known. 

Alichtensia  Ckll. — There  is  a  single  species,  attenuata  Hemp., 
occurs  in  Brazil  on  Baccharis. 

Edwallia  Hemp. — A  monotypic  genus  described  from  Brazil  on 
Eugenia  includes  rugosa  Hemp. 

Inglisia  Mask. — This  genus  includes  eleven  species.  The  follow- 
ing are  from  America: — malvacearum  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Malva,  Hi- 
biscus, cotton  and  vitrea  Ckll.  from  Trindad  on  Acacea. 

Cryptinglisia  Ckll. — A  single  species,  lounsburyi  Ckll.,  occurs  in 
Cape  Colony  on  the  roots  of  Vitis. 

Ceroplastodes  Ckll. — There  are  five  species  listed  in  Fernald's 
Catalogue.  The  following  are  from  America: — acaciae  Ckll.  from  Ari- 
zona, New  Mexico  on  Acacia;  daleae  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Dalea; 
and  dugesii  Sign,  from  Mexico  on  Mimosa. 

Parafairmairia  Ckll. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species, 
bipartita  Sign,  from  France  on  Agropyrum,  Mesembrianthemum. 

Myxilecanium  Beccari. — This  genus  was  based  upon  the  presence 
of  what  was  supposed  to  be  a  peculiar  structure  associated  with  the 
rostrum,  a  crumena,  which  is  found  in  most  if  not  all  coccids.  A  single 
species  is  included,  kibarae  Beccari,  from  New  Guinea  on  Kibara. 

Lechanochlton  Mask. — Two  species  from  New  Zealand  are  in- 
cluded in  this  genus. 

Neolecanium  Ckll.  &  Parr. — The  following  American  species  have 
been  referred  to  this  genus: — chilaspidis  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Chilopsis; 
cornuparvum  Thro  from  New  York  on  Magnolia;  herrerae  Ckll.  from 
Mexico  on  Agave;  imbricatum  Ckll.  from  Mexico,  New  Mexico  on  Mi- 
mosa; leucaenae  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Leucaena,  Mimosa;  manzanillense 
Ckll.  from  Mexico;  perconvexum  Ckll.  from  Brazil  on  Nectandra; 
plebeium  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  Ficus;  sallei  Sign,  from  Mexico;  silveirai 
Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  roots  of  grape;  tuberculatum  Towns.  &  Ckll.  from 
Mexico  on  "cafetillo";  urichi  Ckll.  from  Trinidad,  Grenada,  Brazil  on 
Smilax  and  from  nests  of  ants. 

Platinglisia  Ckll. — A  single  species,  noacki  Ckll.,  is  recorded 
from  Brazil  on  Myrtaceae  and  Laurus. 

Pseudokermes  Ckll. — Two  species  are  referred  to  this  genus; 
armatus  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  "Palo  de  gusano"  and  nitens  Hemp,  from 
Brazil  on  Myrtus  and  Psidium. 

Schizochlamidia  Ckll. — A  single  species  from  Mexico  on  Mimosa, 
mexicana  Ckll.  &  Parr.,  is  included. 

Alecanopsis  Ckll. — Maskell  has  described  a  single  species,  filicum 
Mask.,  from  New  South  Wales  on  Doodia. 

Liecanium  Burni. — The  species  included  here  are  those  referred 
to  the  genus  Coccus  in  Fernald's  Catalogue.  The  following  species 
occur  in  America: — cltricola  Campbell  from  California  on  Citrus; 
flaveolus  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico,  Colorado  on  Pilea;  hesperidum  Linn, 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  on  a  great  variety  of  plants;  incisus  King 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  179 

from  South  America  on  nutmeg;  longulum  Dougl.  from  New  Zealand, 
China,  India,  Mauritius,  eastern  United  States,  Mexico,  West  Indies, 
Hawaiian  Islands  on  Psidium,  Bambusa,  Acacia,  Citrus,  Ficus.  etc.; 
mangiferae  Green  from  Ceylon,  West  Indies  on  Mango,  cinnamon,  nut- 
meg, bread-fruit,  etc.;  melaleucae  Mask,  from  Australia,  China,  Massa- 
chusetts on  Melaleuca;  minimum  Newst.  from  England,  Mexico  on  Areca, 
Abutilon,  fan-palm;  nanus  Ckll.  from  Trinidad  on  "Balata";  pseudo- 
hesperidum  Ckll.  from  Canada  on  Cattleya;  rubellus  Ckll.  from  Jamaica; 
schini  Ckll.  from  Mexico  on  "Nancem";  terminaliae  Ckll.  from  Jamaica, 
Mexico  on  Terminalia;  ventralis  Ehrh.  from  California,  Japan;  viridis 
Green  from  Ceylon,  Brazil,  Mauritius  on  Cinchona,  Citrus,  Gardenia,  tea, 
coffee,  etc. 

Eulecanium  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  over  seventy  species  of 
which  nearly  fifty  are  found  in  America  and  of  these  forty-five  are  re- 
corded from  the  United  States.  It  is  likely  that  a  considerable  number 
of  these  are  synonyms.  Six  of  the  more  common  species  can  be  sepa- 
rated by  means  of  the  following  table  which  is  based  for  the  most  part 
upon  a  table  by  Dietz  and  Morrison:  — 

SPECIES  OF  EULECANIUM 

a.  Adult  female  with  median  spfna  more  than  twice  as  long  as  either 
lateral  spina;  dorso-meson  with  row  of  dorsal  tubercles  extending 
cephalad  from  opercula;  fringe  setae  four  in  number;  operculum 
with  outer  and  basal  margins  subequal  and  slightly  longer  than 
greatest  width  of  operculum. — East  of  Rocky  Mountains  on  peach, 
plum,  apple,  maple,  etc.  nigrofasciata  Perg. 

aa.    Adult  female  with  median  spina  always  less  than  twice  as  long  as 
either  lateral  spina;  dorso-meson  not  with  row  of  dorsal  tubercles. 

b.    Each  operculum  distinctly  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

c.  Alveolae  promiscuously  arranged,  not  in  irregular  transverse 
groups;  species  large,  ten  to  thirteen  millimeters  long. — East- 
ern United  States,  Canada  on  apple,  plum,  linden,  poplar,  etc. 

caryae  Fitch. 

cc.    Alveolae    arranged    in    irregular    transverse    groups;     species 
small,  four  to  six  millimeters  long. — Europe,  Indiana,  Oregon 

on  apple,  Crataegus.  bituberculatum  Targ. 

bb.    Each  operculum  never  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

c.    Lateral  spinae  never  twice  as  long  as  marginal  setae  of  aver- 
age length, 
d.    Alveolae  arranged  in  more  or  less  irregular  bands. 

e.  Alveolae  at  least  near  middle  of  the  dorsum  large  and 
arranged  in  single  rows  radiating  from  meson;  cuticle 
nearly  smooth,  not  wrinkled  or  roughened. — Eastern 

United  States,  Canada  on  arbor-vitae fletcheri  Ckll. 

ee.  Alveolae  all  subequal  in  size  and  small,  arranged  in  ir- 
regular rows  radiating  from  meson;  cuticle  irregularly 
roughened. — Europe,  United  States  on  Cornus,  Ribes, 
Corylus,  Pyrus,  Tilia.  corni  Bouche. 


180  THE   COCCIDAE 

dd.  Alveolae  promiscuously  arranged,  not  in  transverse  rows; 
four  fringe  setae,  mesal  setae  longer  than  lateral  and  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  converging  cephalad. — New  York  on 

blackberry.  obtusum    Thro. 

cc.  Lateral  spinae  always  twice  or  more  as  long  as  marginal  setae 
of  average  length;  alveolae  promiscuously  arranged;  four 
fringe  setae;  arranged  in  single  transverse  row. — Eastern 
United  States  and  Canada  on  Quercus quercifex  Fitch. 

The  species  of  the  genus  Eulecanium  according  to  Sulc  should  be 
distributed  among  four  genera.  These  genera  are  based  upon  the 
characters  of  the  male,  as  follows:  — 

a.     Species  reproducing  avongenetically,  males  with  two  pairs  of  waxy 
abdominal  filaments. 

b.    Males  with  six  pairs  of  ocellanae. Eulecanium  Ckll. 

bb.    Males  with  three  pairs  of  ocellanae. 

c.    Males  with  wings  and  halteres  present,  with  pocket  for  hook 

of  halteres.  Palaelecanium  Sulc. 

cc.    Males  with  wings  and  without  halteres  and  pockets  for  hooks 

of  halteres.   Sphaerolecanium   Sulc. 

aa.    Species  reproducing  parthenogenetically,  males  not  known 

Parthenolecanium  Sulc. 

Sulc  refers  caprae  L.,  douglasi  Sulc,  ciliatum  Newst.,  and  alni  Mod. 
to  Eulecanium;  bituberculatum  Targ.  to  Palaeolecanium;  prunastri  Fonsc. 
to  Sphaerolecanium;  and  coryli  Linn,  and  persicae  Geoff,  to  Partheno- 
lecanium. 

Globulicoccus  Lindinger. — This  name  was  proposed  by  Lindinger 
as  of  subgeneric  rank  to  include  Eulecanium  fuscum  Gmel.  from  Europe 
on  oak,  also  capreae  Linn,  from  Europe,  Nova  Scotia  on  Salix,  poplar, 
linden,  Pyrus,  Prunus,  etc. 

Mesolecanium  Ckll. — An  American  genus  of  thirteen  species. 
One  of  these,  phoradendri  Ckll.,  occurs  in  Arizona  on  Phoradendron, 
the  other  species  are  limited  to  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

Stictolecanium  Ckll. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  orna- 
tum  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Eugenia. 

Saissetia  Depl. — This  genus  contains  over  twenty  species,  several 
of  them  of  wide  distribution.  The  three  more  important  species  occur- 
ring in  the  United  States  can  be  separated  by  the  following  table  based 
upon  the  analysis  of  Thro:  — 

SPECIES  OF   SAISSETIA 
a.    Fringe  setae  eight  in  number. 

b.  Opercula  with  outer  margins  distinctly  longer  than  basal  mar- 
gins, outer  angle  broadly  rounded,  fringe  setae  convergent  toward 
meson. — Europe,  South  Africa,  Mauritius,  Ceylon,  China,  Japan, 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Brazil,  Mexico,  West 
Indies,  United  States  on  orange,  apple,  pear,  plum,  olive,  apricot, 
etc.  .  —-oleae  Bern. 


SUBFAMILY   LECANIINAE  181 

bb.  Opercula  with  outer  margins  subequal  in  length  with  basil  mar- 
gins, outer  angle  not  rounded,  but  angulate,  fringe  setae  in  trans- 
verse row. — Europe,  United  States,  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Brazil, 

Australia,  etc.  on  ferns,   Oleander,  Camellia,  etc 

hemisphaericum  Targ. 

aa.    Fringe  setae  four  in  number;   opercula  with  outer  and  basal  mar- 
gins subequal,  outer  angle  angulate,  fringe  setae  in  transverse  row. — 

Europe,  United  States,  Australia,  Jamaica,  etc.  on  ferns 

fllicum  Bdv. 

Platysaissetia  Ckll. — A  single  species,  castilloae  Ckll.,  from 
Mexico  on  Castilloa  is  included. 

Cryptes  Mask. — There  is  a  single  Australian  species,  baccatus 
Mask.,  occuring  on  several  species  of  Acacia. 

Hemilecanium  Xewst. — Two  species,  imbricans  Green  from  West 
Africa  on  Theobroma  and  from  India  on  Ficus  and  recurvatum  Newst. 
from  Upper  Congo,  Africa  from  hollow  stems  of  Plectronia,  are  included. 

Eucalymnatus  Ckll. — A  genus  containing  the  following  four 
species: — brunfelsiae  Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Brunfelsia,  Laurus;  gracilis 
Hemp,  from  Brazil  on  Sapindaceae;  perforatus  Newst.  from  England, 
Australia,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Florida,  Iowa,  Colorado,  California;  and 
tesselatus  Sign,  from  England,  France,  Australia,  Mauritius,  Hawaiian 
Islands,  Ceylon,  Jamaica  on  Laurus,  Sapindus,  lignum  vitae,  palms, 
ferns,  etc. 

Paralecanium  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  seven  species,  one, 
marianum  Ckll.  from  Brazil,  and  the  others  from  Australia,  Ceylon,  and 
China. 

Ericerus  Westw. — This  genus  includes  the  single  species,  pe-la 
Westw.,  which  is  a  native  of  China  and  Japan  where  it  feeds  upon  Lig- 
astrum,  Rhus,  Hibiscus,  and  Fraxinus.  The  adult  females  are  collected 
by  the  Chinese  and  raised  in  order  to  secure  the  males  in  large  numbers, 
which  produce  a  considerable  quantity  of  wax.  This  is  collected  in 
June  and  mixed  with  tallow  and  used  in  the  preparation  of  candles 
which  are  burned  in  the  sanctuaries.  The  Chinese  not  only  cultivate 
the  plants  upon  which  the  females  are  grown  but  transport  them  a  long 
distance  through  dangerous  mountain  passes  from  Western  China  to 
the  regions  where  the  wax  is  produced.  The  pure  wax  is  clear  white 
in  color  like  the  best  quality  of  paraffin  and  very  hard,  but  not  brittle. 
The  wax  harvested  each  year  by  the  Chinese,  according  to  Sassaki,  is 
worth  over  two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Paraffin  candles  are  used  at 
the  present  time  instead  of  the  candles  made  from  the  coccid  wax,  ex- 
cept on  very  state  occasions. 

Honardia  Marchal. — A  single  species,  troglodytes  Marchal,  from 
Senegal,  Africa,  is  found  in  the  galleries  in  the  branches  of  Balanites 
where  they  are  attended  by  ants. 

Toumeyella  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  the  following  species: 
magnoliarum  Ckll.  from  California,  Ohio  on  Magnola,  Daphne,  Virginia 
creeper;  mirabilis  Ckll.  from  Arizona,  Mexico  on  Mesquite;  parvicornis 
Ckll.  from  Florida  on  pine;  pini  King  from  Canada,  New  York  on  pine; 
quadrifasciata  Ckll.  from  New  Mexico  on  Robinia;  sonorensis  Ckll.  & 


182  THE    COCCIDAE 

Parr,  from  Mexico  on  Beloperone;  and  turgida  Ckll.  from  Florida  on 
Magnolia. 

Akermes  Ckll. — A  genus  containing  ten  species  from  Mexico, 
South  America,  Australia,  and  India. 

Megasaissetia  Ckll. — Two  species,  inflata  Ckll.  &  Parr,  from 
Mexico  on  "Laurel-tree"  and  brasiliensis  Hemp,  from  Brazil,  are  known. 

Physokermes  Targ. — A  genus  containing  the  following  five 
species: — coloradensis  Ckll.  from  Colorado  on  spruce,  Pinus;  concolor 
Coleman  from  California  on  Abies;  insignicola  Craw  from  California  on 
Pinus;  piceae  Schr.  from  Europe,  New  York  on  Abies,  Pinus;  taxifoliae 
Coleman  from  California  on  Pseudotsuga. 

Aclerda  Sign. — There  are  eleven  species  included  in  this  genus. 
The  following  are  recorded  from  America: — ariditalis  Ferris  from  New 
Mexico  on  a  perennial  grass;  calif ornica  Ehrh.  from  California,  Kansas, 
New  Mexico  on  Andropogon;  obscura  Parr,  from  Kansas  on  Andropogon, 
Sporobolus;  and  tokionis  Ckll.  from  California,  Japan  on  bamboo.  Ac- 
cording to  Ferris  the  marginal  spines  in  californica  Ehrh.  are  acorn- 
shaped,  rounded  at  the  tip  in  ariditalis  Ferris,  while  the  marginal  spines 
appear  to  be  entirely  wanting  in  obscura  Parr. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

SUBFAMILY  ASTEBOLECANIINAE 

The  Ceravitreous  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  round,  oval,  or  elongate  oval  in  out- 
line. The  dorsal  aspect  is  convex  or  strongly  convex  and  the  ventral 
aspect  is  flat.  The  lateral  margins  are  sometimes  convex,  frequently 
with  a  marginal  rim  and  the  two  ends  are  convexly  rounded  or  the 
caudal  end  is  truncate  or  produced.  The  segmentation  is  very  indis- 
tinct or  not  indicated.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and 
the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The 
antennae  are  normal  in  form,  consist  of  four  to  six  segments  or  each 
is  reduced  to  a  single  rudimentary  tubercle,  and  are  articulated  to  the 
ventral  aspect  of  the  head.  The  eyes  are  wanting.  The  mouth-parts, 
rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  present,  the  rostrum  consists  of  a  single  seg- 
ment. The  legs  are  rudimentary,  mere  tubercles  or  wanting.  The 
spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  normal  in  size  and 
ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  located  near 
the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  always  wanting.  The  stigmatic 
clefts  may  be  present  or  wanting,  when  present,  they  are  usually  pro- 
vided with  one  or  two  spinae  with  canellae  and  spiracerores.  The  abdo- 
men is  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax  together  or  longer.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  convex  on  the  dorsal  aspect  and  flat  on  the  ventral. 
The  lateral  margins  are  either  sharply  defined  or  obscure  or  wanting. 
The  caudal  end  is  rounded  or  truncate  or  more  or  less  produced  or 
emarginate,  but  never  with  a  mesal  cleft  and  opercula.  All  the  seg- 
ments are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  or  without  coriae 
between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen 
is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula.  The  anal  ring  is 
usually  present  and  located  at  the  cephalic  end  of  a  short  retracted 
anal  tube  and  provided  with  six,  eight,  twelve,  four,  two,  or  without 
anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  and  the  anal  setae  are  usually  present, 
very  different  in  size  and  form  in  the  different  genera.  The  caudal 
abdominal  segment  can  not  be  identified.  The  body  is  provided  with 
cerores,  is  never  provided  with  pilacerores,  and  usually  with  octacerores, 
and  sometimes  with  ceratube.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous 
cell  with  three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without 
exuviae  but  is  usually  covered  by  a  test  of  wax,  very  diverse  in  form, 
varying  from  a  thin  glassy  sheet  of  wax  with  a  glassy  fringe  to  a  rather 
dense  thick  mass  of  wax  or  with  the  body  naked.  Insects  sometimes 
form  depressions  or  galls  on  plants.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with 
a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings 
of  anacerores.  The  body  even  if  naked  is  not  gall-like  in  form. 

183 


184  THE    COCCIDAE 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
a  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage  and  in  the  second  nymphal  stage  of  some  species  and,  when  pres- 
ent, are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and 
the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  abdomen  is 
usually  provided  with  octacerores,  frequently  present  when  wanting  in 
the  adult,  also  provided  with  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  the 
number  of  anal  ring  setate  variable,  and  with  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae. 
An  anal  cleft,  opercula,  and  pilacerores  are  never  present;  ceratubae  are 
sometimes  present.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  chitinized, 
forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores 
excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudel  abdominal  segment  is 
usually  distinguishable  and  bears  the  anal  setae. 

The  males  have  four  ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral.  The 
abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  or  tufts  of  wax 
filaments  or  provided  with  long  thread-like  caudal  filaments.  The  stylus 
is  long  and  slender. 

This  group  was  first  recognized  as  a  tribe  by  Targioni  Tozzetti 
when  he  proposed  his  generic  division  Lecanodiaspis  and  the  tribal 
name  Lecanodiaspidites  to  include  it.  This  subdivision  was  re- 
jected by  Signoret  and  Comstock.  It  was  later  adopted  as  a 
subdivision  of  his  Lecaniinae  by  Maskell  and  as  a  subfamily  by 
Cockerell  in  1896  under  the  name  of  Asterolecaniinae.  While  it 
was  rejected  by  Green  in  1896  in  the  first  volume  of  his  "Coccidae 
of  Ceylon,"  he  recognized  it  in  the  fourth  volume  published  in 
1909  after  he  had  studied  the  Ceylonese  species.  There  are  less 
than  thirty-five  species  of  Asterolecaniinae  listed  in  Fernald's 
Catalogue  from  America.  The  subfamily  is  not  limited  in  its  dis- 
tribution, since  species  are  found  in  practically  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

While  this  subfamily  is  apparently  a  well  founded  homogenous 
group,  all  its  genera  do  not  offer  an  abundance  of  characters  for 
combining  them  into  distinctive  units.  The  most  characteristic 
feature  is  the  presence  of  octacerores  or  the  so  called  8-shaped 
dermal  glands.  These  are  formed  by  the  close  apposition  or  ar- 
rangement of  the  cerores  in  pairs.  The  adjacent  portions  of  the 
margins  of  the  pairs  of  cerores  are  often  round,  but  frequently 
more  or  less  flattened,  emphasizing  the  resemblance  to  a  figure  8. 
In  the  genus  Asterolecanium  there  is  one  or  two  rows  of  octacerores 
arranged  around  the  margin  of  the  body.  It  is  from  these  octa- 
cerores that  is  excreted  the  characteristic  straight  or  curved  glassy 
threads  of  wax.  This  forms  a  margin  which  is  a  thin  homogenous 
sheet  produced  by  a  partial  or  entire  fusion  of  the  adjacent  threads. 
The  covering  of  wax  may  be  opaque  and  have  a  distinct  waxy 


SUBFAMILY   ASTEROLECANHNAE  185 

consistency,  or  the  test  may  be  dense  and  of  considerable  extent 
bearing  horn-like  projections.  The  test  is  apparently,  no  matter 
how  extensive  and  complex,  freely  separable  from  the  body  of  the 
adult  female.  The  species  that  form  galls,  as  those  belonging  to 
the  genera  Amorphococcus  and  Frenchia,  and  those  that  are  at- 
tended by  ants  have  the  body  naked.  The  octacerores,  while 
usually  confined  to  the  dorsal  aspect,  are  in  a  few  species  situated 
upon  the  ventral  aspect.  They  may  be  wanting  in  the  adult 
female,  but  are  generally  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  first 
nymphal  stage  where  they  are  usually  arranged  in  longitudinal 
rows.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  number  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  octacerores,  not  only  in  the  adult  female  but  in  the 
nymphal  stage.  The  test,  in  which  there  is  an  opening  for  the 
escape  of  the  young,  is  designated  the  ovisac  by  Newstead. 

There  are  small  tubes  extending  through  the  cuticle  into  the 
body  cavity  which  have  been  designated  by  Green  as  the  tubular 
glands  or  tubular  dermal  glands.  He  believes  that  the  homogenous 
part  of  the  test  is  excreted  from  these.  The  cuticular  tubes  are 
evidently  similar  to  the  tubes  found  in  certain  naked  lecaniids 
and  although  characteristic  in  form  for  this  group  are  undoubt- 
edly homologous  with  the  ceratubae  of  the  diaspidids. 

While  the  species  of  certain  genera  form  galls  that  are  charac- 
teristic in  form,  other  species,  as  certain  of  those  of  the  genus 
Asterolecanium,  form  prominent  crater-like  depressions  in  the 
bark  in  which  the  insect  rests. 

The  antennae  in  the  adult  female  are  variable  in  development, 
they  may  be  fully  formed  and  consist  of  eight  or  nine  segments  or 
of  only  a  few  segments,  four  or  less,  or  be  completely  wanting. 
They  are  attached,  when  present,  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head 
some  distance  from  the  lateral  margin.  The  antennae  in  the  first 
nymphal  stage  consist  of  six  segments. 

The  legs  are  usually  wanting  or  rudimentary  in  the  adult 
female,  frequently  only  represented  by  mere  hooks,  but  are  well 
developed  in  Olifiella.  In  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  also  in  the 
second  in  at  least  certain  genera  the  legs  are  present  and  normal 
in  size,  form,  and  arrangement  of  parts. 

The  extent  of  the  thorax,  since  the  legs  are  wanting  in  the 
adult  female  in  most  species,  can  be  determined  only  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  thoracic  spiracles.  They  are  normal  in  size.  The 
mesothoracic  spiracles  are  located  on  a  transverse  line  drawn 
through  the  rostrum  and  the  metathoracic  spiracles  in  line  with  and 


186  THE   COCCIDAE 

a  short  distance  caudad  of  the  mesothoracic  spiracles.  There  are 
canellae  with  spiracerores  which  extend  from  the  spiracles  to  the 
margin  of  the  body  where  there  are  one  or  two  prominent  spinae 
in  Lecanodiaspis  and  Anomalococcus.  The  figures  of  some  authors 
of  other  genera  show  spiracerores  but  the  absence  of  spinae. 

The  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen  in  certain  genera  bears 
some  cuticular  pitted  or  sieve-like  plates,  which  are  known  as  the 
cribiform  plates.  These  plates  as  dorsal  structures  are  not  found 
outside  the  subfamily  Asterolecaniinae.  Ferris  has  noted  the 
presence  of  cribiform  plates  in  Kuwanina  Cockerell,  but  these 
plates  are  confined  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  abdomen.  The 
cribiform  plates  are  the  madreporiform  bodies  of  Comstock.  The 
function  of  these  plates  is  unknown,  their  openings  may  be  cerores. 
There  are  six  cribiform  plates  in  Lecaniodiaspis,  three  on  each  side 
distant  from  the  meson ;  two  groups  in  Ceroroccus,  one  on  each  side 
near  the  anal  ring,  each  group  consisting  of  four  plates;  a  single 
large  group  extending  transversely  in  an  irregular  row  near  the 
middle  of  the  abdomen  and  consisting  of  one  hundred  to  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  cribiform  plates.  The  surface  of  the  plate  is  cup- 
shaped  in  Cerococcus  and  flat  in  the  other  genera. 

The  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen  may  be  only  slightly  indented 
or  emarginate  or  it  may  be  deeply  indented,  in  such  cases  it  is  said 
to  be  deeply  cleft.  Such  an  emargination  is  different  from  the 
anal  cleft  of  the  lecaniids,  but  is  more  like  the  emargination  of 
the  eriococeids.  The  emargination  appears  to  be  formed  by  the 
projecting  anal  lobes.  That  these  structures  are  anal  lobes  is 
shown  from  the  almost  universal  presence  of  anal  setae,  the  caudal 
setae  of  Green,  which  in  some  species  are  very  large  and  prominent. 

The  caudal  end  of  the  alimentary  canal,  the  anus  and  anal 
ring,  are  invaginated  and  form  the  bottom  of  a  short  tube  or  pocket, 
the  anal  tube,  which  resembles  somewhat  the  anal  tube  of  the 
lecaniids.  The  form  and  extent  of  this  tube  varies  with  the  genus. 
The  caudal  end  of  the  anal  tube  is  supported  on  the  dorsal  side  by 
a  transverse  strongly  chitinized  plate,  the  dorsal  lip.  This  varies 
from  a  simple  transverse  plate  in  Asterolecanium  to  a  shield-shaped 
plate  in  Cerococcus  and  an  irregular  crescentic  or  subcrescentic 
plate  with  the  caudal  margin  emarginate  in  Lecaniodiaspis.  In 
this  latter  genus  there  is  a  prominent  dumb-bell-shaped  thickening 
on  the  ventral  aspect  caudad  of  the  opening  of  the  anal  tube. 

The  number  of  anal  ring  setae  is  frequently  not  constant  even 
for  the  same  genus.  The  normal  number  in  Asterolecanium  is  six 


SUBFAMILY   ASTEROLECANIINAE  187 

but  may  be  reduced  to  two  or  even  all  may  be  wanting.  There  are 
eight  to  twelve  anal  ring  setae  in  Lecaniodiaspis,  ten  to  sixteen  in 
Anomalococcus,  eight  in  Cerocoecus,  wanting  in  Pollinia,  and  eight 
in  Amorphococcus. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  by  the  female  in  the  test  under  the 
body.  The  first  stage  nymphs  are  elongate,  oval  in  outline  with 
the  cephalic  end  bluntly  rounded  and  the  caudal  end  pointed.  The 
legs  are  present  and  normal  in  form.  The  antennae  consist  typ- 
ically of  six  segments.  The  spinae,  if  present  in  the  adult,  are  also 
present  in  the  nymphs.  The  dorsal  lip  and  dermal  plate,  if  charac- 
teristic of  the  adult  may  be  represented  in  the  nymphs.  The 
octacerores  are  frequently  more  numerous  and  arranged  in  two  to 
six  longitudinal  rows.  The  anal  ring  is  present  and  provided 
typically  with  six  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae 
are  usually  present,  but  vary  greatly  in  size  and  prominence  in 
the  different  genera.  The  female  nymphs  molt  twice.  The  male 
nymphs  of  the  second  stage  may  be  provided  with  octacerores. 

GENERA  OF  ASTEROLECANIINAE 
a.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  with  dorsal  cribiform  plates. 

b.  Antennae  of  adult  female  well  developed,  consisting  of  four  to 
nine  segments;  spinae  present  at  least  in  nymphs;  anal  lobes  of 
adult  female  small. 

c.  Spinae  large  and  distinct  in  adult  female;  body  of  insect  en- 
closed in  complete  test;  anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  eight 
to  twelve  anal  ring  setae;  abdomen  with  two  rows  of  cribiform 

plates.  Lecaniodiaspis  Targ. 

cc.  Spinae  wanting  in  adult  female,  distinct  in  nymphal  stages; 
body  of  insect  not  enclosed  in  test,  naked;  anal  ring  of  adult 
female  with  ten  to  sixteen  anal  ring  setae;  abdomen  with  large 
transverse  group  of  cribiform  plates  near  middle  of  the  dorsum. 

Anomalococcus  Green. 

bb.  Antennae  of  adult  female  rudimentary,  always  consisting  of  less 
than  four  segments;  spinae  never  present  in  any  stage;  anal  lobes 
of  adult  female  large  and  distinct  with  shield-shaped  dorsal  lip 
between  them;  body  of  insect  enclosed  in  dense  test  of  wax  with 
or  without  projections;  anal  ring  of  adult  female  with  eight  anal 
ring  setae;  abdomen  with  two  groups  of  cribiform  plates,  each 

cephalo-laterad  of  the  dorsal  lip. Cerocoecus  Comst. 

aa.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  never  with  dorsal  cribiform  plates, 
b.    Adult  female  living  free,  never  enclosed  in  woody  gall. 

c.  Body  of  adult  female  and  first  stage  nymph  always  with  octa- 
cerores. 

d.    Body  of  adult  female  always  with  peripheral  band  of  dorsal 
octacerores,   dorsum   sometimes  with   other   octacerores  than 


188  THE    COCCIDAE 

peripheral  band;  anal  ring  normally  with  six  anal  ring 
setae,  but  may  have  two,  four,  or  none;  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae  small,  sometimes  wanting;  first  nymphal  stage  with 
peripheral  band  of  dorsal  octacerores,  antennae  with  six  seg- 
ments, and  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae  distinct 

Asterolecanium  Targ. 

dd.    Body  of  adult  female  never  with  peripheral  band  of  dorsal 
octacerores. 

e.  Dorsum  of  adult  female  with  mesal  band  of  octacerores; 
anal  ring  obscure  and  apparently  without  anal  ring  setae; 
first  stage  nymph  with  antennae  of  four  segments,  with- 
out anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  without  anal  ring  setae, 

and  with  peripheral  band  of  dorsal  octacerores 

Callococcus  Ferris 

ee.  Dorsum  of  adult  female  with  numerous  octacerores,  but 
not  arranged  in  peripheral  or  mesal  row;  anal  ring  small 
and  obscure;  first  stage  nymph  with  antennae  of  five  seg- 
ments, anal  lobes  and  anal  setae  small,  anal  ring  small 
with  four  minute  anal  ring  setae,  and  with  four  dorsal 

longitudinal  rows  of  octacerores Mycetococcus  Ferris. 

cc.    Body  of  adult  female  never  with  dorsal  octacerores. 

d.  Adult  female  without  prominent  anal  lobes  or  anal  setae, 
if  present,  small;  anal  ring  with  eight  anal  ring  setae  or 
without;  first  stage  nymph  with  four  longitudinal  rows  of 
octacerores,  antennae  with  six  segments,  and  anal  ring  with 

six  anal  ring  setae Pollinia  Targ. 

dd.  Adult  female  with  prominent  anal  lobes,  with  or  without 
anal  setae;  first  stage  nymph  unknown  or  octacerores  un- 
identified. 

e.  Adult  female  with  prominent  anal  lobes  bearing  large 
anal  setae,  longer  than  anal  lobes;  anal  ring  with  eight 
anal  ring  setae  and  without  shield-shaped  dorsal  lip; 
first  stage  nymphs  with  four  longitudinal  rows  of  cuticu- 
lar  circles,  octacerores  not  identified,  antennae  with  eight 

or  nine  segments,  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae 

Amelococcus  Marchal. 

ee.  Adult  female  with  large  anal  lobes  bearing  several  small 
setae,  none  as  long  as  anal  lobes,  without  distinct  anal 
setae;  anal  ring  with  six  anal  ring  setae  and  with  prom- 
inent shield-shaped  dorsal  lip  between  anal  lobes;  anten- 
nae atrophied,  apparently  with  seven  segments;  nymphal 

stages  unknown. Olliffia  Fuller. 

bb.    Adult  female  never  living  free,  always  enclosed  in  a  woody  gall. 
c.    Adult  female  with  antennae  of  six  segments  and  with  distinct 
legs;    dorsal    surface    of    adult    female    with    numerous    octa- 
cerores.     Olliffiella    Ckll. 

cc.  Adult  female  with  antennae  and  legs  wanting,  antennae  at 
most  only  tuberculate;  dorsal  surface  of  adult  female  without 
octacerores. 


SUBFAMILY   ASTEROLECANHNAE  189 

d.  Nymphs  of  first  stage  with  four  rows  of  octacerores, 
antennae  with  six  segments;  adult  female  with  anal  ring 
with  eight  anal  ring  setae;  thorax  with  four  groups  of 

spiracerores.   Amorphococcus    Green. 

dd.  Nymphs  of  first  stage  with  six  rows  of  octacerores,  antennae 
with  six  or  seven  segments;  adult  female  apparently  with- 
out anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  thorax  apparently  without 
groups  of  spiracerores.  Frenchia  Maskell. 

Lecaniodiaspis  Targ. — There  are  less  than  twenty-five  described 
species  in  this  genus.  The  following  have  been  reported  from  America:  — 
celtidis  Ckll.  from  Texas,  Ohio  on  Celtis;  dendrobii  Dougl.  from  British 
Guiana  on  Dendrobium;  manihotis  Towns,  from  Mexico  on  Manihot; 
prosopidis  Mask,  from  Arizona  on  Prosopis;  pruinosa  Hunter  from  Kan- 
sas on  elm;  radiata  Ckll.  from  Mexico;  rufescens  Ckll.  from  Arizona, 
California  on  Adenostoma,  Fouquera;  rugosa  Hemp,  from  Brazil;  tessa- 
lata  Ckll.  from  Georgia,  Florida  on  Disospyros,  hickory;  and  «yuccae 
Towns,  from  New  Mexico  on  Yucca,  Dasylirion,  Parthenium. 

Anomalacoccus  Green. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species,  cre- 
mastogastri  Green,  from  Ceylon  from  the  nests  of  ants. 

Cerococcus  Comst. — About  ten  species  belong  to  this  genus. 
There  is  only  a  single  American  species,  quercus  Comst.,  from  California 
and  Arizona  on  Quercus. 

Asterolecanium  Targ. — There  are  twenty-seven  species  listed  in 
Fernald's  Catalogue  and  a  considerable  number  of  species  have  been 
described  since  its  publication.  The  fellowing  species  occur  in  Amer- 
ica:— aureum  Bdv.  from  Europe,  West  Indies  on  Calathaea,  Oncidium; 
bambusae  Bdv.  from  Brazil,  Grenada,  West  Indies,  Mexico,  Algeria, 
Ceylon,  Mauritius  on  bamboo;  epidendri  Bouche  from  Europe,  Jamaica, 
Trinidad  on  Epidendrium,  Oncidium,  Angraecum,  Broughtonia;  fimbri- 
atum  Fonsc.  from  Europe,  Australia,  British  Guiana  on  Leptospermum, 
Coronilla;  miliaris  Bdv.  from  Brazil,  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  Algeria, 
Mauri tious  on  bamboo;  palmae  Ckll.  from  Jamaica  on  cocoanut-palm ; 
pustulans  Ckll.  from  Florida,  Mexico,  West  Indies,  British  Guiana  on 
fig,  oleander,  mango,  peach,  Hibiscus,  Anona,  etc.;  quercicola  Bouche 
from  Europe,  eastern  United  States  on  oak;  townsendi  Ckll.  from  Mex- 
ico on  "Gusima";  urichi  Ckll.  from  Trinidad,  Grenada  on  palms, 
Bactris;  variolosum  Ratz.  from  Europe,  eastern  United  States,  Canada 
on  oak;  and  viridulum  Ckll.  from  Argentine  Republic. 

Callococcus  Ferris. — A  single  species,  pulchellus  Maskell,  from 
Australia. 

Mycetococcus  Ferris. — Two  American  species  are  included, 
ehrhorni  Ckll.  from  California  on  oak  and  corticis  Towns.  &  Ckll.  from 
Mexico  on  oak.  These  species  were  previously  referred  to  Cerococcus. 

Pollinia  Targ. — A  small  genus  of  less  than  five  species,  the  type 
species,  pollini  Costa,  has  been  introduced  into  California  on  olive. 

Amelococcus  Marchal. — A  monotypical  genus  occurring  in  Mada- 
gascar on  Euphorbia.  The  single  species,  allaudi  Marchal,  was  con- 
sidered as  an  eriococcid.  The  form  of  the  body,  the  anal  lobes,  the 
position  of  the  anal  ring,  the  four  longitudinal  rows  of  circular  tuber- 


190  THE   COCCIDAE 

cles,  and  the  enveloping  of  the  female  in  a  sac  open  only  at  the  posterior 
end  are  responsible  for  its  location  in  this  subfamily. 

Olliffia  Fuller. — There  is  a  single  species,  eucalypti  Fuller,  from 
West  Australia  on  Eucalyptus.  The  genus  is  generally  placed  in  the 
Eriococcinae.  The  form  of  the  anal  lobes  and  the  shield-shaped  dorsal 
lip,  similar  to  that  found  in  Cerococcus,  suggested  its  present  location 
and  the  possibility  that  it  may  not  be  an  adult  female  that  is  figured. 
The  nymphal  stages  are  unknown. 

Olliffiella  Ckll. — A  single  species,  cristicola  Ckll.,  from  New 
Mexico,  where  it  produces  galls  on  the  leaves  of  oak  is  included.  The 
presence  of  octacerores  suggested  its  present  location.  This  genus  was 
originally  associated  with  "the  Australian  gall  making  coccids  of  the 
genus  Cylindrococcus  and  Sphaerococcus  and  later  with  the  Eriococcinae. 
The  tarsi  consist  of  a  single  segment  according  to  Ferris  and  not  two 
as  described  by  Cockerell.  The  antennae  of  the  adult  female  consists 
of  five  to  six  segments  and  of  the  first  nymphal  stage  of  six  segments. 
The  anal  ring  of  the  adult  female  is  without  anal  ring  setae  and  the 
first  nymphal  stage  is  provided  with  six  anal  ring  setae.  Ferris  records 
the  presence  of  ventral  octacerores  and  considers  this  genus  as  related 
to  Kermes. 

Amorphococcus  Green. — This  is  a  Ceylonese  genus,  including  a 
single  species,  mesuae  Green,  on  Mesua.  Ferris  has  referred  leptospermi 
Maskell,  described  as  a  species  of  Sphaerococcus  from  New  South  Wales 
on  Leptospermum  to  this  genus. 

Frenchia  Maskell. — Two  species,  casuarinae  Maskell  and  semi- 
occulata  Maskell  from  Australia  on  Casuarina,  belong  to  this  genus.  Its 
present  position  was  suggested  as  probable  by  Green. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

SUBFAMILY  KERMESIINAE 

The  Pseudogall  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  rotund,  globular,  not  insect-like.  It 
resembles  a  gall  or  berry  and  is  either  uniformly  smooth  or  subdivided 
by  broad  shallow  furrows.  The  cephalic,  lateral,  and  caudal  margins 
can  not  be  identified.  The  coriae  are  uniformly  chitinized  and  are  sim- 
ilarly colored  with  the  segments  so  that  the  segmentation  is  obliterated. 
The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral 
margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  .  The  antennae  are  distinct,  con- 
sist of  six  segments  or  are  greatly  reduced  and  rudimentary  or  are 
wanting,  when  present,  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head. 
The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  present  but  inconspicuous, 
the  rostrum  consists  of  two  segments.  The  legs  are  present.  They  are 
subequal  in  length,  rudimentary,  or  wanting.  The  profemora  are  never 
enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The 
trochanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  normally  formed  legs 
are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax 
are  small  and  inconspicuous  and  are  ventral  in  position.  The  mesotho- 
racic  spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spir- 
acles are  always  wanting.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are 
wanting.  The  extent  of  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  can  not  be  de- 
termined. The  ventral  aspect  of  the  body  is  depressed  or  concave  to  fit 
the  surface  of  the  host-plant,  the  other  aspects  are  uniformly  convex 
without  division  between  them.  The  caudal  end  is  uniformly  convex. 
The  segmentation  of  the  abdomen  can  not  be  determined,  but  no  part  is 
invaginated  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with 
an  anal  cleft  and  opercula.  The  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  want- 
ing. The  anal  lobes  are  rarely  present.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment 
can  not  be  identified.  The  body  is  provided  with  cerores  none  of  which 
are  octacerores  or  pilacerores.  Ceratubae  are  sometimes  present.  The 
body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three  adjacent  openings 
or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae.  The  surface  of  the  body, 
dorsal  and  particularly  the  ventral  aspect,  sometimes  bears  a  slight 
covering  of  mealy  or  pulverulent  wax.  The  body  is  usually  naked  and 
gall-like,  rarely  setaceous  or  slightly  covered  with  seta-like  threads  of 
wax. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nympal  stage 
and  are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged 
and  the  prothroracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is 
never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  octacerores,  or  pila- 

191 


192  THE    COCCIDAE 

cerores.  The  anal  ring  is  distinct  in  the  first  nymphal  stage  and  bears 
six  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  are  distinct  and  each  bears  a 
single  large  anal  seta.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  strongly 
chitinized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores 
excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment 
is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  ten  ocellanae,  five  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  ab- 
domen is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  or  with  tufts  of  long 
wax  filaments,  but  bears  two  long  caudal  filaments.  The  stylus  is  short. 

This  subfamily  contains  a  single  genus,  Kermes,  and  about 
forty  species  all  of  which  with  only  two  exceptions  feed  upon 
various  species  of  oak.  The  single  species  found  in  Australia  feeds 
upon  Acacia  and  one  of  the  Japanese  species  feeds  upon  Quercus 
and  Rhamnus.  The  great  majority  of  the  species  are  found  in 
Europe  and  America,  with  the  larger  number  in  the  latter  country. 

One  of  the  species,  Kermes  ilicis,  is  found  abundantly  upon 
a  small  species  of  live  oak,  Quercus  coccifera,  in  southern  Europe. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  dye  from  the  earliest  times  for  dyeing  cloth 
blood  red  or  crimson.  The  Phoenecians  before  the  time  of  Moses 
used  it  as  a  dye  and  it  was  also  used  in  ancient  times  by  the 
Greeks,  Romans,  Arabians,  and  Persians.  The  latter  people  knew 
it  under  the  name  of  Kermes.  The  crimson  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  was  produced  with  this  color  and  the  imperishable  reds  of 
the  Brussels  and  other  Flemish  tapestries  were  produced  with  this 
same  dye.  It  was  universally  used  before  the  discovery  of  the 
new  world  and  the  introduction  of  cochineal  from  America  by  the 
Spaniards. 

The  adult  females,  which  have  the  body  naked  or  rarely 
covered  with  a  slight  bloom  of  mealy  wax  or  sparsely  pubescent, 
are  usually  attached  to  the  smaller  branches  of  young  trees.  The 
insects  vary  greatly  in  color,  brownish  or  blackish  or  dirty  yellow- 
ish, with  or  without  darker  markings,  which  are  generally  arranged 
as  light  or  dark  transverse  bands.  The  portion  of  the  body  applied 
to  the  plant  is  flat  or  concave  or  irregular  so  that  the  insect  fits 
securely  against  the  bark  of  the  branch.  The  most  of  the  species 
are  globular  or  subglobular  in  form  and  resemble  very  closely  the 
minute  smooth  bullet  galls  found  on  the  stems  of  the  same  trees. 
The  female  of  Kermes  resembles  berries  or  galls  so  closely  in  general 
appearance  that  they  are  frequently  regarded  or  mistaken  for  galls 
and  not  as  the  bodies  of  insects.  This  resemblance  is  enhanced 
through  the  fixation  of  the  insects  in  the  angles  or  near  buds, 
where  the  bullet  galls  are  usually  located.  The  species  of  this 


SUBFAMILY   KERMESIINAE  193 

subfamily  have  been  defined  in  all  the  diagnoses  of  the  subfamilies 
as  body  naked  and  gall-like  in  form.  It  is  not  only  unwise  but 
improper  to  designate  the  body  of  any  of  the  naked  coccids  as  the 
scale  as  is  frequently  done  by  certain  writers.  The  body  in  some 
species  is  slightly  longitudinally  or  transversely  constricted  at 
middle  or  furrowed,  so  that  it  is  more  or  less  reniform.  A  few 
species  resemble  certain  of  the  naked  lecaniids,  others  are  elongate 
and  more  swollen.  The  species  also  vary  in  that  some  occur  singly 
or  at  most  in  groups  of  three  or  four  upon  a  branch  while  others 
occur  in  such  numbers  as  to  completely  cover  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  stem. 

The  appendages  are  present  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  adult 
female.  The  rostrum  consists  of  two  segments.  The  antennae  and 
legs  of  the  adult  female  may  be  well  developed.  The  former  con- 
sisting of  six  or  less  segments,  or  they  may  be  rudimentary  or 
wanting.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  present,  normal  in  position, 
and  surrounded  by  numerous  spiracerores.  The  anal  lobes  and  the 
anal  setae  are  wanting  as  well  as  the  anal  ring  and  the  anal  ring 
setae.  The  ventral  aspect  of  the  body  may  bear  numerous  cerores 
from  which  is  excreted  the  white  wax  located  between  the  body  of 
the  female  and  the  host-plant,  but  this  wax  is  generally  not  ex- 
posed until  the  insect  is  removed.  The  exposed  surface  of  the 
body  may  bear  cerores  from  which  is  excreted  the  powdery  wax 
which  is  spread  over  its  surface.  Some  species  bear  numerous 
short  ceratubae.  The  genus  Kermes  was  originally  associated  with 
the  lecaniids.  In  order  to  justify  this  location,  it  was  necessary 
to  show  the  presence  of  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula.  Some  writers 
have  indicated  the  presence  of  such  structures,  but  these  structures 
are  wanting  in  most  species  and  it  is  very  doubtful  if  they  or  any 
other  structures  similar  to  them  occur  in  any  species.  Maskell  in 
defining  his  group  Hemmicoccidinae,  which  is  the  equivalent  of 
the  Kermesiinae,  makes  the  following  statements: — " Adult  female 
exhibiting  the  anal  cleft  and  the  lobes  of  the  Lecanidae ;  naked  or 
covered.  Larvae  presenting  at  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  the 
anal  tubercles  of  the  Coccidae.  From  the  foregoing  characters  the 
group  is  very  evidently  intermediate  between  the  Lecanids  and 
Coccids." 

While  the  adult  females  of  certain  species  of  Kermes  do  show 
a  superficial  resemblance  to  the  naked  lecaniids,  the  first  stage 
nymphs  show  clearly  their  true  relationship.  They  are  distinctly 
eriococcid,  not  only  in  general  appearance,  but  in  structure.  The 


194  THE   COCCIDAE 

body  is  elongate  oval  in  outline.  The  antennae  are  elongate  and 
consist  of  six  segments  which  bear  numerous  setae.  The  mouth- 
parts  are  well  developed  and  located  between  the  prothoracic  legs. 
The  legs,  which  are  similar  in  size,  are  long  and  slender  and  project 
for  some  distance  beyond  the  lateral  margins  of  the  body.  They 
are  provided  with  long  claws  and  with  two  tarsal  and  two  ungual 
digitules.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  provided  with  two  anal 
lobes,  each  of  which  bears  a  large  anal  seta  and  usually  several 
much  shorter  setae.  The  anal  ring  is  distinct  and  located  cephalad 
of  the  anal  lobes.  It  bears  anal  ring  setae,  typically  six,  and  is 
sometimes  divided  into  two  parts.  The  entire  lateral  margin  is 
fringed  with  marginal  setae.  In  a  few  species  the  marginal  setae 
are  conical  in  form.  There  are  four  longitudinal  rows  of  similar 
setae  on  the  dorsum  making  six  longitudinal  rows  of  dorsal  setae, 
while  Signoret  figures  conical  marginal  setae  in  some  of  the 
European  species,  arranged  so  as  to  form  two  disconnected  rows  on 
each  side,  and  six  dorsal  longitudinal  rows,  making  eight  in  all. 
This  gives  an  arrangement  similar  to  that  found  in  certain 
young  eriococcids.  There  are  cerores  arranged  in  rows  between 
the  conical  setae.  Practically  nothing  is  known  regarding  the 
second  stage  female  nymphs.  Maskell  states  that  they  are  semi- 
globular  and  yellow  or  brown.  The  number  of  molts  in  the  female 
has  not  been  determined. 

Observations  by  one  of  my  students,  J.  Howard  Gage,  would 
suggest  that  the  second  nymphal  stage  may  be  wanting.  The 
young  nymphs  emerge  from  the  eggs  in  the  fall  and  creep  into 
minute  cracks  and  crevices  near  the  ends  of  the  smaller  twigs, 
covering  themselves  with  curly  threads  of  wax.  They  remain  as 
minute  pinkish  specks  in  such  situations  without  change  until 
spring.  As  the  weather  gets  warm  they  leave  their  place  of  con- 
cealment and  covering  of  wax.  After  the  buds  have  opened  and 
the  new  twigs  have  been  formed  and  are  about  an  inch  or  two  in 
length,  the  nymphs  migrate  out  onto  the  tender  branches  and  onto 
the  petiole  and  surface  of  the  leaf.  Those  on  the  branches  and 
petioles  attach  themselves,  but  most  of  those  on  the  leaves  migrate 
back  onto  the  branches  and  petioles.  Early  in  June  the  body  of 
the  insect  is  swollen,  globular,  and  is  beginning  to  assume  the 
characteristic  form  of  that  of  the  adult  female.  They  are  still 
whitish  or  greenish  in  color  and  do  not  yet  have  the  brownish 
color  of  the  adults.  The  growth  after  their  emergence  from  hiber- 
nation is  a  very  gradual  one  and  if  molts  occurred,  although  par- 


SUBFAMILY   KERMESHNAE  195 

ticular  care  was  taken  to  observe  them,  none  was  noted.  If  the 
body  of  the  dried  female  is  opened  in  the  fall,  it  will  be  found 
completely  filled  with  white  empty  egg  shells.  The  young  nypmhs 
resemble  miniature  mealy  bugs. 

The  adult  males  according  to  Signoret  resemble  the  males  of 
the  Eriococcinae.  They  complete  their  final  transformations  in 
small  white  felt-like  cocoons  of  wax  attached  to  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  leaves.  Comstock  figures  the  cocoons  of  the  males  of 
galliformis  Riley  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves.  Nothing  of  their 
early  development  appears  to  be  known.  The  head  bears  ten 
ocellanae,  five  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  dorsal  and  ventral 
pairs  are  much  larger  than  the  others.  The  antennae  are  very 
long  and  consist  of  ten  segments.  The  wings  are  long  and  the 
halteres  are  distinct  with  distinct  hooks.  The  legs  are  long  and 
slender,  the  femur  and  tibia  are  subequal  and  each  is  much  longer 
than  the  tarsus  which  bears  a  simple  claw  and  two  tarsal  and  two 
ungual  digitules.  The  abdomen  is  elongate.  The  stylus  is  about 
as  broad  as  long  and  the  caudal  end  bears  two  long  thread-like  pro- 
jections, longer  than  the  entire  body  and  evidently  formed  of  wax. 

Kermes  Boit. — A  considerable  number  of  Americaj  species  of  the 
genus  Kermes  have  been  described.  These  in  most  cases  are  based  upon 
the  form  and  color  of  the  gall-like  or  berry-like  body  of  the  adult  fe- 
male. The  following  table  for  the  separation  of  these  species  is  based 
upon  the  tables  and  descriptions  of  Cockerell,  King,  and  Ehrhorn.  The 
table  must  be  used  with  caution,  unfortunately  it  includes  practically  all 
the  information  given  in  the  various  descriptions.  In  every  case  where 
the  body  of  the  insect  is  referred  to,  the  body  of  the  adult  female  is 
meant. 

SPECIES   OF  KERMES 
a.    Body  either  sparsely  pubescent  or  covered  with  wax. 

b.  Body  sparsely  pubescent  and  naked;  3.6  mm.  broad  by  3  mm. 
high;  light  brown  with  obscure  and  suffused  dark  brown  bands, 
surface  shining,  with  concolorous  specks,  without  dark  spots  or 
pits. — Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kansas  on  Quercus  macro- 

carpa.    pubescens   Bogue. 

bb.    Body  without  setae  but  covered  with  wax. 

c.  Body  covered,  except  on  middle  of  back,  with  snow-white 
powdery  wax;  4.5  mm.  broad  and  3  mm.  high;  resembles  small 
species  of  Lecanium  in  shape;  dark  sepia  brown  in  color  and 
irregularly  marbled  with  black  and  pale  ochreous,  beset  with 
numerous  minute  dark  spots.— Massachusetts  on  Quercus  alba.— 

nivalis  King  &  Ckll. 

cc.    Body  covered  with  wax,  but  never  snowy  white, 
d.    Body  over  three  millimeters  in  diameter. 


196  THE   COCCIDAE 

e.  Body  5  mm.  in  diameter,  color  mahogany  brown,  shining, 
with  three  distinct  dark  brown  lines  across  dorsum,  black 
spots  apparently  wanting. — California  on  Quercus  chryso- 

lepsis.  shastensis  Ehrh. 

ee.    Body   4   to   4.5   mm.    in   diameter;    color   brown,   shining, 

dotted  with  black  spots. — Arizona  on  Quercus 

ceriferus  Ehrh. 

dd.  Body  three  millimeters  in  diameter;  color  dark  gray,  dull 
not  shining,  with  fine  black  lines  upon  dark  yellowish  brown 
surface  and  with  depressed  darker  spots. — Massachusetts  on 

Quercus  ilicifolia.  perryi  King. 

aa.    Body  always  naked,  never  sparsely  setaceous  or  covered  with  wax. 
b.    Insects  of  large  size,  7  to  10  mm.  in  diameter. 

c.  Body  with  transverse  furrows  and  with  rounded  protuberances, 
with  three  protuberances,  one  mesal  in  each  transverse  row; 
8  mm.  long  and  7.5  mm.  broad;  color  white  with  dark  brown 
mottling,  usually  with  white  dorsal  band. — Colorado,  New 

Mexico  on  Quercus  undulata. gilletti  Ckll. 

cc.    Body  not  with  transverse  furrows  and  without  protuberances, 
d.    Body  globular,  10  mm.  diameter;    surface  dull,  peppered  or 
mottled  irregularly  with  black,  grey  and  white,  white  areas 
with    numerous    minute    brown    spots. — Mexico    on    Quercus 

engelmanni.    grandis   Ckll. 

dd.  Body  subglobular,  7  mm.  in  diameter;  marked  with  five 
transverse  black  bands  composed  of  large  round  dots  and 
fine  lines,  pebbled  and  marbled  with  black  dots  and  specks 
between  lines  and  dots,  entire  surface  covered  with  minute 

black  specks. — California  on  Quercus.   mirabilis  King. 

bb.    Insects  of  smaller  size,  3  to  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

c.  Body  convex  without  median  longitudinal  constriction, 
d.  Body  strongly  convex,  5  mm.  in  diameter  and  5  mm.  high, 
distinctly  pyriform;  surface  shining,  with  three  to  five  dark 
lines,  color  light  brown  with  three  to  four  dark  brown 
bands  of  variable  length  and  suffused  dark  brown,  blotchy 
spots  and  round  dots. — Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Georgia 

on  Quercus. andrei  King. 

dd.    Body  globular  or  nearly  so,  never  pyriform  or  conical, 
e.    Body  variously  marked,  but  not  with  light  or  dark  bands, 
f.    Body  strongly  elevated,  5  to  6  mm.  high. 

g.  Body  dark,  dirty  gray,  turning  to  nearly  clear  white 
in  old  weathered  specimens,  with  black  spots  and 
minute  black  specks;  6  mm.  high  and  6  mm.  long. — 

East  of  Rocky  Mountains  on  Quercus 

galliformis  Riley. 

gg.    Body    dark,    irregularly    marbled     with    white    and 
black    and    reddish    or    black    and    reddish,    minute 


SUBFAMILY   KERMESIINAE  197 

points     on     white     intensely     black. — Oklahoma     on 

Quercus  alba.  boguei  Ckll. 

ff.  Body  not  so  strongly  elevated,  3.5  mm.  high;  light 
ochreous,  marked  with  slightly  darker  redder  tint, 
marking  wanting  on  mid-dorsal  line,  leaving  pale  band 
with  transverse  rows  of  black  spots,  surface  closely 
beset  with  minute  dark  dots. — Massachusetts,  Delaware 

on  Quercus  rubra.  kingii  Ckll 

ee.    Body  always  marked  with  light  or  dark  bands, 
f.    Body  marked  with  transverse  lighter  stripes, 
g.    Body    light    brown,    with    several    white    stripes    run- 
ning   parallel    with    segments,    more    or    less   pitted, 
pits  dark  brown  or  black;   4.5  mm.  broad  and  4  mm. 
long     and     4     mm.     high. — California     on     Quercus 

oblongifolius.   austini  Ehrh. 

gg.  Body  light  brown,  generally  with  four  transverse 
parallel  white  stripes,  stripes  with  numerous  brown 
dots;  5  to  6  mm.  in  diameter. — California  on  Quercus 

chrysolepsis.    rattani   Ehrh. 

ff.    Body  marked  with  dark  transverse  stripes, 
g.    Body  with   four  dark  transverse   stripes. 

h.  Body  grayish  white,  distinctly  marbled  with 
light  yellow  or  reddish  brown,  with  four  promi- 
nent linear  transverse  dark  brown  bands,  some- 
what wavy,  due  to  quite  large  pits,  surface 
speckled  with  minute  black  dots;  3  to  5  mm. 

broad. — Arizona   on  Quercus arizonensis  King. 

hh.  Body  yellowish  brown,  with  four  transverse  very 
dark  brown  bands  on  meson,  marbled  with  darker 
brown,  some  of  marbling  circular,  surface  marked 
with  some  dark  brown  spots;  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

— Connecticut  on  Quercus waldeni  King. 

gg.  Body  with  five  transverse  narrow  blackish  bands, 
broken  at  intervals  by  somewhat  larger  round  black 
dots,  surface  marbled  light  gray-brown  between 
bands  and  coxered  with  minute  black  specks. — Cali- 
fornia on  Que  -cus.  occidentalis  King. 

cc.    Body  with  more  or  less,  distinct  median  longitudinal  constric- 
tion or  furrow, 
d.    Body  strongly  gibbous  or  with  humps. 

e.  Body  light  brown  without  conspicuous  black  specks,  dor- 
sum  usually  marked  with  black  lines  and  spots;  5  mm. 
long  and  4  mm.  broad  and  4  mm.  high. — California  on 

Quercus  lobata.  cockerelli  Ehrh. 

ee.  Body  light  brown  with  four  transverse  bands  of  light 
cream  color,  constriction  not  pallid,  surface  peppered  with 
minute  black  specks;  6  mm.  in  diameter  and  5  mm.  high. 
— California  on  Quercus  agrifolia essigi  King. 


198  THE   COCCIDAE 

dd.    Body  not  gibbous  or  humped. 

e.  Surface  of  body  not  speckled  with  black,  color  lively 
ochreous,  with  bands  and  spots  of  dark  brown  and  black, 
hind  part  with  numerous  pits. — Kansas  on  Quercus 

macrocarpa.    continuing    Ckll. 

ee.    Surface  of  body  speckled. 

f.    Body  with  definite  specks  and  other  coloring  but  not  ar- 
ranged in  transverse  rows. 

g.  Body  not  globular,  somewhat  transverse,  median 
furrow  forming  rather  broad  black  or  dark  brown 
band,  generally  crossed  by  narrow  blackish  or 
brownish  transverse  lines  of  various  length,  between 
lines  several  black  specks  as  large  as  pin  heads,  en- 
tire surface  covered  with  minute  black  specks,  color 
white  marbled  with  gray,  turning  to  nearly  white, 
light  lemon  yellow  in  museum  specimens. — Massa- 
chusetts on  Quercus  rubra sassceri  King. 

gg.  Body  globular,  not  very  pale  ochreous,  speckled  all 
over  with  minute  black  specks,  with  more  or  less 
pallid  transverse  bands,  median  constriction  obscure: 
4.5  mm.  long  and  5.5  mm.  broad  and  4  mm.  high. — 

California  on  Quercus nigropunctatus   Ehrh. 

ff.    Body  with  specks  and  other  coloring  arranged  in  trans- 
verse rows. 

g.  Body  small,  4  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  broad  and  3.5 
mm.  high;  french  yellow  in  color  with  black  spots 
and  obscure  black  specks;  median  constriction 
marked  by  dark  line,  with  distinct  rows  of  blac1* 
spots. — New  York,  Indiana,  Massachusetts,  Canada, 

Ohio  on  Quercus  alba  and  Quercus  rubra 

pettiti  Ehrh. 

gg.  Body  large,  at  least  5  mm.  long  and  6  mm.  broad, 
h.  Body  varying  in  color  from  bright  argillaceous  to 
dull  gray,  more  or  less  conspicuously  speckled 
with  black  with  bands  of  dark  spots;  median 
constriction  crossed  more  or  less  by  dark  lines, 
a  rounded  dark  spot  on  each  side  of  front  and 
elongated  blotch  a  short  distance  above  and  be- 
low anal  opening;  5.5  mm.  long  and  6  mm.  broad 
and  4.5  mm.  high. — East  Rocky  Mountains  on 
Quercus  nigra. trinotatus  Bogue. 

hh.  Body  varying  from  light  cream  color  to  nearly 
white,  often  with  bluish  cast,  with  four  broad 
transverse  bands  of  light  yellowish  brown,  sur- 
face thickly  covered  with  minute  black  specks; 
median  constriction  very  distinct  on  caudal  por- 
tion; 5  mm.  long  and  6  mm.  wide  and  5  mm.  high. 

— California  on   Quercus  chrysolepsis 

branagani  King. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

SUBFAMILY    APIOMOBPHINAE 

The  Pegtop  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  turbinate  or  shaped  like  a  peg-top, 
rarely  like  a  spherical  top,  usually  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  broad, 
only  rarely  broader  than  long.  The  lateral  margins  are  usually  convex 
and  are  not  margined.  The  segmentation  of  the  body  is  usually  dis- 
tinct. The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and 
lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  rudi- 
mentary, consist  of  three  to  five  inconspicuous  segments  or  are  wanting. 
They  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head,  distant  from  each 
lateral  margin  and  near  to  each  other.  The  eyes  are  inconspicuous. 
There  is  apparently  an  ocellana  located  on  each  lateral  margin.  The 
mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  present.  The  rostrum  consists 
of  two  segments.  The  legs,  when  present,  are  greatly  reduced  in  size 
and  rudimentary,  the  prothoracic  legs  are  the  smallest  and  the  meta- 
thoracic  the  largest.  The  coxae  may  be  greatly  swollen,  the  femora  en- 
larged, and  the  trochanters  and  claws  may  be  wanting  so  that  the  leg 
consists  of  only  three  segments.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  en- 
larged and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  tro- 
chanto-femoral  and  tibio-tarsal  sutures  are  present  or  obsolete.  The 
thoracic  and  abdominal  spiracles  are  not  definitely  described  and  are  not 
figured.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus. 
The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen 
is  variable  in  form  and  length,  longer  than  the  head  and  thorax  com- 
bined in  some  species,  shorter  in  others,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  projection 
in  a  few.  It  is  usually  convex  on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  never 
depressed.  The  lateral  margins  are  convex  and  are  never  margined. 
All  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and  similar  in  appearance  with  dis- 
tinct coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium. 
The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula  or  an 
anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes  are  long  and  prominent, 
frequently  strongly  chitinized,  but  distinct  anal  setae  are  wanting.  The 
caudal  abdominal  segment  is  long  and  distinct  and  not  short  and  narrow 
and  extending  beyond  the  other  segments.  The  body  is  provided  with 
cerores,  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores,  and  is  never  pro- 
vided with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with 
three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae. 
Insects  always  live  in  galls  and  body  is  covered  with  mealy  or  powdered 
wax.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or 
with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is 
never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

199 


200  THE    COCCIDAE 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage 
and  in  at  least  certain  species  in  the  second.  The  legs  of  the  first 
nymphal  stage  are  similar  in  form,  those  of  the  second  are  not,  the  pro- 
thoracic  legs  are  smallest  and  the  metathoracic  are  the  largest,  the  pro- 
thoracic  and  mesothoracic  are  much  farther  apart  than  the  mesothoracic 
and  metathoracic.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the 
prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  hody  is  never  provided 
with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  octacerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae. 
The  anal  ring  is  distinct  and  bears  six  anal  ring  setae.  The  anal  lobes 
are  inconspicuous  in  the  first  nymphal  stage,  but  the  anal  setae  are  large 
and  prominent.  The  anal  lobes  are  prominent  projections  in  the  second 
nymphal  stage  and  the  anal  setae  are  small.  The  body  is  depressed  or 
subdepressed,  ellipitical  or  oval  in  outline,  and  completely  margined  with 
flabellate  scales.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  strongly  chitinized, 
forming  a  rectal  tube  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a 
long  glassy  tube  of  wax. 

The  male  apparently  has  four  ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral. 
The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  or  with  tufts 
of  long  wax  filaments,  but  is  provided  with  two  white  filaments  at  the 
caudal  end,  which  are  probably  formed  of  wax.  The  stylus  is  stout. 

The  insects  of  this  subfamily  all  produce  galls.  The  species 
are  confined  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  The  great  majority 
make  their  galls  on  different  species  of  Eucalyptus,  less  than  one 
per  cent  produce  galls  on  plants  of  other  species.  Both  sexes 
form  galls  and,  what  is  very  unusual,  the  galls  formed  by  each 
sex  is  different  in  size  and  shape.  As  a  rule  the  males  make  their 
galls  on  the  leaves  and  the  females  on  the  stems  and  branches, 
although  there  are  some  exceptions  to  this.  The  galls  are  appar- 
ently in  every  species  abnormal  growths  produced  from  the  cam- 
bium layer  of  the  plant  and  not  through  modification  of  the  buds. 
The  insects  evidently  attach  themselves  to  the  surface  of  the 
leaves  or  stems  where  they  normally  produce  their  galls.  This 
effects  in  some  way  the  cells  of  the  plant  and  an  abnormal  growth 
begins  which  surrounds  and  eventually  covers  them,  forming  the 
mature  gall.  Whether  the  galls  are  due  to  irritation  produced  by 
the  mouth-parts  or  from  excretions  from  the  salivary  glands,  Mal- 
phigian  tubules,  rectal  glands,  or  some  other  internal  structure  is 
not  known. 

The  galls  produced  by  the  females  of  the  different  species 
show  a  great  variety  of  forms,  varying  in  size  from  one-half  to 
seven  or  eight  inches  in  length  and  in  some  species  may  be  as 
much  as  three  inches  in  diameter  although  most  are  much  smaller. 
Some  resemble  conical  fruits,  others  nuts  and  globular  fruits. 
While  all  the  galls  of  a  species  are  fairly  constant,  there  is  variation 


SUBFAMILY   APIOMOBPHINAE  201 

in  size  and  form  and  in  the  case  of  certain  species,  as  with  all 
gall  forming  groups,  there  is  some  variation  between  the  individ- 
uals of  the  same  species.  The  difference  in  the  form  of  the  various 
galls  serves  as  one  of  the  easiest  methods  of  identifying  the  differ- 
ent species. 

The  galls  of  the  males  are  short  cylindrical  tubes.  Some  are 
simple  tubes  with  a  notched  rim  at  the  free  end  or  with  the  rim 
dilated  forming  a  saucer-like  tip.  While  the  male  galls  are  gen- 
erally attached  to  the  leaves,  in  a  few  species  they  are  attached 
to  the  gall  of  the  female. 

The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  are  quite  similar  in  appearance. 
They  are  bright  or  pale  red  or  yellow  in  color.  The  body  is  flat 
or  depressed,  and  elliptical  or  broad  oval  or  almost  round  in  outline. 
The  legs  are  long  and  well  developed  in  Apiomorpha,  normal  in 
form,  bear  several  setae  and  a  pair  of  digitules.  In  Opisthoscelis 
the  prothoracic  legs  are  wanting  and  the  mesothoracic  legs  are 
rudimentary  and  the  metathoracis  legs  are  long  and  distinct.  The 
antennae  are  slender  and  consist  of  three  to  seven  segments.  The 
single  ocellana  on  each  side  of  the  head  is  large  and  prominent, 
and  brownish  red  in  color.  The  periphery  of  the  body  is  distinctly 
margined  or  fringed  with  minute  alate  setae  or  scales,  similar  in 
size  to  the  marginal  scales  of  certain  lecaniids,  but  differing  from 
them  in  form  in  that  their  distal  ends  are  truncate.  Fuller  de- 
scribes the  scales  as  stout  alate  spines,  the  wings  of  which  are  thin 
and  transparent  and  soon  broken.  This  would  suggest  that  the 
wings  might  be  wax  excreted  from  marginal  cerores  supported  by 
a  seta  as  a  central  matrix.  The  scales  are  apparently  limited  to 
the  head  in  Opisthoscelis.  Froggatt  in  describing  the  nymphs  of 
Ascelis  and  Opisthoscelis  states  that  their  tarsi  are  each  provided 
with  two  claws,  which  is  a  very  unusual  number  for  the  members 
of  this  family,  and  is  evidently  an  error.  The  first  stage  nymphs 
are  provided  with  an  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae,  but  the  num- 
ber of  anal  ring  setae  is  not  stated,  it  is  probably  six.  The  male 
nymphs  differ  from  the  female  nymphs  according  to  Froggatt  only 
in  being  more  elongate. 

The  female  apiomorphids  molt  twice.  The  nymphs  of  the 
second  stage  are  very  different  in  appearance  from  those  of  the 
first.  The  body  is  broadest  through  the  mesothorax,  the  two 
lateral  margins  converge  cephalad  and  caudad  from  this  region. 
The  segmentation  is  distinct,  but  the  margins  have  lost  their 
marginal  rim  and  their  fringe  of  flattened  scales.  The  antennae 


202  THE   COCCIDAE 

are  greatly  reduced  in  size  and  the  ocellanae  are  apparently  want- 
ing. The  legs  are  also  reduced,  the  prothoracic  pair  is  directed 
cephalad  and  the  others  are  directed  caudad.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  first  and  second  pairs  is  much  greater  than  that  between 
the  second  and  third.  The  abdomen  tapers  and  the  caudal  segment 
is  long  and  deeply  cleft,  the  portion  on  each  side  of  the  cleft  forms 
a  stout,  divergent,  sharply  pointed  projection  bearing  several 
setae.  Each  of  these  projections  is  a  modified  anal  lobe.  The 
cephalic  part  of  the  ventral  aspect  bears  a  distinct  anal  ring  with 
six  anal  ring  setae.  The  surface  of  the  body  is  covered  with  mealy 
wax. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  has  been  generally  compared  by 
the  writers  on  the  Apiomorphinae,  so  far  as  their  shape  is  con- 
cerned, to  a  peg-top.  It  is  yellow  or  brownish  in  color  with  a 
distinct  segmentation,  the  distinctness  of  which  is  emphasized  by 
the  constrictions  between  the  segments.  The  head  and  prothorax, 
as  is  usual  with  coccids,  are  poorly  separated  and  form  a  large 
cephalic  region  bearing  the  mouth-parts,  the  antennae,  and  the 
prothoracic  legs  when  these  are  present.  There  is  a  deep  trans- 
verse furrow  on  the  ventral  aspect  separating  the  mesothorax  and 
metathorax,  from  which  there  extends  on  the  meson  a  broad  furrow 
connecting  with  the  curving  furrow  between  the  prothorax  and 
mesothorax.  This  latter  has  been  called  the  facial  furrow  by 
Fuller.  The  furrows  produce  a  chin-like  elevation  upon  which  the 
mouth-parts  are  situated.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
width  of  the  mesothorax,  which  is  usually  the  widest  segment  of 
the  body.  There  is  a  corresponding  variation  in  the  shape  of  the 
facial  furrow  and  its  surrounding  parts.  The  antennae  and  legs, 
even  when  present,  are  greatly  reduced  and  the  antennae  some- 
times consist  of  only  three  segments.  Fuller  states  that  the  tho- 
racic spiracles  are  distinct  in  the  adult  females  of  Ascelis  and 
Cystococcus.  The  abdomen  is  conical  and  the  three  or  four  caudal 
segments  are  strongly  chitinized.  It  is  usually  as  long  as  the  head 
and  thorax  together  but  in  Cystococcus  the  abdomen  is  a  mere 
tubercle.  The  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  apparently  want- 
ing in  the  adult  female.  The  caudal  margin  of  each  of  the 
abdominal  segments  is  usually  fringed  with  a  transverse  row  of 
conical  spine-like  projections,  this  appears  to  be  always  true  in 
Apiomorpha.  These  projections  are  probably  used  by  the  insect 
in  moving  about  in  its  cell  in  the  gall.  The  caudal  end  of  the 
abdomen  bears  two  long  slender  anal  lobes  in  Apiomorpha  and  in 


SUBFAMILY   APIOMOEPHINAE  203 

some  species  of  Opisthoscelis,  but  are  wanting  in  Ascelis.  It  is 
the  presence  of  these  lobes  that  gives  the  caudal  end  of  the  body 
of  the  insect  a  cleft  appearance.  It  is  claimed  by  Schrader  that 
the  anal  lobes  are  used  to  keep  the  orifice  in  the  gall  open.  This 
orifice  is  in  the  free  end  of  the  gall.  While  the  anal  lobes  bear 
numerous  setae,  none  of  them  can  be  identified  as  the  anal  setae. 
The  body  bears  long  slender  setae,  conical  setae,  and  cerores. 
From  these  latter  there  is  excreted  powdery  or  mealy  wax  which 
completely  coats  the  body  of  the  insect. 

The  galls  formed  by  the  males  have  already  been  described. 
The  males  as  they  are  figured  by  Froggatt  resemble  miniature 
two-winged  ant-lions.  The  wings  as  represented  are  much  broader 
than  in  the  case  of  other  male  coecids.  The  abdomen  is  long, 
slender,  and  cylindrical  and  bears  two  long  thread-like  filaments  at 
the  caudal  end  which  are  twice  as  long  as  the  entire  body  and  are 
probably  formed  of  wax.  The  antennae  are  long,  setaceous,  and 
consist  of  about  ten  segments.  Froggatt  states  that,  "when  full 
grown  the  males  emerge  from  the  neighboring  galls,  and  by  means 
of  their  slender,  pointed  abdomen  impregnate  the  imprisoned 
female  through  the  apical  orifice,  through  which  the  latter  can 
exsert  her  anal  appendages.  After  impregnation  the  males  die, 
and  the  females  become  a  mass  of  eggs,  from  which  the  young 
larvae  soon  emerge,  crawling  through  the  opening  in  the  gall  and 
leaving  the  empty  shell  of  the  mother  behind  in  the  gall." 

The  writers  upon  the  apiomorphids  have  -jnot  giiven  any 
synopsis  of  the  species,  but  have  contented  themselves  with  de- 
scribing the  galls,  the  adults,  and  certain  of  the  nymphal  stages. 
Froggatt  makes  the  following  comment  as  to  the  females:  "To  a 
casual  observer  the  female  coecids  would  appear  very  much  alike 
but  though  there  is  a  very  strong  resemblance  in  most  cases,  there 
are  besides  the  difference  in  form,  several  very  good  specific  peculi- 
arities ;  firstly,  in  the  form,  shape,  and  situation  of  the  anal  append- 
ages; secondly,  in  the  hairy  coating  on  the  abdominal  segments; 
and  thirdly,  in  the  number,  shape,  and  regularity  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  tubercles  and  fine-toothed  spines  covering  the  upper 
side  of  the  abdominal  segments. ' ' 

The  four  genera  of  Apiomorphinae  can  be  distinguished  by 
means  of  the  following  table  : — 


204  THE    COCCIDAE 

GENERA  OF  APIOMORPH1NAE 
a.    Adult  female  with  at  least  one  pair  of  legs. 

b.  Adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  legs  and  rudimentary  antennae 
of  three  to  five  segments;  abdomen  elongate,  longer  than  head 
and  thorax  together,  distinctly  segmented;  body  tapering  or  pear- 
shaped.  Apiomorpha  Rubs. 

bb.  Adult  female  with  prothoracic  legs  wanting,  mesothoracic  vesti- 
gial, and  metathoracic  legs  very  long  and  slender;  antennae  pres- 
ent and  vestigial,  consisting  of  three  to  four  segments  or  want- 
ing.   Opisthoscelis  Schrader. 

aa.  Adult  female  without  legs  or  antennae;  abdomen  very  short,  much 
shorter  than  either  head  or  thorax,  segmentation  obsolete,  head  and 
thorax  globular,  abdomen  appearing  as  tubercle  upon  one  side  of 
globule. 

b.    Body  not  longitudinally  striate,  globular  but  not  with  cephalic  end 

truncate;  spiracles  present. Ascelis  Schrader. 

bb.  Body  longitudinally  striate,  globular  with  cephalic  end  truncate; 
thoracic  spiracles  large Cystococcus  Fuller. 

Apiomorpha  Bubs. — This  name  was  proposed  by  Riibsamen  for 
the  genus  Brachyscelis  Schrader,  which  was  preoccupied.  By  far  the 
larger  number  of  species  of  the  subfamily  belong  to  this  genus.  There 
are  thirty  species  listed  by  Mrs.  Fernald. 

Opisthoscelis  Schrader. — A  genus  of  twelve  species,  all  of  which 
produce  galls  upon  Eucalyptus. 

Ascelis  Schrader. — The  adult  females  of  this  genus  are  greatly 
modified.  There  are  four  species  described. 

Cystococcus  Fuller. — This  genus  was  erected  by  Fuller  to  include 
his  species  echiniformis  which  forms  a  spherical  gall  from  three-fourths 
to  one  inch  in  diameter.  There  is  some  question  as  to  whether  this 
genus  can  be  distinguished  from  Ascelis.  The  walls  of  the  gall  are  thin 
and  uniform  in  thickness.  The  body  of  the  female  nearly  fills  the  cav- 
ity in  the  gall.  These  galls  according  to  Fuller  are  not  only  edible  but 
are  considered  as  a  great  delicacy  by  all  the  natives  and  all  whites  who 
know  of  them.  The  galls  are  broken  between  the  teeth  and  the  insect 
sucked  out.  They  are  considered  as  cool  and  refreshing  on  a  hot  day. 
Unless  better  characters  are  discovered  than  have  been  noted,  the  genus 
Cystococcus  will  fall  as  a  synonym  of  Ascelis  which  has  the  thorax  glob- 
ular and  the  abdomen  a  mere  protuberance  on  one  side. 


CHAPTER  XIX 

SUBFAMILY  CYLI1VDBOCOCCINAE 

The  Lubberly  Coccids 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  variable  in  form,  circular  and  thick- 
ened, spherical  or  globular,  or  cylindrical  and  elongate.  The  lateral 
margins  are  broadly  convex  or  subvertical,  rarely  if  ever  sharply  mar- 
gined. The  cephalic  and  caudal  ends  are  broadly  rounded,  sometimes 
continuous  with  the  lateral  margins,  so  that  the  outline  of  the  body  is 
almost  a  complete  circle,  or  truncate.  The  segmentation  may  be  dis- 
tinct, obscure,  or  wanting,  rarely  sharply  denned.  The  caudal  end  of 
the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not 
provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  variable  in  form,  when  pres- 
ent, consist  of  less  than  seven  segments,  frequently  rudimentary,  mere 
tubercles,  or  wanting.  They  are  articulated  to  the  cephalic  part  of  the 
ventral  part  of  the  head.  The  eyes  are  apparently  wanting.  The  mouth- 
parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always  present,  the  rostrum  consists 
of  two  segments.  The  legs  are  present  or  wanting,  when  present,  they 
may  be  subequal  in  size  and  similar  or  may  have  one  pair  much  longer 
than  the  other  two  pairs  or  they  may  all  be  tuberculate.  The  profemora 
are  never  enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging. 
The  trochanto-femoral  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  of  all  normally  formed 
legs  are  always  distinct.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metatho- 
rax  are  large  and  prominent,  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic 
spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are 
always  wanting.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting. 
The  abdomen  is  variable  in  length,  about  as  long  as  the  head  and  thorax 
together  or  longer  or  not  as  long  as  the  metathorax  alone,  never  de- 
pressed, but  may  be  thick  and  flattened.  The  lateral  margins  are  uni- 
formly convex  without  a  margin  and  the  caudal  end  may  be  rounded  or 
truncate.  All  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  and  subsimilar  in  appear- 
ance, none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  never 
provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring 
setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment,  if 
short  and  narrow,  is  never  protruding.  The  body  is  provided  with 
cerores  none  of  which  are  octacerores  or  pilacerores  and  is  never  pro- 
vided with  ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with 
three  adjacent  openings  or  covered  by  a  scale  with  or  without  exuviae. 
The  insects  either  live  in  galls  or  live  free.  The  body  may  be  wholly 
or  in  part  covered  by  a  compact  mass  of  wax  with  mealy  or  powdery 
wax.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax  or 
with  a  chi'tinized  rectal  tube  with  rings  of  anacerores.  The  body  is 
never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

205 


206  THE    COCCIDAE 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and  a 
rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal  stage 
and  in  the  second  nymphal  stage  so  far  as  known  and  are  similar  or 
subsimilar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and  the 
prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never  provided 
with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  octa- 
cerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  The  anal  lobes  are  generally  small, 
but  even  if  not  prominent,  frequently  with  prominent  anal  setae  in  the 
first  nymphal  stage.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  strongly  chiti- 
nized,  forming  a  rectal  tube  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  ex- 
creting a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  not 
short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  ocellanae.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  lateral 
filaments  or  with  tufts  of  long  slender  glassy  threads  of  wax,  but  with 
two  long  white  caudal  filaments.  The  wings  are  present.  The  stylus  is 
about  as  long  as  broad. 

The  subdivision  Idiococcidae  was  proposed  in  1893  by  Maskell 
to  include  two  genera,  Cylindrococcus  and  Sphaerococeus,  which  he 
had  described.  The  group  was  denned  to  include  the  following: 
"Adult  females  active  or  stationary;  gall-making,  or  naked,  or 
producing  cotton  or  wax.  Anal  tubercles  entirely  absent.  Anal 
ring  hairless.  Antennae  with  usually  less  than  seven  joints.  Body 
not  prolonged  posteriorly."  When  this  group  was  erected,  the 
first  genus  contained  two  species  and  the  second  genus  five.  In 
Fernald's  Catalogue  the  first  of  these  genera,  Cylindrococcus,  con- 
tains four  species  and  the  other,  Sphaerococeus,  nineteen.  Maskell 
in  1895  in  a  list  of  the  Australian  coecids  gives  the  Idiococcidae  as 
a  section  of  the  subfamily  Coccinae,  the  Eriococcinae  of  this  work, 
and  associates  it  with  the  genera  included  in  the  Eriococcinae  as 
given  on  preceeding  pages.  Cockerell  in  his  "Check-list"  pub- 
lished in  1896  adopts  Maskell 's  name  and  recognized  it  as  a  group, 
but  combined  it  with  the  Eriococcinae  in  1899.  Green  in  the  first 
volume  of  his  Coccidae  of  Ceylon  also  adopts  Maskell 's  name  and 
characterization  with  this  addition:  "Larvae  with  anal  tubercles, 
adult  without."  The  term  Idiococcidae  is  not  tenable  or  usable 
as  a  group  name,  as  a  subfamily  or  family  name,  because  it  is  not 
based  upon  a  generic  name.  For  this  reason  the  subfamily  name 
Cylindrococcinae  has  been  used  for  this  group. 

At  the  time  when  Maskell  characterized  his  Idiococcidae,  the 
tendency  was  to  rely  upon  the  characters  of  the  adult  female  alone 
and  not  to  use,  at  least  to  any  extent,  the  characters  of  the  nymphs. 
Several  of  the  genera  now  placed  in  the  Eriococcinae,  would  ac- 
cording to  Maskell's  definition,  fall  into  the  Cylindrococcinae, 
since  their  adult  females  do  not  have  an  anal  ring  or  anal  ring 


SUBFAMILY    CYLIXDROCOCCINAE  207 

setae.  These  structures  are  present,  however,  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage  and  frequently  in  the  other  nymphal  stages  of  the  female. 
Maskell  figures  for  the  second  nymphal  stage  of  the  female  of  the 
type  species,  casuarinae  Maskell,  of  the  genus  Sphaerococcus,  an 
anal  ring  with  two  anal  ring  setae.  This  genus  for  this  reason 
should  be  removed  to  the  subfamily  Eriococcinae.  It  does  not 
follow  that  the  remaining  eighteen  species  of  this  genus  are 
eriococcids.  Two  of  these  have  already  been  removed  as  the  types 
of  new  genera,  one  being  referred  to  the  Eriococcinae  and  the 
other  to  the  Asterolecaniinae.  Several  of  the  other  species  repre- 
sent another  generic  type,  particularly  the  species  forming  galls 
from  the  buds  of  plants. 

The  females  of  the  generalized  Anal  Ring  Conservers  have  a 
well  developed  anal  ring  with  anal  ring  setae,  not  only  in  the 
adult,  but  in  all  nymphal  stages  of  the  female.  Associated  with 
the  anal  ring  is  the  presence  of  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae.  The 
anal  lobes,  when  the  abdomen  is  swollen  with  eggs,  become  incon- 
spicuous. One  of  the  lines  of  specialization  in  the  eriococcids  is 
the  gradual  suppression  of  the  anal  lobes  in  the  adult  female  fol- 
lowed by  an  obsolescence  of  the  anal  setae.  These  structures  are 
both  very  prominent  in  the  second  nymphal  stage  of  the  generalized 
genera,  but  with  specialization  are  crowded  out  of  this  stage  into 
the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  anal  ring  and  the  anal  ring  setae 
pass  through  a  similar  series  of  stages  of  obsolescense.  First  there 
is  a  reduction  in  the  size  of  the  anal  ring  setae  in  the  adult  female 
followed  by  a  reduction  in  the  number  until  they  are  all  wanting 
and  the  adult  female  lacks  not  only  the  anal  ring  but  the  anal  ring 
setae.  The  second  nymphal  stage  passes  through  a  similar  series 
of  changes  and  reductions.  This  results  in  the  inclusion  in  the 
subfamily  Eriococcinae  of  all  those  genera  whose  species  are  pro- 
vided with  at  least  some  anal  ring  setae  in  the  first  nymphal  stage. 

There  is  considerable  question  as  to  whether  the  Cylindrococ- 
cinae  are  a  natural  group  or  not.  Their  structure  would  suggest 
that  they  were  highly  specialized  eriococcids  that  had  gone  one  step 
farther.  That  is  they  lack  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  not 
only  in  the  adult  female  and  its  second  nymphal  stage,  but  also 
in  the  first  nymphal  stage.  They  usually  lack  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae  in  all  stages  or,  if  present,  are  greatly  reduced  in  size.  If 
this  interpretation  is  correct,  the  Cylindrococcinae  is  not  a  natural 
subdivision  but  simply  the  highly  specialized  end  of  the  Eriococ- 
cinae that  has  lost  through  specialization  by  reduction  the  charac- 


208  THE   COCCIDAE 

ters  used  in  separating  this  group  from  the  Cylindrococeinae.  The 
following  quotation  would  suggest  that  Maskell  held  a  similar 
view.  "Moreover,  I  propose  to  characterize  the  Idiococcidae  by 
such  wide  and  comprehensive  features  as  will  permit  the  future 
inclusion  therein  of  other  genera  which  may  hereafter  be  discov- 
ered ;  in  fact,  I  mean,  the  subdivision  to  serve  as  a  receptacle  for, 
perhaps  many  insects  which  cannot  possibly  enter  into  the  others, 
and  so  we  may  avoid,  so  far  as  possible,  multiplication  of  names." 
The  species  of  one  genus  of  this  subfamily  form  galls  upon 
plants.  A  considerable  number  of  these  are  from  the  Australian 
region.  While  the  galls  of  the  Apiomorphinae  are  formed  upon  the 
tissue  of  the  stems  and  leaves  of  the  plants,  those  of  the  gall  mak- 
ing species  of  the  Cylindrococeinae  are  in  most  cases  modifica- 
tions of  the  buds.  The  galls  resulting  from  such  parts  of  the 
plant,  are,  as  in  most  of  the  galls  formed  in  similar  situations  by 
other  insects,  miniature  cones.  The  species  of  a  few  genera  live 
in  blister-like  swellings  upon  the  bark  or  leaves.  These  swellings 
are  abnormal  growths  upon  the  plant  and  should  probably  be  con- 
sidered as  galls.  The  galls  made  by  the  species  of  Cylindrococcus 
are  usually  comparatively  small,  never  so  voluminous  as  in  the 
female  galls  of  many  apiomorphids. 

The  adult  females  of  a  number  of  the  species  are  enclosed  in 
a  test  of  wax  which  completely  encloses  them  and  frequently  has 
an  opening  at  one  end  or  on  one  side.  The  wax  of  the  test,  when 
a  definite  one  is  formed,  is  not  voluminous,  but  is  hard  and  not 
easily  soluble  in  caustic  potash.  The  test  in  two  genera  is  shaped 
like  a  Greecian  lamp.  In  the  case  of  Ourococcus  the  insect  lives 
in  a  crevice  in  the  bark,  excretes  a  black  covering  of  wax  and  a 
long  glassy  tail  of  wax.  The  three  species  of  Capulina  are  sug- 
gestive of  the  conditions  found  in  this  subfamily.  The  body  of  the 
adult  female  of  sallei,  the  type,  is  covered  with  a  white  cottony 
sac  of  wax  with  a  single  long  caudal  tube  of  wax,  jaboticabae  makes 
neither  gall  nor  definite  sac  and  desposits  her  eggs  in  a  fluffy  mass 
of  white  cottony  wax,  while  crateriformis  makes  a  small  crater- 
shaped  gall  or  depression. 

There  is  great  variation  in  the  external  shape  of  the  adult 
female.  The  body  may  be  elongate  with  parallel  sides,  cylindrical 
or  subcylindrical  in  form,  or  may  be  orbicular  in  outline,  like  a 
thickened  pancake  with  the  peripheral  margin  convex.  The  mouth- 
parts,  including  the  rostralis  and  rostrum,  are  always  present. 
The  head  and  prothorax  form  a  single  region  in  the  gall  forming 


SUBFAMILY    CYLINDROCOCCINAE  209 

species  and  this  region  is  distinctly  separated  from  the  meso- 
thorax.  The  segmentation  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  is  usually 
distinct  in  these  species,  but  in  the  wax  forming  species  it  is 
generally  completely  effaced,  frequently  indicated  only  by  the 
marginal  setae.  In  many  coccids  there  is  a  definite  number  of 
setae  or  cerores  or  groups  of  cerores  along  each  lateral  half  of  the 
body.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  cerari  found  in  many  eriococcids. 
The  number  of  setae  or  cerores  varies  somewhat  with  the  species, 
usually  the  number  is  about  eighteen,  of  which  the  first  four  of 
each  side  belong  to  the  head,  two  to  each  thoracic  segment,  and 
one  to  each  abdominal  segment.  The  number  may  be  slightly 
increased  or  decreased,  or  the  number  may  be  doubled,  twenty- 
eight  on  each  side.  While  the  antennae  and  legs  and  all  indication 
of  the  intersegmental  coriae  may  be  wanting,  the  extent  of  the 
various  segments  of  the  body  can  be  closely  approximated  by  a 
study  of  the  number  and  arrangement  of  the  marginal  setae  or 
other  marginal  structures  that  may  be  present. 

The  antennae  of  the  adult  female,  even  when  present,  is  greatly 
reduced  and  consists  of  only  a  few  segments,  always  less  than 
seven,  according  to  Maskell.  The  legs  like  the  antennae  are 
greatly  modified.  They  are  frequently  wanting  and  when  all  are 
present,  one  pair  is  much  larger  than  the  others.  The  thoracic 
spiracles  although  not  described  or  figured  for  all  the  species  are 
undoubtedly  present  and  located  on  the  ventral  aspect.  The 
abdomen  is  elongate  in  the  gall  forming  species  but  is  very  short 
in  some  of  the  species  that  are  covered  with  wax.  Abdominal 
spiracles  are  not  recorded  as  present  in  any  of  the  species  and  the 
anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  also  wanting. 

The  nymphs  of  the  first  stage,  where  known,  are  elongate, 
ovate  in  outline  and  resemble  very  much  the  first  stage  nymphs 
of  the  eriococcids.  The  segmentation  is  indicated,  the  ocellanae 
are  present,  the  antennae  are  long  and  slender  and  consist  of  six 
segments,  and  the  legs  are  long  and  typical  in  form.  The  caudal 
end  of  the  body  may  bear  anal  lobes,  which  are  distinct  or  may  be 
wanting.  The  anal  setae  are  also  frequently  present.  The  dorsal 
aspect  of  the  body  may  bear  six  longitudinal  rows  of  setae,  known 
as  dorsal  setae,  or  transverse  rows  of  ten  setae  each  or  the  setae 
may  be  very  small  and  not  arranged  in  rows  or  they  may  be 
wanting.  The  anal  ring  so  far  as  indicated  is  always  wanting.  It 
needs  more  careful  study  than  has  been  given  it  thus  far  in  this 
group. 


210  THE   COCCIDAE 

The  males  in  the  wax  forming  species  excrete  an  elongate 
white  sack  of  loose  cottony  filaments  of  wax  or  a  small  cylindrical 
horny  ferruginous  sac  of  wax  in  which  transformation  takes  place. 
The  males  of  three  genera  have  been  described,  Capulina,  Car- 
pochloroides,  and  Halimicoccus.  The  descriptions  are  incomplete, 
but  there  is  nothing  to  suggest  that  they  differ  from  the  males  of 
the  associated  subfamilies.  The  genera  referred  to  the  subfamily 
Cylindrococcinae  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following 
table:— 

GENERA  OF  CYLINDROCOCCINAE 

a.    Thorax   of   adult   female  with   at   least   one   pair   of   complete   legs 
present. 

b.  Thorax  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  legs,  prothoracic  and 
mesothoracic  pairs  small  and  rudimentary,  metathoracic  pair  large 
and  prominent;  nymphs  of  first  stage  without  rows  of  dorsal 

conical   setae.   Sphaerococcopsis   Ckll. 

bb.    Thorax  of  adult   female  with  only   single   pair   of   legs   present; 

nymphs  of  first  stage  with  rows  of  dorsal  conical  setae. 

c.    Thorax   of   adult   female  with   metathoracic   legs    present    and 

prothoracic   and   mesothoracic   legs   wanting;    nymphs   of  first 

stage  with  two  complete  rows  of  dorsal  setae;   females  either 

not  forming  galls  or  living  in  crater-like  depressions 

Capulina  Sign. 

cc.  Thorax  of  adult  female  with  prothoracic  legs  present  and 
mesothoracic  and  metathoracic  legs  wanting;  nymphs  of  first 
stage  with  four  rows  of  dorsal  setae;  females  forming  galls 

on  plants.  Cylindrococcus  Mask. 

aa.    Thorax  of  the  adult  female  with  all  three  pairs  of  legs  wanting. 
b.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  emarginate  ait  caudal  end  with  a  pair  of 
anal  lobe-like  projections,  anus  located  at  bottom  of  emargination 
from  which  projects  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.—Ourococcus  Fuller, 
bb.    Abdomen  of  adult  female  not  emarginate  at  caudal  end  and  not 
with  anal  lobe-like  projections, 
c.    Nymphs  of  first  stage  with  dorsal  longitudinal  rows  of  conical 

setae. 

d.  Antennae  of  adult  female  tuberculate,  bearing  terminal 
bunch  of  stiff  setae;  anal  tubercles  wanting  but  indicated  by 
groups  of  conical  setae;  body  with  numerous  setae  near 

anus.    Apiococcus    Hempel. 

dd.  Antennae  of  adult  female  wanting;  anal  tubercles  wanting 
and  not  indicated  by  groups  of  setae;  body  not  with  numer- 
ous setae  near  anus CarpocMoroides  Ckll. 

cc.    Nymphs  of   first   stage   not   with   dorsal   longitudinal   rows   of 

conical  setae. 

d.  Body  enclosed  in  horny  sack  of  wax  shaped  like  lampshell; 
cuticle  of  adult  female  not  tuberculate  and  without  conspicu- 
ous cerores;  antennae  and  legs  wanting Halimicoccus  Ckll. 


SUBFAMILY   CYLINDROCOCCINAE  211 

dd.  Body  not  enclosed  in  horny  sack  of  wax;  cuticle  of  adult 
female  with  numerous  hyaline  tubercles  without  conspicuous 
cerores  and  without  setae;  antennae  tuberculaite  and  legs 
wanting.  Phoenicococcus  Ckll. 

Sphaerococopsis  Ckll. — This  genus  includes  a  single  species, 
inflatipes  Maskell  from  Australia  on  Eucalyptus.  It  is  somewhat  simi- 
lar in  general  appearance  to  Pseudoripersia  turgipes  Maskell,  but  the 
adult  female  lacks  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae.  The  legs  are  also 
different  in  size  and  form. 

Capulinia  Sign. — The  three  species  referred  to  this  genus  are: 
crateraformis  Hempel  from  Brazil  on  Eugenia;  jaboticabae  von  Ihering 
from  Brazil  on  Eugenia  and  Myrciaria;  and  sallei  Signoret,  the  type,  from 
Mexico  on  "Capulino"  and  "Escobillo". 

Cylindrococcus  Mask. — An  Australian  genus  of  four  species  oc- 
curring upon  Casuarinia:  amplior  Mask.,  casuarinae  Mask.,  gracilis 
Fuller,  and  spiniferus  Mask. 

Ourococcus  Fuller. — A  genus  from  West  Australia  found  upon 
Eucalyptus  and  Casuarinia.  The  species  are:  casuariniae  Fuller,  cobbii 
Fuller,  and  eucalypti  Fuller.  The  immature  stages  are  unknown.  The 
anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  not  described.  The  form  of  the  caudal 
end  of  the  abdomen  and  the  fact  that  in  each  species  a  caudal  glassy 
tube  of  wax  is  formed  suggests  that  the  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae 
are  present  and  that  this  genus  should  be  placed  in  the  subfamily 
Eriococcinae,  falling  in  the  table  of  genera  near  Antonia,  or  if  without 
an  anal  ring  the  rectum  must  be  provided  with  rings  of  anacerores. 

Apiococcus  Hempel. — A  Brazilian  genus  found  upon  Myrtaceae. 
It  contains  the  four  following  species:  asperatus  Hemp.,  globosus  Hemp., 
gregarius  Hemp.,  and  singularis  Hemp. 

Carpochloroides  Ckll. — This  genus  contains  a  single  species, 
viridis  Ckll.,  which  is  found  upon  Eugenia  and  Myrtaceae  in  Brazil. 

Halimococcus  Ckll. — A  single  species,  lampas  Ckll.,  occurring 
upon  the  leaves  of  palm  in  Natal.  The  abdomen  is  provided  with  four 
long  setae  at  the  caudal  end  instead  of  two  as  in  Phoenicococcus. 

Phoenicococcus  Ckll. — There  is  a  single  species,  marlatti  Ckll., 
which  occurs  upon  date  palm  in  Algeria.  It  has  been  identified  on  date 
palm  received  at  quarantine  from  Algeria. 


CHAPTER  XX 

SUBFAMILY  CONCHASPINAE 

The  Exuvialess  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  depressed,  broadest  across  the  pro- 
thorax.  The  lateral  margins  gradually  converge  caudad,  they  are  thin 
and  convex  but  not  margined.  The  segments  are  well  defined.  The 
caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the  cephalic  and  lateral  mar- 
gins are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae  are  prominent,  consist 
of  three  segments,  and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head 
near  each  lateral  margin.  The  eyes  are  present.  There  are  two  ocellanae 
located  on  the  dorsal  aspect,  nearer  to  the  meson  than  to  the  lateral  mar- 
gin of  the  head.  The  mouth-parts,  the  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  pres- 
ent, the  rostrum  consists  of  itwo  segments.  The  legs  are  present.  They 
are  subequal  in  length  and  normal  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never 
enlarged  and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The 
trochanto-femoral  sutures  are  present  and  the  tibio-tarsal  sutures  are 
wanting.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax  are  normal  in 
size  and  ventral  in  position.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  lo- 
cated near  the  anus.  The  abdominal  spiracles  are  limited  to  a  single 
pair  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  first  segment,  their  spiracular 
tracheae  are  never  provided  with  rings  of  cerores.  The  stigmatic  clefts, 
spinae,  and  canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen  is  about  as  long  as  the 
head  and  thorax  together,  and  is  convex  on  the  dorsal  and  ventral  as- 
pects, always  more  or  less  depressed.  The  lateral  aspects  are  convex 
but  distinct,  not  distinctly  margined,  the  caudal  end  is  convex.  All  the 
segments  are  fully  exposed  and  subsimilar  in  appearance  with  distinct 
coriae  between  them,  none  are  retracted  to  form  a  marsupium.  The 
abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  or  anal 
lobes  and  anal  setae.  An  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae  may  be  present. 
The  caudal  abdominal  segment  is  never  short  and  narrow  and  extending 
beyond  the  other  segments.  The  body  is  provided  with  cerores  none 
of  which  are  octocerores  or  pilacerores  and  is  never  provided  with 
ceratubae.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous  cell  with  three 
adjacent  openings,  but  is  always  covered  by  a  scale  which  does  not 
contain  exuviae.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  long  glassy  tube 
of  wax  or  with  a  chitinized  rectal  tube  with  rings  of  anacerores.  The 
body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum 
and  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  all  nymphal  stages 
and  are  similar  in  form.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  enlarged  and 
the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body  is  never 
provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  anal  lobes  and  anal  setae,  octa- 

212 


SUBFAMILY    CONCHASPINAE  213 

cerores,  pilacerores,  or  ceratubae.  An  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae 
may  be  present.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is  not  strongly  chiti- 
nized  forming  a  rectal  tube  provided  with  one  or  more  rings  of  ana- 
cerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  seg- 
ment is  not  short,  narrow,  and  projecting. 

The  male  has  four  ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral.  The  ab- 
domen is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  or  tufts  of  long  wax 
filaments  or  with  two  long  thread-like  filaments.  The  stylus  is  long, 
one-half  or  more  the  length  of  the  body. 

This  subfamily  contains  three  genera,  Conchaspis  of  Cockerell, 
Fagisuga  of  Lindinger,  and  Scutare  of  Brittin.  The  typical  genus 
was  based  upon  specimens  collected  in  the  West  Indies.  A  descrip- 
tion of  them  was  published  in  February,  1893,  under  the  name  of 
Conchaspis  angraeci.  In  July  of  the  same  year  Newstead  described 
this  same  species  as  Pseudinglisia  rodrigueziae  from  plants  im- 
ported from  Trinidad.  Four  other  species  of  the  typical  genus 
are  now  known.  The  genera  of  Lindinger  and  Brittin  each  con- 
tain only  a  single  species. 

The  scale  of  the  adult  female  of  Conchaspis  is  circular  in  out- 
line, elevated  at  the  center  and  bluntly  conical.  The  surface  of 
the  scale  is  unmodified  in  socialis  Green,  while  there  are  six  to 
eight  ridges  radiating  from  the  apex  of  the  cone  but  not  reaching 
the  periphery  of  the  scale  in  angraeci  Cockerell.  The  ventral  scale 
is  complete,  free  from  the  dorsal  scale,  and  adheres  to  the  host- 
plant.  The  dorsal  or  outer  scale  is  opaque  to  grayish  brown  or 
black.  The  female  scales  resembles  the  convex  light  colored  scales 
of  certain  diaspids,  but  they  can  always  be  separated  from  these 
scales,  because  in  the  Conchaspinae  the  molted  skins  or  exuviae 
are  never  fixed  in  the  dorsal  or  ventral  scale.  It  is  evident  that 
the  molted  skins,  which  are  probably  not  more  than  two,  although 
the  number  is  unknown  in  either  sex,  after  they  are  shed,  are 
pushed  out  under  the  margin  of  the  scale  as  in  the  males  of  certain 
lecaniids. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  known  only  in  socialis  Green.  It  is 
described  by  Green  as  "white,  oblong,  flattened,  closely  felted, 
completely  enveloping  the  pupa.  The  hinder  extremity  has  a 
valvular  opening.  Length  1.50  mm.  and  breadth  at  widest  part 
is  about  0.75  mm.  The  male  puparia  do  not  occur  separately,  but 
are  always  collected  together,  in  groups  of  ten  or  more,  beneath  the 
parent  scale  (that  of  the  female)  which  they  completely  fill."  It 
is  questionable  whether  this  is  the  true  scale  of  the  male  and 
whether  it  is  comparable  to  the  scale  of  the  female,  but  rather  a 
cocoon.  May  it  not  be  that  the  male  does  not  form  a  scale. 


214  THE    COCCIDAE 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  as  viewed  from  above  resembles 
somewhat  in  general  appearance  an  eriococcid  nymph  of  the  first 
stage,  but  the  segmentation  is  indicated  more  distinctly  and  the 
body  is  more  depressed.  The  eyes  are  present,  located  on  the 
dorsal  aspect,  near  together  and  near  the  cephalic  portion  of  the 
body.  The  antennae  are  small,  consist  of  three  or  six  segments, 
and  are  articulated  to  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  head,  distant  from 
each  other  and  from  the  rostrum,  which  consists  of  two  segments. 
The  legs  are  long  and  project  beyond  the  lateral  margin  of  the 
body,  probably  due  in  great  part  to  their  articulation  to  the 
sternum  very  distant  from  each  other.  They  usually  lack  the 
suture  between  the  tibia  and  tarsus.  Each  bears  a  few  long 
setae,  but  lacks  digitules.  The  claws  are  bluntly  toothed  on  the 
ventral  side  at  the  proximal  end.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are 
located  near  to  and  laterad  of  the  prothoracic  legs  while  the 
metathoracic  spiracles  are  located  a  short  distance  caudad  of  the 
mesothoracic  legs.  A  third  pair  of  spiracles,  those  of  the  first 
abdominal  segment,  are  located  just  caudad  of  the  metathoracic 
legs.  The  caudal  abdominal  segments  have  chitinized  areas  which 
are  considered  by  Newstead  as  similar  to  the  pygidium  of  the 
diaspidids.  These  plates  bear  large  circular  cerores  which  are  dis- 
tributed over  the  segments  or  are  arranged  in  groups  as  in  socialis 
near  each  lateral  margin  of  the  ventral  aspect  of  segments  one  to 
three.  There  is  in  this  species  on  the  lateral  margin  of  segments 
one  to  four  small  groups  of  short  broad  tubular  ducts  which  open 
on  the  dorsal  surface.  The  lateral  margin  of  each  segment  of  the 
thorax  and  abdomen  bears  a  group  of  three  or  four  long  slender 
setae.  The  abdomen  does  not  contain  ceratubae  or  oraceratubae, 
structures  which  are  so  characteristic  of  all  diaspidids.  The  size  of 
the  body  of  the  adult  female  is  remarkable,  as  Green  states,  in 
socialis  it  is  1.25  mm.  long  and  0.80  mm.  wide,  while  the  scale  has 
a  diameter  of  5  mm.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs  which  are  long 
and  purplish  in  color  under  her  scale  where  they  are  mixed  with 
the  cocoons  of  the  male. 

The  adult  male  is  known  only  in  socialis  Green.  The  body  is 
yellowish  in  color.  The  head  is  rounded,  bears  four  simple  eyes 
or  ocellanae,  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral,  and  two  antennae,  each 
consisting  of  seven  segments.  The  distal  segment  bears  four 
knobbed  setae  and  the  other  segments  bear  numerous  small  conical 
setae.  The  wings  are  large  and  held  in  place  by  prominent  halteres. 
The  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen  bears  a  slender  stylus  that  is  more 


SUBFAMILY    CONCHASPINAE  215 

than  one-half  the  length  of  the  body.  Green  was  unable  to  follow 
the  life  history  of  the  male,  but  found  some  nymphs  in  their  cocoons 
that  were  oval  in  outline,  still  retained  their  nymphal  legs,  and 
bore  antennae  consisting  of  four  segments. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  development  of  the  female  is  very  lim- 
ited. Newstead  states  that  the  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  resemble 
the  adult  female  except  that  they  are  smaller.  They  are  short 
and  ovate  in  outline  and  have  antennae  of  six  segments,  of  which 
the  two  distal  segments  are  the  longest.  The  legs  lack  the  tibio- 
tarsal  suture  as  in  the  adult  female  but  differ  in  that  there  are 
two  tibial  and  two  ungual  digitules  present.  The  abdominal  seg- 
ments are  also  provided  with  plates.  The  three  genera  of  this 
subfamily  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following  table : — 

GENERA  OF  CONCHASPINAE 

a.  Body  of  adult  females  not  with  broad  multidenticulate  projections; 
dorsum  of  caudal  end  of  abdomen  not  with  thickened  plate-like  pro- 
jection on  each  side  of  meson;  setae  of  lateral  margin  of  each  seg- 
ment long,  in  groups  or  two  or  more. 

b.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  projecting,  not  with  anal  lobes  bear- 
ing setae;  tergum  of  thorax  with  ventral  aspect  never  with  con- 
tinuous marginal  fringe  of  setae Conchaspis  Ckll. 

bb.  Abdomen  with  caudal  end  deeply  hollowed  out,  hollow  bounded 
on  each  side  by  a  prominent  anal  lobe  bearing  one  long  slender 
seta  and  three  short  stout  setae;  tergum  of  thorax  with  continu- 
ous fringe  of  short  setae Scutare  Brittin. 

aa.  Body  of  adult  female  with  three  broad,  multidenticulate,  pectinae- 
like  projections;  dorsum  of  caudal  end  of  abdomen  with  thickened 
plate-like  projections  on  each  side  of  meson;  each  plate  with  row 
of  three  short  setae;  lateral  margins  of  segments  apparently  with- 
out setae;  caudal  end  of  abdomen  truncate,  bearing  near  margin  six 
ventral  and  four  dorsal  setae Fagisuga  Lindinger. 

Conchaspis  Ckll. — This  genus  with  its  four  described  species  is 
placed  between  the  Phenacoleachiinae  and  Dactylopiinae  by  Mrs. 
Fernald  in  her  Catalogue.  Green  and  Newstead  place  it  before  or  after 
the  Diaspidinae,  a  more  logical  location  it  would  seem.  The  species  of 
this  genus  can  be  separated  by  means  of  the  following  table: 

SPECIES  OF  CONCHASPIS 

a.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  five  or  six  segments,  scale  of  adult 
female  conical  but  not  fluted. 

b  Antennae  of  adult  female  with  six  segments,  segments  subequal 
in  length;  abdominal  segments  with  four  groups  of  cerores, 
larger  number  on  cephalic  segments,  with  scattered  cerores  be- 
tween groups.— Mexico  on  Plumieria newsteadii  Ckll. 

bb.    Antennae   of  adult   female   with   five   segments,   two   distal   seg- 


216  THE   COCCIDAE 

meats  obscure,  segments  variable  in  length,  third  twice  as  long 
as  fifth,  distal  segment  with  two  thick  compressed  setae  on  distal 
end,  antennal  formula  35142;  abdomen  broader  than  head  and 
thorax,  cephalic  part  of  ventral  aspect  with  two  much  com- 
pressed thick  setae;  caudal  abdominal  segments  with  glandular 
areas  on  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects. — Brazil  on  a  woody  shrub— 

fluminiensis  Hemp. 
aa.    Antennae  of  adult  female  with  less  than  five  segments. 

b.  Antennae  of  adult  female  with  four  segments;  cerores  found  on 
all  abdominal  segments  and  generally  distributed;  scale  of  adult 
female  fluted. 

c.    Body  of  adult  female  purplish  red;  scale  conical  with  apex  at 
center. — England,    West    Indies,    United     States,     Mexico     on 

Angraecum,    Rodriguezia angraeci    Ckll. 

cc.    Body  of  adult  female  colorless,  except  brown  plates  of  abdo- 
men; scale  conical  with  apex  on  one  side. — Mexico  on  Hibiscus. 

angraeci  hibisci  Ckll. 

bb.  Antennae  of  adult  female  with  three  segments;  cerores  arranged 
in  group  on  each  side  of  abdominal  segments  one  to  three;  scale 
of  adult  female  not  fluted. — Ceylon.  socialis  Green. 

Scutare  Brittin. — Scale  of  female  is  flat,  subcircular,  glassy, 
fringed,  and  ventral  scale  is  complete.  The  adult  female  is  widest 
through  the  thorax.  The  antennae  consist  of  six  segments  and  the  ros- 
trum of  two  segments.  The  thoracic  spiracles  are  represented  by  two 
pairs.  The  legs  are  present  and  normal  in  form.  The  abdomen  is  dis- 
tinctly segmented  with  distinct  chitinized  areas.  The  anal  lobes  are 
distinct,  subtriangular.  On  each  side  of  each  abdominal  tergum  within 
the  margin  there  are  four  short  cylindrical  setae,  these  are  continued 
around  the  margin  of  the  thorax.  The  tergum  of  the  abdomen  between 
the  anal  lobes  and  fifth  segment  is  provided  with  a  row  of  similar  setae 
on  each  side  of  the  meson.  The  anal  ring  located  between  the  anal 
lobes,  bears  six  long  fine  setae.  Adult  insect  with  covering  scale  does  not 
resemble  other  species  of  subfamily.  The  presence  of  an  anal  ring  with 
anal  ring  setae  and  a  scale  fringed  with  glassy  threads  of  wax  needs  to 
be  confirmed.  A  single  species,  fimbriata  Brittin,  is  the  type. 

Fagisuga  Landinger. — A  single  species,  triloba  Lindg.,  is  the  type. 
It  occurs  in  Chile  on  Nothofagus.  The  scale  is  about  1  mm.  in  diameter, 
without  exuviae,  conical,  not  fluted,  dirty  white  in  color.  The  body  is 
0.69  mm.  long  and  distinctly  segmented.  The  antennae  consist  of  four 
segments.  Its  formula  is  4312.  The  body  on  each  side  adjacent  to  the 
lateral  margins  of  the  denticulate  projections  is  provided  with  several 
tooth-like  projections. 


CHAPTER  XXI 

SUBFAMILY  DIASPIDINAE 

The  Armored  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  variable  in  form,  frequently  slightly 
longer  than  broad,  often  distinctly  broader  than  long,  sometimes  four 
or  more  times  as  long  as  broad,  when  comparatively  short,  broadest 
through  the  spiracular  region,  always  more  or  less  depressed.  The  lat- 
eral margins,  at  least  of  the  caudal  part,  always  thin  and  distinct  and 
converging  caudad.  The  caudal  end  of  the  body  is  not  inflated  and  the 
cephalic  and  lateral  margins  are  not  provided  with  a  keel.  The  antennae 
are  usually  wanting,  sometimes  each  is  represented  by  an  unsegmented 
tubercle  located  on  the  ventral  aspect,  bearing  one  or  more  setae.  The 
eyes  are  wanting.  The  mouth-parts,  rostrum  and  rostralis,  are  always 
present,  the  rostrum  consists  of  a  single  globular  segment.  The  legs 
are  always  wanting.  The  spiracles  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax 
are  always  present,  normal  in  form  and  size,  ventral  in  position.  The 
mesothoracic  spiracles  are  never  located  near  the  anus.  The  abdomi- 
nal spiracles  are  always  wanting.  The  stigmatic  clefts,  spinae,  and 
canellae  are  wanting.  The  abdomen  is  rarely  if  ever  longer  than  the 
head  and  thorax  together,  when  the  body  is  elongate,  the  elongation  is 
confined  for  the  most  part  to  the  thorax.  The  dorsal  and  ventral  sur- 
faces near  together,  particularly  on  the  caudal  half,  where  the  body  is 
distinctly  depressed.  The  lateral  margins  sharply  defined  and  convex. 
The  caudal  end  is  bluntly  rounded,  bluntly  pointed,  or  rarely  truncate. 
All  the  segments  are  fully  exposed  or  at  least  no  part  is  retracted  to 
form  a  marsupium.  The  abdomen  is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft 
and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and  anal  ring  setae,  or  anal  lobes  and  anal 
setae.  The  abdomen  is  divided  into  two  regions,  a  cephalic  segmented 
preabdomen  and  an  unsegmented  caudal  pygidium  upon  which  the  caudal 
segment  can  not  be  identified.  The  body  is  provided  with  only  a  few 
cerores,  limited,  when  present,  to  the  spiracerores  and  the  genacerores. 
The  body  is  never  provided  with  pilacerores  or  octacerores.  The  cera- 
tubae  are  always  present.  The  body  is  never  enclosed  in  a  resinous 
cell  with  three  adjacent  openings.  It  is  always  covered  by  a  scale  with 
one  or  two  exuviae.  The  rectum  is  never  provided  with  a  chitinized 
rectal  tube  bearing  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a  long  glassy  tube  of 
wax.  The  body  is  never  naked  and  gall-like  in  form. 

The  female  nymphs  of  all  stages  are  provided  with  a  rostrum  and 
a  rostralis.  The  three  pairs  of  legs  are  present  in  the  first  nymphal 
stage  and  wanting  in  all  others,  those  of  the  first  nymphal  stage  are 
normal  in  form  and  structure.  The  profemora  are  never  greatly  en- 
larged and  the  prothoracic  legs  are  never  fitted  for  digging.  The  body 
is  never  provided  with  an  anal  cleft  and  opercula,  an  anal  ring  and 

217 


218  THE   COCCIDAE 

anal  ring  setae,  pilacerores,  or  octacerores.  The  anal  lobes  in  the  first 
nymphal  stage  are  indicated  with  varying  degrees  of  distinctness  and  the 
anal  setae  are  rarely  wanting.  The  ceratubae,  although  usually  few  in 
number,  can  generally  be  recognized.  The  caudal  end  of  the  rectum  is 
not  strongly  chitinized  with  one  or  more  rings  of  anacerores  excreting  a 
long  glassy  tube  of  wax.  The  caudal  abdominal  segment  can  not  be 
Identified. 

The  male  has  six  ocellanae,  two  dorsal,  two  sublateral,  and  two 
ventral.  The  abdomen  is  not  provided  with  long  lateral  filaments  of 
wax  or  two  thread-like  caudal  filaments  of  wax.  The  wings  are  some- 
times wanting.  The  stylus  is  long  and  slender. 

The  eggs,  in  the  case  of  those  species  laying  eggs,  are  deposited 
under  the  scale  behind  the  body  of  the  female.  They  are  elongate 
in  form  with  the  two  ends  rounded  and  are  whitish,  yellowish,  or 
reddish  in  color.  The  surface  of  the  eggs  is  frequently  more  or  less 
dusted  with  fine  granules  of  wax,  excreted  by  the  genacerores. 

The  young  nymphs  when  they  hatch  remain  for  a  time  under 
the  scale  of  the  parent.  All  the  eggs  on  the  same  branch  or  tree 
apparently  hatch  at  about  the  same  time  and  the  young  first  stage 
nymphs  swarm  out  from  under  the  various  scales,  so  that  the 
smaller  branches  of  the  host-plant,  where  the  infestation  is  heavy, 
are  so  densely  covered  with  the  young  mite-like  coccids  that  the 
branches  appear  grayish  in  color.  The  young  insects  after  wan- 
dering about  on  the  branch  or  branches  for  a  few  hours  insert 
their  rostralis  and  attach  themselves  to  the  host-plant  and  begin 
to  draw  nourishment. 

The  first  stage  nymphs,  in  which  the  males  are  indistinguish- 
able from  the  females,  are  normally  provided  with  antennae  of  six 
segments.  The  distal  segment  is  long  and  constricted  and  appears 
as  if  composed  of  several  fused  segments.  There  is  a  single 
ocellana  on  each  side  near  the  articulation  of  an  antenna.  The 
rostrum,  consisting  of  a  single  globular  segment,  and  the  rostralis 
are  easily  identified.  The  loop  of  the  rostralis  extends  into  a 
prominent  crumena  which  projects  into  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen. 
The  legs  consist  of  the  normal  number  of  segments  and  are 
articulated  near  together  distant  from  the  lateral  margin  of  the 
body.  They  are  long  enough,  however,  so  that  they  project  beyond 
the  margin  of  the  body.  The  tarsi  usually  bear  two  tarsal  and  two 
ungual  digitules.  The  body,  which  is  more  or  less  depressed  and 
oval  in  outline,  has  a  fairly  distinct  segmentation  of  the  thorax 
and  abdomen.  This  latter,  which  apparently  consists  of  six  seg- 
ments, is  in  reality  composed  of  two  parts,  the  cephalic  five  seg- 
ments constitute  the  preabdomen  and  the  apparent  sixth  segment,. 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  219 

which  is  formed  by  the  fusion  of  four  others,  is  known  as  the 
pygidium.  The  abdomen,  therefore,  consists  of  nine  segments. 
The  five  preabdominal  segments  are  distinct  in  Lepidosaphes,  but 
in  Chionaspis  and  some  other  genera,  the  fifth  preabdominal 
segment  is  combined  with  the  pygidium,  so  that  in  such  genera 
there  are  apparently  four  segments  in  the  preabdomen  and  five  in 
the  pygidium.  The  margin  of  the  pygidium  and  of  the  abdominal 
segments  usually  bears  projections,  but  they  are  quite  different  in 
form  from  those  found  in  the  adult  and  described  later.  The 
caudal  portion  on  each  side  of  the  meson  bears  a  large  prominent 
seta,  an  anal  seta,  which  is  one-half  or  more  the  length  of  the 
body.  The  first  stage  nymphs  of  certain  genera  show  structures 
that  may  be  anal  lobes,  but  they  are  never  distinct.  The  anal 
ring  and  anal  ring  setae  are  never  present.  The  anus,  a  circular 
opening  located  on  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  pygidium,  is  always 
distinct. 

The  first  nymphal  stage  is  a  comparatively  short  one.  There 
is  considerable  variation  among  the  different  genera  in  the  way 
in  which  the  cuticle  is  molted  at  this  time.  In  the  genera  Diaspis, 
Lepidosaphes,  and  their  allies  the  old  cuticle  is  ruptured  trans- 
versely between  the  points  of  attachment  of  the  antennae  and  the 
rostrum.  The  cuticle  is  then  ruptured  along  each  lateral  margin 
to  the  pygidium  and  the  ventral  portion  of  the  cast  skin  or  exuvia 
is  rolled  caudad  and  comes  to  rest  upon  the  pygidium.  This 
explains  why  the  mouth-parts  are  located  over  the  pygidium  in 
certain  mounted  individuals,  a  condition  that  nonpluses  many 
beginners.  This  method  of  dividing  the  exuvia  separates  the 
antennae  which  remain  attached  to  the  cephalic  portion  of  the 
dorsal  exuvia  and  project  horn-like  beyond  its  cephalic  margin, 
even  in  old  dried  exuviae,  while  the  caudal  portion  of  the  ventral 
exuvia  is  folded  upon  the  pygidium.  In  the  genus  Aspidiotus  and 
its  allies  the  split  extends  entirely  around  the  margin  of  the  body 
and  the  entire  dorsal  aspect  is  separated  from  the  ventral,  forming 
two  distinct  plates,  a  dorsal  exuvia  and  a  ventral  exuvia.  The 
dorsal  plate  in  this  case  always  lacks  the  dried  porrect  antennae. 
The  dorsal  exuvia  forms  a  part  of  the  dorsal  scale  and  the  ventral 
exuvia  forms  a  part  of  the  ventral  scale,  but  is  frequently  lost. 

The  female  nymphs  at  the  first  molt  lose  their  antennae  and 
legs,  become  greatly  enlarged  in  size,  and  are  more  like  the  adult 
in  general  form.  This  is  also  true  of  the  structures  on  the  margin 
of  the  pygidium.  The  second  stage  females  may  live  for  a  con- 


220  THE   COCCIDAE 

siderable  time,  several  months,  the  length  of  this  stage  varying 
greatly  with  the  species.  When  the  insects  of  this  stage  molt, 
there  is  no  variation  in  the  way  in  which  the  cuticle  ruptures,  but 
in  all  species  there  is  a  transverse  rupture  on  the  ventral  aspect 
cephalad  of  the  rostrum  which  connects  on  each  side  with  the 
lateral  margin,  the  further  rupture  of  the  cuticle  extends  caudad 
along  each  side  to  the  pygidium.  The  ventral  portion  of  the 
exuvia  is  rolled  back  upon  the  caudal  portion  of  the  ventral  aspect 
of  the  body. 

The  females  at  the  completion  of  the  second  nymphal  stage 
and  after  the  second  molt  assume  the  adult  condition.  The  most 
striking  variation  found  in  the  adult  female  from  that  of  the 
second  nymphal  stage  is  the  great  increase  in  size  and  the  greater 
complexity  in  the  structure  of  the  caudal  portion  of  the  abdomen. 

The  male  of  the  second  nymphal  stage  is  similar  to  the  same 
stage  of  the  female.  It  lacks  both  legs  and  antennae,  but  possesses 
a  rostrum  and  rostralis.  At  the  second  molt  all  similarity  between 
the  male  and  female  is  lost  and  the  males  of  the  third  nymphal 
stage  are  elongated.  The  rostrum  and  rostralis  are  wanting  and 
the  developing  legs  and  antennae  have  become  of  such  size  that  they 
show  externally,  each  enclosed  in  a  cuticular  sac.  The  male 
nymphs  during  this  stage  because  of  their  similarity  to  the  pupae 
of  insects  with  a  complete  metamorphosis  are  often  incorrectly 
designated  as  pupae  and  those  of  the  second  stage  as  propupae. 
The  third  nymphal  stage  requires  only  a  few  days  for  its  comple- 
tion and  after  the  final  or  third  molt  the  insect  transforms  to  an 
adult. 

The  adult  males,  after  completing  their  nymphal  development, 
push  the  exuvia  of  the  last  molt  out  under  the  margin  of  the  scale 
and  the  fully  formed  insect  normally  remains  for  several  days 
under  the  scale.  This  is  evidently  for  the  further  completion  of 
the  development  of  the  adult  organs.  The  wings  are  fully  ex- 
panded during  this  time. 

The  completely  formed  male  is  very  different  in  appearance 
from  the  adult  female.  The  constrictions  separating  the  segments 
of  the  body  are  distinct.  The  eyes  are  simple  and  six  in  number, 
four  dorsal  ocellanae,  two  of  which  are  large  and  subequal  in  size 
to  the  two  ventral  ocellanae.  The  antennae  are  typical  in  form 
and  consist  normally  of  ten  segments.  The  thorax  is  characteristic 
in  form  and  bears  the  nine-segmented  abdomen.  The  stylus  is 
long  and  pointed,  often  one-half  or  more  the  length  of  the  abdomen . 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  221 

It  is  a  valvular  structure  through  which  the  flexible  penis  can  be 
extruded.  The  wings,  which  are  normally  present  and  prominent, 
are  sometimes  wanting  or  greatly  reduced  in  size  in  certain  indi- 
viduals. 

The  adult  females  vary  greatly  in  form,  size,  and  structure 
in  the  different  genera.  The  body  may  be  elongate  oblong,  two  or 
three  times  as  long  as  wide,  linear,  five  or  more  times  as  long  as 
wide,  oval  or  circular,  varying  from  slightly  longer  than  broad  to 
broader  than  long. 

The  constriction  between  the  head  and  prothorax  in  the  female 
is  rarely  if  ever  marked  while  those  bounding  the  other  thoracic 
segments  may  be  distinct,  obscure,  or  wanting.  The  antennae  are 
at  most  represented  only  by  unsegmented  tubercles  bearing  a 
single  large  seta  and  in  some  species  a  few  small  setae.  These 
tubercles  are  articulated  to  the  cephalic  part  of  the  ventral  aspect 
near  to  each  other  and  to  the  meson.  The  ocellanae  are  always 
wanting  in  the  second  nymphal  and  adult  female.  The  mouth- 
parts  are  well  developed.  The  rostrum  consists  of  a  single  segment 
which  is  globular  in  form.  The  rostralis  is  long  and  forms  a 
distinct  rostral  loop  within  the  crumena  except  in  individuals 
where  the  rostralis  has  been  pulled  out  of  the  crumena  in  removing 
the  specimen  from  the  host-plant.  The  rostrum,  rostralis,  and 
crumena  are  always  associated  with  a  well  developed  endoskeleton. 

The  thoracic  spiracles  are  always  distinct  and  the  spiracular 
trachea  connecting  with  each  is  modified  into  a  distinct  hour-glass 
or  trumpet-shaped  cavaera.  The  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  located 
on  each  side  of  the  attachment  of  the  rostrum,  while  the  meta- 
thoracic  spiracles  are  frequently  located  farther  apart  and  about 
as  far  caudad  as  the  two  mesothoracic  spiracles  are  distant  from 
each  other.  This  distance  will  vary  slightly  not  only  with  the 
species  but  with  the  different  individuals  of  the  same  species. 
When  there  are  indentations  in  the  lateral  margin  marking  the 
constrictions  between  the  thoracic  segments,  the  spiracles  are  gen- 
erally located  in  line  with  these  constrictions.  It  is  doubtful  if 
these  indentations  represent  the  rudiments  of  the  stigmatal  clefts 
and  canellae,  but  in  many  species  there  are  often  a  few  spiracerores 
associated  with  the  spiracles,  more  frequently  with  the  mesa- 
thoracic  than  the  metathoracic. 

The  great  majority  of  the  structures  used  in  distinguishing 
and  classifying  the  various  species  of  Diaspidinae  are  located  upon 
the  abdomen.  Morphologists  are  fairly  well  agreed  that  the  typical 


222  THE    COCCIDAE 

number  of  abdominal  segments  present  in  insects  in  general  is 
eleven.  This  number  is  readily  recognized  in  many  generalized 
species  of  insects,  but  a  study  of  the  abdomen  of  several  coccids 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  typical  number  of  abdominal  seg- 
ments for  this  group  is  nine.  That  there  has  been  a  suppression 
of  the  number  of  abdominal  segments  in  other  groups  of  insects  is 
easily  proven.  This  suppression  of  segments  may  take  place  at 
the  caudal  end,  due  to  the  modifications  necessary  to  accommodate 
the  organs  for  copulation  and  for  depositing  the  eggs,  and  at  the 
cephalic  end,  due  apparently  to  the  enlargement  of  the  thorax  to 
accommodate  the  muscles  for  the  organs  of  flight  and  its  consequent 
encroachment  upon  the  cephalic  abdominal  segments.  The  ex- 
planation of  just  how  this  reduction  has  taken  place  should  be 
sought,  not  only  among  the  early  nymphal  stages  of  the  female 
coccids  but  especially  among  the  groups  showing  less  departure 
from  the  progenitors  of  the  coccids,  the  plant-lice  and  the  psyllids. 

The  abdomen  in  all  diaspidids  is  divided  into  two  regions,  a  ce- 
phalic segmented  region,  the  preabdomen,  and  a  caudal  unsegment- 
ed  region,  the  pygidium.  The  segmentation  of  the  preabdomen  is 
always  more  distinct  on  the  dorsal  than  on  the  ventral  aspect. 
The  limits  of  the  segments  are  generally  indicated  on  each  lateral 
aspect  by  distinct  constrictions.  The  preabdomen  frequently 
consists  of  four  segments  in  the  adult  female,  but  in  the  first  and 
second  nymphal  stages  and  the  adult  females  of  certain  genera, 
one  and  sometimes  more  segments  form  a  part  of  the  preabdomen, 
so  that  it  may  consist  of  five  or  six  segments. 

The  caudal,  strongly  chitinized,  unsegmented  pygidium  in 
the  adult  female  consists  typically  of  four  segments.  The  pygidium 
is  strongly  depressed  so  that  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects  are 
close  together.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  pygidium  are  provided 
with  projections  and  indentations  which  are  known  collectively  as 
the  pygidial  fringe.  It  is  also  designated  simply  as  the  fringe  but 
this  term  has  already  been  used  for  the  marginal  band  of  glassy 
threads  of  wax  excreted  from  the  octacerores  in  the  Asterolecaniinae 
and  should  be  reserved  for  this  use.  The  structure  generally 
designated  as  the  pygidium  is  also  known  as  the  last  segment  or 
anal  plate.  The  early  students  of  the  Coccidae  believed  this 
strongly  chitinized  caudal  end  of  the  abdomen  represented  a  singl 
segment  and  hence  the  name  of  pygidium,  but  it  is  in  fact  a  com- 
plex of  four  or  five  segments.  The  number  of  segments  and  thei^ 
limits  can  only  be  approximated  because  all  the  coriae  or  sutures 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  223 

bounding  them  are  obsolete.  The  females  of  the  conchaspids  have 
been  described  as  having  a  pygidium,  but  between  all  of  their 
abdominal  segments  distinct  coriae  can  be  identified.  While  the 
pygidium  of  the  Diaspidinae  has  probably  been  derived  from  a 
progenitor  with  an  abdominal  structure  similar  to  that  of  the 
Conchaspinae,  yet  the  form  of  abdomen  found  in  this  latter  group 
can  not  properly  be  designated  as  a  pygidium. 

The  wax  in  the  great  majority  of  the  Diaspidinae  is  poured  out 
through  openings  which  are  located  in  the  external  cuticle.  They 
are  the  external  outlets  of  cuticular  tubes.  These  tubes  vary 
greatly  not  only  in  length  and  diameter  but  in  the  size  and  shape  of 
their  external  openings.  Each  of  these  tubes  is  known  as  a  eera- 
tuba.  It  is  not  known  just  how  the  ceratubae  function,  whether 
they  serve  simply  as  passage  ways  for  the  wax  or  whether  they 
serve  as  reservoirs  into  which  the  wax,  as  it  is  elaborated,  is  stored 
until  the  insect  is  ready  to  use  it.  The  ceratubae  are  formed  by  an 
invagination  of  the  body-wall.  The  inner  end  is  truncate  and 
always  bears  on  its  ental  surface  a  minute  knob  or  nipple,  the  bulla. 
Whether  the  ceratubae  and  the  cuticular  wax  tubes  found  in  the 
Eriococcinae,  Kermesiinae,  Lecaniinae,  and  Asterolecaniinae  have 
a  common  origin  is  not  known,  but  the  presence  of  the  bulla  in  the 
ceratubae  readily  distinguish  those  of  the  Diaspidinae  from  the 
wax  tubes  of  the  other  subfamilies.  There  is  a  lumen  extending 
through  the  bulla  which  connects  with  the  lumen  of  the  ceratuba 
and  it  is  through  this  lumen  the  wax  is  poured  into  the  ceratuba. 
The  ceratubae  and  their  external  openings  are  also  known  as  fusi, 
filiere  isolate,  filiere  separee,  filieres  isolee,  tubuli,  tubular  spin- 
nerets, dorsal  tubular  spinnerets,  orifici  delle  grosse  filiere  margin- 
ale,  fuse  marginales,  elongated  pores,  oval  pores,  marginal  pores, 
spinnerets,  dorsal  glands,  dorsal  gland  orifices,  wax  ducts,  elongated 
pores,  marginal  gland  openings,  semi-lunar  marginal  pores,  mar- 
ginal lunar  pores,  or  dorsal  pores. 

There  are  several  types  of  ceratubae  in  the  Diaspidinae  and 
each  type  seems  to  be  more  or  less  characteristic  of  certain  groups 
of  genera.  The  external  opening  of  each  ceratuba,  located  in  the 
external  cuticle,  is  an  oraceratuba.  This  opening,  which  is  usually 
small,  is  the  external  opening  of  the  ceratuba  and  not  a  ceroris  or 
wax  pore  or  pygidial  wax  pore  as  it  has  been  generally  considered 
and  described.  The  ceroris  of  the  ceratuba,  if  present,  would  be 
located  at  the  opposite  or  inner  end  adjacent  to  the  bulla.  The 
great  majority  of  the  oraceratubae  are  located  on  the  dorsal  aspect. 


224  THE   COCCIDAE 

They  are  also  known  as  macropores  and  micropores.  In  the  genus 
Chionaspis  and  its  allies,  the  number  of  oraceratubae  on  each  side 
of  the  meson  is  sometimes  designated  by  the  use  of  a  formula  in 
the  same  way  that  the  number  of  plates  are  sometimes  indicated. 
There  are  at  least  six  types  of  eeratubae. 

The  altaceratubae  are  found  in  the  Lepidosaphini,  Diaspidini, 
Parlatoriini,  and  Fioriini.  They  are  the  large  broad  cylinders, 
the  mouths  of  which  are  usually  oblique  and  located  at  or  near 
the  margin  of  the  pygidium. 

The  brevaceratubae  are  of  the  same  general  form  as  the  alta- 
ceratubae, but  they  never  open  at  the  margin  of  the  pygidium. 
Their  oraceratubae  are  never  oblique  and  they  are  always  much 
shorter  and  smaller  in  diameter  than  the  altaceratubae.  They  are 
usually  about  as  broad  as  long  and  their  oraceratubae  are  generally 
known  as  dorsal  pores  or  dorsal  tubular  spinnerets. 

There  is  of  common  occurrence  in  the  pygidia  of  the  Aspidio- 
tini  long  slender  ceratubae  in  which  the  two  sides  are  parallel  or 
nearly  so.  They  are  sometimes  fifteen  or  twenty  times  as  long  as 
broad.  These  are  the  linaceratubae,  the  wax  ducts  of  Comstock 
and  others,  and  their  oraceratubae  are  sometimes  designated  as 
macropores. 

In  the  pygidia  of  the  Aspidiotini,  there  is  in  addition  to  the 
linaceratubae,  other  ceratubae  which  are  as  long  or  longer  than 
the  linaceratubae,  but  in  which  the  greater  part  of  the  tube  is 
reduced  to  a  fine  thread.  The  inner  truncated  end  of  these  cera- 
tubae which  bears  the  bulla  is  much  larger.  This  enlarged  inner 
end  gives  these  ceratubae  a  distinct  club-shaped  or  clavate  appear- 
ance and  they  are  consequently  known  as  the  clavaceratubae. 

In  addition  to  the  linaceratubae  and  clavaceratubae,  there  are 
other  long  slender  ceratubae  in  the  pygidia  of  most  Diaspidinae. 
These  are  the  lamaceratubae.  They  differ  from  all  other  ceratubae 
in  that  their  oraceratubae  are  always  located  in  the  distal  end  of  a 
plate  or  pectina,  projections  of  the  pygidial  fringe. 

The  lateral  portions  of  the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  bear 
projections  which  are  known  as  bracteae.  They  are  not  only 
similar  in  general  form  to  plates  or  pectinae  but  are  undoubtedly 
their  precursors  and  bear  oraceratubae  at  their  free  end.  The 
ceratubae  opening  through  the  bracteae  are  paraceratubae.  They 
are,  so  far  as  observed,  always  short  slender  tubes  that  are  ordi- 
narily so  slender  and  delicate  as  to  be  identified  only  with  great 
difficulty. 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  225 

To  Berlese  belongs  the  credit  for  determining  and  describ- 
ing the  structure  of  the  cells  forming  the  threads  of  wax  in  the 
Diaspidinae.  These  cells  are  modified  hypodermal  cells  but  are 
very  different  from  the  flask-shaped  cells  connected  with  the 
spiracerores  and  genacerores  which  excrete  powdery  or  pulveru- 
lent wax.  The  thread  excreting  cells  are  long  and  club-shaped, 
each  connected  with  the  ental  surface  of  the  ental  or  free  trun- 
cated end  of  a  ceratuba.  Each  ceratuba  bears  a  group  of  three 
cells,  known  as  a  diaspicera,  one  of  which  is  supposed  to  excrete 
the  wax  and  the  other  two  a  covering  for  the  wax.  The  wax  cell, 
the  silk  gland  or  ghiandola  sericipara  of  Berlese,  is  attached  to 
the  end  of  the  bulla.  The  other  cells,  the  ganogene  cells,  the 
ghiandole  ganogene  of  Berlese,  are  also  attached,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  wax  cell,  to  the  bulla.  There  are  openings  in  the  bulla 
through  which  the  excretion  of  these  cells  is  poured.  The  struc- 
ture of  the  wax  cell  is  anomalous,  according  to  the  account  and 
figures  of  Berlese  they  are  more  like  a  multicellular  gland  in 
structure  than  a  single  cell.  The  distal  portion  of  this  cell  or 
the  secreting  portion  is  flask-shaped  and  contains  a  single  large 
nucleus.  The  secreting  portion  is  connected  by  a  greatly  elon- 
gated neck-like  or  tubular  portion  through  which  the  excretion  is 
passed  to  the  bulla  and  ceratuba.  The  tubular  portion  of  the 
cell  adjacent  to  the  bulla  is  thickened  and  striated  and  apparent- 
ly functions  for  compressing  the  thread  of  wax  in  somewhat  the 
same  way  that  the  press  of  the  silk  duct  in  lepidopterous  larvae 
compresses  the  two  components  of  each  thread.  The  ganogene 
cells  are  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  wax  cell.  Each  con- 
sists of  a  distal,  club-shaped,  excreting  portion  which  contains  a 
single  nucleus.  There  is  a  short  tubular  portion  connecting  the 
excreting  portion  with  its  opening  in  the  bulla.  Berlese  believed 
that  the  function  of  the  ganogene  cells  was  to  excrete  a  substance 
which  was  used  for  coating  or  covering  the  exterior  of  the  threads 
of  wax.  If  this  suggestion  is  correct,  the  threads  must  be  fully 
formed  when  they  make  their  exit  from  the  bulla  into  the  cera- 
tuba and  this  latter  structure  can  serve  only  as  a  reservoir  for 
storing  the  threads.  The  attachment  of  the  cells  to  the  ental 
surface  of  the  ceratuba  would  suggest  that  the  bulla  and  associ- 
ated parts  might  be  a  ceroris  that  had  been  invaginated.  These 
structures  were  figured  by  Childs,  but  no  discussion  of  his  con- 
clusions is  given. 


226  THE   COCCIDAE 

The  portion  of  each  lateral  margin  of  the  pygidium  extend- 
ing on  each  side  from  the  coria  forming  the  cephalic  limit  of  the 
pygidium  to  its  cephalic  lobe,  second,  third,  fourth,  or  fifth  as 
the  case  may  be,  is  known  as  a  lateris.  It  is  also  known  as  the 
pygidial  margin,  lateral  margin,  thickened  lateral  margin,  margo 
lateralis  pygidii,  or  simply  as  the  margin.  The  lateres  should 
not  be  confused  with  the  pygidial  fringe,  of  which  it  is  the  ce- 
phalic part. 

Each  lateris  frequently  contains  indentations  bounded  by  pro- 
jections which  are  lobe-like  in  form.  These  projections,  the 
latadentes,  bounding  the  indentations  in  the  lateres  have  been 
designated  as  the  lateral  teeth  by  Marlatt.  The  term  latadentes 
is  applied  to  all  the  tooth-like  projections  cephalad  of  the  cephal- 
ic pair  of  lobes.  In  certain  genera,  as  Diaspis,  Chionaspis, 
Lepiodosaphes  and  their  allies,  all  of  a  considerable  part  of  the 
latadentes  bear  the  oraceratubae  of  altaceratubae.  Each  of  these 
together  with  the  tooth  bearing  it  has  been  called  a  gland  bear- 
ing prominence  by  Cooley  and  others.  The  margin  of  each  lat- 
eris, whether  the  latadentes  are  present  or  not,  may  be  finely  or 
coarsely  dentate  or  denticulate.  The  denticulations  bear  no  re- 
lation to  the  latadentes.  In  those  tribes  provided  with  altacera- 
tubae, the  oraceratubae  of  those  located  between  the  lobes  some- 
times open  in  tooth-like  projections.  These  are  also  known  as 
latadentes. 

The  margin  of  the  pygidium  generally  contains  a  number  of 
distinct  indentations  or  notches,  the  incisurae.  They  were  so  named 
by  Leonardi,  but  are  also  known  as  echancrures,  incisions,  in- 
cised notches,  interlobular  incisions,  or  simply  as  notches.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  the  incisurae  mark  the  points  on  each  lateral  margin 
where  the  coriae  reached  the  margin  and,  therefore,  limit  the  seg- 
ments. In  those  species  where  the  pygidial  fringe  is  well  devel- 
oped, the  full  number  of  incisurae,  five,  can  usually  be  identified, 
but  they  are  greatly  reduced  or  wanting  where  the  pygidial 
fringe  has  been  wholly  or  in  great  part  eliminated.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  where  the  lateres  are  long  and  well  developed  as  in 
most  species  of  Aspidiotini.  The  pygidium  of  those  species 
where  the  adult  female  does  not  escape  from  the  last  nymphal 
exuviae,  as  in  the  species  of  Aonidia,  the  incisurae  are  obsolete. 
They  are  named,  beginning  with  the  one  on  the  meson  between 
the  median  pair  of  lobes  as  the  median  or  first  incisura,  the  next 
one  on  each  side  cephalad  of  the  median  incisura  and  the  median 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  227 

pair  of  lobes  as  the  second  incisura,  and  the  next  on  each  side 
as  the  third  incisura,  the  fourth,  and  the  fifth.  There  is  some  dis- 
crepancy as  to  the  way  in  which  the  incisurae  are  numbered. 
Most  writers  designate  the  median  incisura  as  the  median  or 
mesal  and  then  number  the  others.  A  few  writers  number  all  the 
incisurae  and  such  writers  always  begin  with  the  median.  Most 
of  those  who  designate  the  first  as  the  median  do  not  designate 
the  next,  the  one  between  the  median  and  second  lobe  of  each  side 
as  the  second  but  as  the  first,  the  one  between  a  second  and  third 
lobe  as  the  second,  and  the  one  between  a  third  and  fourth  lobe 
as  the  third,  and  so  on.  The  median  incisura  is  disregarded  in 
numbering  the  others.  This  method  has  not  been  followed. 

There  are  distinct  thickenings  associated  with  the  incisurae 
in  certain  species.  These  thickenings  are  located  on  the  ventral 
aspect  and  may  be  known  as  the  densariae.  A  furrow  extends 
cephalad  from  the  bottom  of  one  or  more  of  the  incisurae  onto  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  pygidium  and  one  or  both  sides  of  each  of 
these  furrows  may  be  thickened.  The  thickenings  are  usually 
club-shaped  in  outline  with  the  clavate  portion  at  the  cephalic  end. 
The  number  of  incisurae  with  densariae  is  usually  less  than  the 
total  number  of  incisurae  present.  There  are  frequently  more 
pairs  of  densariae  present  than  there  are  pairs  of  lobes.  The 
densariae  are  only  rarely  associated  with  the  median  incisura. 
Comstock,  who  was  the  first  to  make  use  of  the  densariae  in  tax- 
anomic  work,  called  them  incisions  with  thickened  edges.  They 
were  designated  as  paraphyses  by  Leonardi  and  Marlatt,  but 
these  structures  are  confined  to  the  dorsal  aspect.  The  furrow 
between  the  densariae,  when  there  is  one  on  each  side  of  the  in- 
cisura, is  frequently  provided  with  a  row  of  prominent  oracera- 
tubae. 

The  broad  or  elongate  semioval  projections  of  the  pygidial 
fringe  are  the  lobes.  They  are  also  known  as  trullae,  pallae, 
lobules,  lamelles,  or  palette,  and  are  also  designated  sometimes  as 
the  primary  lobes  to  distinguish  them  from  the  pseudolobes  de- 
scribed later.  The  lobes  are  typically  arranged  in  pairs  and  sep- 
arated by  incisurae,  although,  through  the  absence  of  the  mesal 
incisura  and  the  fusion  of  the  mesal  pair,  this  is  sometimes  appar- 
ently untrue.  The  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  median  incisura  is 
a  median  lobe,  the  two  being  distinguished  as  the  median  pair  of 
lobes.  They  are  also  known  as  the  mesal  or  anal  lobes.  The  lobes 
cephalad  of  each  median  lobe  are  known  collectively  as  the  lateral 


228  THE   COCCIDAE 

lobes.  The  lobe  cephalad  of  each  second  incisura  is  a  second  lobe, 
that  cephalad  of  a  third  incisura  is  a  third  lobe,  that  cephalad  of 
each  fourth  incisura  is  a  fourth  lobe,  and  that  cephalad  of  each 
fifth  incisura  is  a  fifth  lobe.  The  lobes  cephalad  of  each  median 
lobe  are  sometimes  numbered,  beginning  with  the  second  lobe,  as 
the  first  lateral  lobe,  second  lateral  lobe,  third  lateral  lobe,  etc. 
The  lobes  of  the  two  sides  are  grouped  together  in  pairs  and  des- 
ignated as  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  pairs  of  lobes.  The 
maximum  number  of  pairs  of  lobes  is  five,  when  there  is  more 
than  this  number,  the  cephalic  so  called  lobes  are  lobe-like  lata- 
dentes.  The  usual  number  of  lobes  is  three,  two,  or  a  single  pair. 
The  median  lobes  are  generally  the  broadest  and  longest  and  each 
successive  pair  is  smaller  and  smaller  until  it  becomes  difficult  to 
distinguish  the  greatly  reduced  lobes  from  the  latadentes.  The 
number  of  latadentes  is  greatly  increased  in  certain  species  or 
until  such  species  are  said  to  have  ten  or  more  pairs  of  lobes 
present.  A  projection  is  not  considered  as  a  lobe  in  the  follow- 
ing descriptions  unless  it  projects  beyond  the  general  outline  of 
the  margin  of  the  pygidium  and  has  associated  with  it  the  other 
structures  of  the  pygidial  fringe,  plates  and  pectinae,  which  are 
usually  associated  with  lobes.  The  lobes  when  greatly  reduced 
in  size  frequently  become  narrower  and  in  certain  species  are 
long,  blunt  or  pointed,  spear-shaped  projections.  The  lobes,  even 
when  greatly  reduced  or  plate-like  in  form,  are  never  provided 
with  oraceratubae.  The  median  lobes  are  sometimes  adjacent  on 
the  meson  so  that  the  median  incisura  is  linear  or  they  may  be 
fused  for  a  part  of  their  length  so  that  it  is  represented  as  a 
distinct  notch  or  they  may  be  completely  fused  forming  a  single 
lobe  and  effacing  the  median  incisura. 

The  lobes  vary  considerable  in  form.  The  simplest  type  is 
where  the  margin  of  the  lobe  is  without  indentations  and  in  such 
cases  is  said  to  be  entire.  Where  there  is  one  or  two  indenta- 
tions in  the  distal  portion,  the  lobe  is  said  to  be  notched.  The 
notch  on  the  mesal  side  of  the  lobe  is  the  median  or  mesal  notch 
and  the  one  on  the  lateral  side  is  the  lateral  notch.  Either  the 
mesal  or  the  lateral  notch  may  be  wanting.  When  there  are  a 
few  notches,  more  than  two  in  the  margin  of  the  lobe,  it  is  said 
to  be  crenulate  and  when  there  are  many  notches  to  be  serrate. 
The  notches  in  the  crenulate  or  serrate  lobes  are  always  smaller 
than  in  the  ordinary  notched  lobes.  A  lobe  may  be  divided  into 
two  distinct  parts  by  an  incision,  when  it  is  said  to  be  incised  or 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  229 

emarginate.  Sometimes  there  may  be  two  or  more  incisions  so 
that  the  lobe  is  divided  into  three  or  more  parts.  Each  of  these 
subdivisions  is  described  by  some  authors  as  a  distinct  lobe,  they 
are  best  known  as  lobelets  and  numbered  in  order  beginning  with 
the  mesal  one.  The  mesal  lobelet,  when  there  are  only  two 
is  generally  larger  than  the  lateral,  if  there  are  more  than  two, 
the  lateral  lobelets  are  usually  successively  smaller  than  the 
mesal. 

The  margin  of  the  pygidium  in  those  species  that  transform 
in  a  puparium  or  do  not  escape  from  the  last  nymphal  exuvia,  as 
the  species  of  the  genus  Aonidia,  may  bear  a  few  or  a  considerable 
number  of  lobe-like  projections.  These  lobes  are  frequently 
asymmetrically  arranged  and  are  not  homologous  with  the  lobes 
of  those  species  not  transforming  in  a  puparium.  Such  projec- 
tions are  known  as  pseudolobes.  The  development  of  the  species 
transforming  in  puparia  has  been  so  greatly  accelerated,  that 
true  lobes  are  usually  not  found  in  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  fe- 
male but  in  the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  stage  and  in 
some  species  only  in  the  pygidium  of  the  first  nymphal  stage. 
The  pseudolobes  are  not  only  inconstant  in  different  individuals 
of  the  same  species  but  may  be  different  on  the  two  sides  of  the 
same  individual.  The  exuviae  of  the  second  and  first  nymphal 
stage  of  these  species  should  be  mounted  for  a  study  of  the  true 
lobes  and  the  other  parts  of  the  pygidial  fringe. 

The  thin  projections  with  toothed  or  dentate  ends  located  in 
the  incisurae  between  the  lobes  and  upon  the  lateres  are  known 
as  pectinae.  This  name  was  given  these  structures  by  Leonardi. 
They  are  also  known  as  squamae,  squames,  pols,  squameaux, 
petinii,  scaly  hairs,  notched  plates,  serrate  plates,  serrated  ducts, 
serrulate  plates,  fimbriate  plates,  fringed  plates,  and  furcate 
plates.  The  pectinae  are  considered  as  extensions  of  the  lateral 
margin  of  the  pygidium.  They  differ  from  the  lobes  in  that  there 
is  always  an  oraceratuba  located  in  the  distal  end  of  each.  The 
pectinae  are  regarded  as  the  primitive  form  of  these  projections 
and  not  the  plates  as  is  held  by  those  who  consider  the  plates  as 
developed  from  setae  and  the  pectinae  as  developed  in  turn  from 
the  plates.  While  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  number 
and  arrangement  of  the  pectinae,  their  usual  disposition  is  two 
in  the  median  incisura,  two  or  three  in  each  second  incisura, 
usually  two,  and  two  or  three  in  each  third  incisura,  usually  three. 
The  pectinae  also  vary  in  form,  but  are  readily  arranged  in  four 


230  THE    COCCIDAE 

groups;  in  the  first  group  they  are  broad,  the  distal  end  is  trun- 
cate or  subtruncate  and  the  teeth  are  limited  to  the  distal  end. 
These  are  the  distapectinae  and  are  of  general  occurrence  in  the 
Parlatoriini.  In  the  second  group  the  shaft  may  be  comparatively 
broad  or  narrow,  the  distal  end  is  pointed,  so  that  each  pectina 
is  subtriangular  in  outline  and  the  teeth  are  arranged  along  both 
sides  of  the  shaft.  These  are  the  latapectinae.  In  the  third 
group  the  pectinae  are  similar  in  size  and  form  to  those  of  the 
second  group,  but  the  teeth  are  limited  to  one  side  of  the  shaft. 
These  are  the  unapectinae.  The  fourth  group  includes  those  pec- 
tinae in  which  there  has  been  the  greatest  amount  of  reduction, 
those  with  a  slender  shaft  with  two  or  three  small  inconspicuous 
teeth  at  the  distal  end.  These  are  the  furcapectinae  and  are  gen- 
erally indicated  as  furcate  plates  by  systematists.  The  latapecti- 
nae, unapectinae,  and  furcapectinae  are  all  found  in  the  Aspidi- 
otini. 

The  thin  cuticular  projections  with  pointed  ends  located  in 
the  incisurae  between  the  lobes  are  the  plates.  They  are  also 
known  as  lamellae,  gland  spines,  spine  ducts,  fusi  piliformis,  or 
fusi  spiniformis.  The  plates  are  considered  as  having  been  de- 
veloped from  pointed  pectinae  by  the  loss  of  their  lateral  pro- 
jections or  teeth.  They  are  similar  in  number  and  position  to  the 
pectinae  and  like  them  each  bears  an  oraceratuba  at  its  distal 
end  but  it  is  generally  more  difficult  to  identify  the  oraceratuba 
than  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  ceratuba  extending  through  the 
cavity  of  the  plate.  If  the  plates  and  pectinae  are  continuations 
of  the  margin  of  the  pygidium,  each  is  typically  provided  with 
a  lumen  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  lumen  of  the  body.  The 
plates  are  frequently  minute  and  often  difficult  to  distinguish 
from  setae,  the  spines  of  most  authors.  It  is  not  strange,  there- 
fore, that  they  have  been  sometimes  confused  with  setae,  but  they 
can  always  be  distinguished  from  setae  by  the  absence  of  a  calyx. 

The  number  of  plates  and  pectinae  located  in  each  of  the 
incisurae  is  of  great  value  in  the  separation  of  species.  Cooley 
has  suggested  that  for  the  sake  of  brevity  the  number  of  plates 
be  indicated  in  the  form  of  a  formula,  but  this  scheme  is  just 
as  serviceable  in  indicating  the  number  of  pectinae.  The  for- 
mula is  written,  as  follows :  1-0,  1-2,  3-3,  1-2,  2-2,  3-7.  The  first 
group  of  numbers  shows  the  number  of  plates  or  pectinae  in  the 
median  incisura,  the  cypher  indicating  their  absence,  the  second 
group  those  of  the  second  incisura,  the  third  group  those  of  the 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  231 

third  incisura,  the  fourth  group  those  of  the  fourth  incisura,  the 
fifth  group  those  of  the  fifth  incisura,  and  the  sixth  group  those 
located  on  each  lateris.  Since  the  number  of  lobes  and  incisurae 
is  usually  three  or  less,  this  formula  would  also  indicate  the 
number  of  incisurae,  for  if  there  was  only  a  single  incisura  pres- 
ent, the  formula  would  consist  of  only  two  groups,  if  of  two  in- 
cisurae of  three  groups.  Such  a  formula,  0-0,  1-3,  2-5,  would 
show  the  presence  of  two  incisurae,  the  absence  of  plates  or  pec- 
tinae  in  the  median  incisura,  the  presence  of  one  to  three  in  the 
second,  and  the  presence  of  two  to  five  on  the  lateris.  The  formula 
also  suggests  the  number  of  lobes  present. 

In  many  of  his  descriptions  Lindinger  has  abbreviated  by 
indicating  many  facts  as  to  the  pygidial  fringe  by  the  use  of  a 
formula.  This  is  well  illustrated  by  the  use  of  the  one  he  gives 
in  "Die  Schildlause"  for  Chionaspis  euonymi,  as  follows: 
OPl5  LI;  2P2;  Dr-m;  2L2;  2P3;  Dr-m;  2L3;  2P4;  2Dr-m;  2-3P5. 
Translated,  this  formula  means,  no  plates  in  median  incisura, 
median  pair  of  lobes  present,  two  plates  and  oraceratuba  on  a 
latadentis  in  each  second  incisura,  second  pair  of  lobes  present 
and  incised,  two  plates  and  an  oraceratuba  on  a  latadentis  in  each . 
third  incisura,  third  pair  of  lobes  present  and  incised,  two  plates 
and  two  oraceratubae  on  latadentes  in  each  fourth  incisura,  and 
two  to  three  plates  on  each  lateris. 

The  arrangement  of  the  plates  on  the  lateres  in  the  Lepido- 
saphini,  Parlatoriini,  and  Diaspidini  is  such  in  many  species  as 
to  suggest  a  segmental  arrangement.  The  cephalic  group,  par- 
ticularly in  the  Diaspidini,  generally  contains  the  largest  num- 
ber. Where  these  plates  are  separated  so  that  each  must  be  con- 
sidered separately  or  where  the  plates  of  the  other  groups  are  sepa- 
rated, those  of  a  group  are  enclosed  in  a  parenthesis.  The 
groups  of  plates  on  each  lateris  are  separated  by  hyphens.  The 
following  shows  such  a  formula:  (1-1) -2-2- (1-1-1-1). 

The  proximal  portion  of  each  of  the  lobes  or  the  surface  of 
the  marginal  portion  of  the  pygidium  adjacent  to  the  lobes  and 
the  lateres  adjacent  to  the  latadentes  usually  bear  small  setae, 
the  pygidial  setae.  These  setae  are  generally  constant  in  num- 
ber and  position  for  a  given  species  and  are  usually  designated 
as  spines.  Some  of  the  setae  are  located  on  the  dorsal  aspect 
and  others  on  the  ventral  and  for  this  reason  they  are  some  times 
designated  as  the  dorsal  or  ventral  setae.  There  are  a  few 
species  in  which  a  second  row  of  setae,  the  submarginal  setae, 


232  THE   COCCIDAE 

have  been  identified  on  the  ventral  aspect  a  short  distance  cephalad 
of  the  pygidial  setae.  The  pygidial  setae  vary  somewhat  in  size. 
They  are  sometimes  so  large  and  so  placed  as  to  be  mistaken 
for  plates,  particularly  in  the  median  incisura  when  it  lacks  plates 
or  pectinae.  But  the  insertion  of  each  seta  in  a  calyx  should 
remove  any  doubt  as  to  its  identity  and  structure.  They  are 
also  known  as  spines,  poils,  hairs,  pili  simplices,  or  peli  semplici. 
The  dorsal  and  ventral  setae  appear  in  generalized  specie*  to  be 
segmen tally  arranged. 

In  the  region  of  the  vulva  there  is  located  a  varying  number 
of  minute  clear  rings  or  spots.  These  rings  are  of  quite  general 
occurrence  in  many  species,  but  they  are  especially  distinct  in 
most  species  of  Lepidosaphini  and  Diaspidini,  and,  where  ever 
they  occur,  their  presence  is  usually  easily  determined.  There 
are  four  to  six  located  just  cephalad  of  the  vulva,  which  are  sit- 
uated on  the  ventral  aspect;  there  is  another  pair  located  slightly 
farther  caudad  which  are  situated  on  the  dorsal  aspect;  there  is 
sometimes  another  pair  located  cephalo-laterad  of  each  group  of 
pregenacerores  which  are  situated  on  the  dorsal  aspect;  there  is 
one  or  more  pairs  located  between  this  last  pair  and  the  proximal 
ends  of  the  lobes  which  are  situated  on  the  ventral  aspect;  and 
there  may  be  a  considerable  number  near  the  caudal  margin  of 
the  pygidium  which  may  be  situated  on  the  dorsal  or  the  ventral 
aspect.  All  of  these  clear  spots  have  been  considered  by  somo 
writers  and  a  part  of  them  by  other  writers  as  micropores  or  the 
openings  of  wax-pores,  that  is  minute  oraceratubae.  The  shaft  of 
a  seta,  although  in  most  cases  extremely  minute,  has  been  identi- 
fied in  every  instance  where  these  micropores  have  been  care- 
fully examined  with  an  oil  emersion  objective.  The  rings  are, 
therefore,  not  wax-pores  but  the  calices  of  setae.  I  was  gratified 
after  this  conclusion  was  reached  to  discover  that  Green  figures 
these  structures  as  setae. 

There  are  in  certain  species  near  the  proximal  ends  of  the 
lobes  distinct  club-shaped  thickenings,  which  are  known  as  par- 
aphyses.  They  are  also  known  as  thickenings  of  the  body-wall, 
club-shaped  thickenings  of  the  body-wall,  processes,  elongate 
thickenings  of  the  body-wall,  or  processi  chitenosi.  They  vary 
greatly  in  size  and  form  even  in  the  same  species.  Their  num- 
ber, size,  and  form  afford  excellent  characters  for  the  differenta- 
tion  of  species.  The  paraphyses  are  thickenings  of  the  cuticle 
of  the  dorsal  aspect  as  was  demonstrated  by  Comstock  and  differ 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  233 

in  this  respect  from  the  densariae  which  are  confined  to  the  ven- 
tral aspect  of  the  pygidium  and  are  never  present,  so  far  as  ob- 
served, in  those  species  provided  with  paraphyses.  These  two 
very  different  structures  are  confused  by  Leonardi  and  Marlatt 
under  the  single  name  of  paraphyses.  The  paraphyses  are  con- 
tinuous, at  least  for  the  most  part,  with  the  proximal  prolonga- 
tions of  the  lobes  while  the  densariae  are  always  located  between 
the  lobes.  The  number  of  paraphyses  associated  with  each  lobe 
varies,  one  to  three  are  the  usual  numbers,  but  there  may  be 
more  than  three  and  some  of  the  lobes  may  lack  them,  if  want- 
ing, it  is  usually  from  the  mesal  lobes.  There  is  frequently  a 
considerable  number  present  in  a  single  pygidium,  as  many  as 
twenty-eight  or  fourteen  pairs  in  some. 

The  anus  in  the  Diaspidinae  is  the  prominent  opening  located 
on  the  meson  of  the  dorsal  aspect,  frequently  near  the  middle  of 
its  length  and  usually  some  distance  from  the  caudal  end  of  the 
pygidium.  It  is  normally  located  in  the  caudal  abdominal  seg- 
ment, but  the  depression  of  this  part  of  the  body,  the  close  apposi- 
tion of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  aspects,  and  the  consequent  reduc- 
tion in  the  lumen  between  these  areas,  the  anus  has  migrated 
cephalad  and  is  found  in  the  cephalic  portion  of  the  pygidium  of 
certain  species.  The  anus  is  also  known  as  the  anal  opening  or 
anal  aperture. 

The  external  opening  of  the  female  reproductive  organs,  the 
vulva,  is  apparently  constant  in  position  in  the  Diaspidinae.  It 
is  situated  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  pygidium  in  the  region 
of  what  is  believed  to  be  the  sixth  segment.  The  position  of  the 
vulva  is  often  difficult  to  determine,  but  is  generally  more  easily 
identified  because  of  the  structures  associated  with  it,  the  gena- 
cerores,  when  these  are  present,  and  the  fine  radiating  ridges  in 
the  surface  of  the  cuticle.  The  vulva  is  also  known  as  the  vagi- 
nal opening,  genital  aperture,  genital  orifice,  aperture  sessuale 
feminae,  or  genital  otvor. 

Figures  of  pygidia  usually  show  the  position  of  the  anus  and 
vulva  as  if  they  were  both  on  the  same  aspect.  The  comparative 
position  of  the  anus  and  vulva,  their  distance  from  each  other 
and  from  the  caudal  margin  of  the  pygidium,  is  of  considerable 
value,  but  the  fact  that  they  are  situated  on  different  aspects 
must 'not  be  overlooked.  The  variation  in  position  between  the 
anus  and  vulva  is  due  wholly  or  for  the  most  part  to  the  differ- 
ence in  position  of  the  anus.  In  the  Parlatoriini  the  anus  is 


234  THE   COCCIDAE 

usually  located  midway  between  the  vulva  and  the  caudal  mar- 
gin, but  in  Gymnaspis  they  are  superimposed;  in  the  Lepido- 
saphini  the  anus  is  situated  far  cephalad  of  the  vulva,  the  latter 
is  frequently  located  on  a  line  drawn  through  the  caudal  margin 
of  the  postgenacerores  and  the  anus  some  distance  cephalad  of 
the  mesogenacerores ;  in  the  Diaspidini  the  anus  may  be  located 
caudad  of  the  vulva,  superimposed,  or  cephalad,  but  is  usually 
placed  near  to  or  slightly  cephalad  of  the  vulva;  in  the  Fioriniini 
the  anus  is  usually  placed  cephalad  of  the  vulva,  frequently  about 
its  own  diameter,  rarely  slightly  caudad;  in  the  Aspidiotini  the 
anus  is  situated  caudad  of  the  vulva,  the  distance  varying  with 
the  genus  and  the  species,  in  some  it  is  located  adjacent  to  the 
proximal  ends  of  the  median  pair  of  lobes,  in  others  midway  be- 
tween the  vulva  and  the  caudal  margin,  or  nearer  to  the  vulva. 
In  measuring  this  distance,  where  reference  is  made  to  the  caudal 
margin,  the  distal  ends  of  the  median  pair  of  lobes  is  always  used 
and  not  the  bases  or  proximal  ends  of  these  lobes.  In  making 
such  measurements  account  must  be  taken  of  the  fact  that  the 
anus  is  not  always  round,  the  length  may  be  two  or  three  times 
the  width,  in  all  such  cases  it  is  the  transverse  diameter  or  width 
that  is  used. 

The  mesal  portion  of  the  caudal  margin  of  the  pygidium  is 
deeply  emarginate  in  certain  species.  This  is  variously  described 
as  emarginate,  indented,  notched,  deeply  concave,  or  semicircular- 
ly  or  concavely  hollowed  out.  This  emargination  involves  more 
than  the  median  incisura,  because  it  is  frequently  of  such  size 
that  the  median  lobes  are  situated  for  the  most  part  within  the 
emargination.  These  lobes  are  usually  strongly  oblique,  the  lat- 
eral margin  of  each  is  fused  to  the  pygidium,  and  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  distal  end  of  each  median  lobe  projects  beyond  the 
general  contour  of  the  pygidial  margin.  This  emargination  is 
known  as  the  median  notch  or  pygidial  incision. 

The  dorsal  surface  of  the  pygidium  cephalad  of  the  anus 
sometimes  contains  a  reticulated  area.  This  area  may  be  of  some 
size  and  cover  a  considerable  part  of  the  cephalic  portion  of  the 
pygidium  or  it  may  be  very  small  in  extent.  The  reticulations 
are  closely  crowded  together  and  the  appearance  is  due  to  the 
thickenings  of  the  margins  of  the  small  areas.  Green  has  com- 
pared the  pattern  of  the  reticulations  to  that  of  crocodile-leather. 
Their  pattern  and  shape  are  responsible  for  their  name  of  lattice- 
shaped  thickenings.  The  functioning  of  these  thickenings  is  not 
clear  and  they  have  evidently  arisen  independently  several  times 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  235 

since  they  occur  in  widely  separated  groups. 

There  is  located  in  the  cephalic  region  of  the  dorsal  aspect 
of  the  pygidium  of  certain  species  a  curved  transverse  band  of 
thickenings  which  were  named  by  Leonardi  the  calli  and  here 
designated  as  the  calles.  They  are  the  transverse  thickenings  of 
Marlatt  and  the  basal  thickenings  of  Dietz  and  Morrison.  The 
calles  exist  in  four  conditions.  There  may  be  four  distinct  sepa- 
rate thickenings,  two  on  each  side  of  the  meson,  the  one  on  each 
side  adjacent  to  the  meson  is  known  as  a  mesal  callis  and  the 
one  laterad  of  each  mesal  callis  as  a  lateral  callis;  there  may  be 
a  transverse  band  of  three  thickenings,  the  mesal  one  much  long- 
er than  either  of  the  lateral  and  evidently  formed  by  a  fusion  of 
the  mesal  calles;  there  may  be  a  transverse  band  of  two  thicken- 
ings, one  on  each  side  of  the  meson,  each  evidently  formed  by  a 
fusion  of  the  mesal  and  lateral  calles  of  a  side;  or  there  may  be 
a  single  transverse  thickening,  evidently  formed  by  a  fusion  of 
the  two  mesal  and  two  lateral  calles. 

In  certain  species  there  are  thickenings  which  appear  to  be 
proximal  prolongations  of  the  lobes.  These  thickenings  extend 
through  the  cuticle  and  for  some  distance  beyond  the  proximal 
ends  of  the  lobes.  They  are  characteristic  in  form  for  certain 
species  and  only  of  certain  individuals  of  other  species.  They 
seem  to  vary  considerable  in  extent  and  appearance  depending 
upon  the  amount  of  treatment  given  the  specimen  with  caustic 
potash.  They  are  designated  as  anomaladensae  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  other  thickenings  of  the  pygidium.  They  are  in- 
correctly designated  as  ventral  thickenings  by  some  writers. 

On  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  pygidium  of  many  species,  there 
are  more  or  less  distinct  thickenings  that  are  similar  in  general 
appearance  to  the  calles,  but  they  are  situated  on  the  ventral 
aspect  and  extend  longitudinally  instead  of  transversely.  They 
may  be  known  as  the  paradensae  and  in  common  with  some  of 
the  other  thickenings  of  the  pygidium  have  been  previously  called 
ventral  thickenings.  The  paradensae  are  located  laterad  of  thy 
vulva,  but  vary  somewhat  in  position.  They  are  more  frequently 
located  on  the  mesal  than  on  the  lateral  side  of  the  genacerores. 
In  some  species  they  are  located  mesad  of  the  postgenacerores 
and  laterad  of  the  pregenacerores.  In  such  cases  there  are  two 
portions  which  may  be  connected  by  an  oblique  thickening  or  the 
connection  may  be  wanting.  If  necessary  to  distinguish  these 
two  portions  of  each  side,  the  cephalic  portion  may  be  known  as 
a  preparadensa  and  the  caudal  as  a  postparadensa.  The  portion 


236  THE   COCCIDAE 

laterad  of  each  pregenaceroris,  the  preparadensa,  is  sometimes 
wanting,  the  postparadensae  are  always  so  far  as  observed  more 
distinct  than  the  preparadensae.  The  paradensae  are  generally 
obsolete  in  species  lacking  genacerores. 

The  cerores  located  on  the  ventral  aspect  near  the  meson  and 
the  middle  of  the  pygidium  are  the  genacerores.  They  are,  so 
far  as  known,  peculiar  to  the  adult  females  of  certain  species  of 
Diaspidinae,  but  they  may  be  homologous  with  the  cerores  which 
are  peculiar  to  the  vulvular  region  of  certain  adult  females  of 
other  subfamilies.  The  genacerores  are  also  known  as  filieres, 
spinnerets,  circumgential  glands,  circumgential  gland  openings 
or  orifices,  circumgential  pores,  ventral  glands,  grouped  glands, 
ventral  grouped  glands,  wax  glands,  fusi,  filiere  aggregate,  disculi 
ciripari,  disculi  ciripari  perivulvarea,  plaque  de  filieres,  dischi- 
ciripari,  or  paragenitals. 

The  genacerores  are  usually  arranged  in  four  or  five  groups. 
When  there  are  five  groups  present,  one  group  is  located  on  the 
meson  cephalad  of  the  vulva  and  two  groups  on  each  side  laterad 
of  the  vulva.  The  mesal  group,  the  mesogenacerores,  is 
variously  designated  as  the  anterior,  mesal,  median,  or  upper 
group.  The  cephalic  group  of  each  side,  the  pregenacerores,  is 
variously  known  as  the  anterior-lateral  group,  cephalo-lateral 
group,  upper  lateral  group,  cephalolateral  group,  or  the  anterior 
laterals.  The  caudal  group  of  each  side,  the  postgenacerores,  is 
variously  known  as  the  posterior  lateral  group,  the  caudo-lateral 
group,  lower  lateral  group,  caudolateral  group,  or  posterior  lat- 
erals. 

In  the  following  descriptions  of  species,  the  maximum  and 
minimum  number  of  cerores  in  the  groups  of  genacerores  are  in- 
dicated in  the  following  way:  0-9  (20-25)  10-19  or  (7-9)2-6. 
The  first  group  of  numbers  in  front  of  the  parenthesis  shows  the 
number  of  mesogenacerores,  none  to  nine,  the  second  group,  al- 
ways enclosed  in  a  parenthesis  for  this  group,  shows  the  number 
of  pregenacerores,  and  the  third  group  the  number  of  postgena- 
cerores. Where  only  two  groups  of  numbers  are  shown,  the  first 
group  is  included  in  parenthesis  and  represents  the  number  of 
pregenacerores  and  the  other  the  number  of  postgenacerores,  the 
mesogenacerores  being  wanting. 

The  number  of  cerores  in  the  groups  of  genacerores  are  indi- 
cated by  different  authors  by  the  use  of  formulae  of  various  forms. 
Those  of  Leonardi  are  indicated  thus : 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  237 

24^24  Or  6X5  Or  ^£^ 
15-17         2X2 

These  translated  into  the  form  just  given,  would  be:  14(24-24) 
15-17  or  3(5-6)2-2  or  (17-21)8-13.  The  most  intricate  formulae 
are  those  used  by  Lindinger.  The  following  are  a  few  samples 
translated  in  each  case  to  the  form  given  in  the  preceding  para- 
graph: 5-9:  5-10:  5-7:  5-10:  5-9  equals  5-7(5-10)5-9;  23:  27:  19: 
32:  19  equals  19(27-32)19-23;  1-4:  1-4:  0:  1-4":  1-4  equals  (1-4) 
1-4;  0:  0-2:  0-2:  0  equals  0(0-2)0;  10:  11  10:  9:  8;  4:  10:  8: 
7:  9;  10:  18:  11:  15:  10  equals  10(9-11)8-10  and  8(7-10)4-9  and 
11(15-18)10-10.  The  last  formula  is  to  show  the  number  in 
three  individuals.  If  colons  have  been  accidentlly  substituted 
for  the  semicolons  in  the  printing,  as  sometimes  happens,  there  is 
difficulty  in  the  interpretation  of  the  formula  unless  one  is  famil- 
iar with  the  underlying  principal  of  the  construction  of  the  for- 
mula. Each  formula  is  apparently  to  consist  of  five  groups  of 
numbers  separated  by  colons,  a  group  of  numbers  for  each  group 
of  genacerores,  and  the  second  five  groups  of  numbers,  whether 
separated  by  a  semicolon  from  the  first  five  groups  or  not,  repre- 
sents another  individual  and  is  a  different  formula. 

The  mesogenacerores  usually  have  fewer  cerores  than  either 
of  the  other  groups  and  are  frequently  wanting  or  represented 
by  one  or  two  cerores.  They  sometimes  combine  with  the  pre- 
genacerores  and  form  a  single  large  crescentic  cephalic  group. 
Such  a  group  is  known  as  a  solaceroris.  The  postgenacerores 
being  distinct,  in  such  eases,  the  pygidium  is  said  to  have  three 
groups  of  genacerores.  The  pregenacerores  and  the  postgena- 
cerores sometimes  combine  forming  a  single  elongate  group  on 
each  side  of  the  vulva.  The  group  of  each  side  is  known  as  a 
latagenaceroris.  The  pygidium  in  such  cases  is  said  to  have  three 
groups  of  genacerores  if  the  mesogenacerores  are  present  and 
two  if  they  are  wanting.  In  a  few  cases  the  genacerores  form 
a  large  U-shaped  group,  from  their  form  evidently  arising  from 
a  fusion  of  all  five  groups  of  genacerores,  the  omnagenaceroris. 
When  two  or  more  groups  of  genacerores  combine  or  fuse  they  are 
sometimes  described  as  genacerores  confluent.  There  are  in  cer- 
tain genera  as  Poliaspis,  more  than  five  groups  of  genacerores 
present.  In  certain  species  of  this  genus,  as  media  Maskell  and 
cycadis  Comstock,  the  three  extra  groups  of  genacerores  appear 
to  be  groups  of  cerores  of  the  abdominal  segments  cephalad  of 
the  one  bearing  the  mesogenacerores.  In  other  species  the  extra 
groups  appear  to  have  been  formed  by  the  subdivision  of  some 


238  THE   COCCIDAE 

of  the  primary  groups.  This  latter  method  may  have  been  the 
original  method  of  formation  and  the  appearance  in  the  species 
named  may  be  due  to  a  reduction  in  the  number  of  cerores  and 
their  later  migration  and  isolation. 

The  number  of  cerores  in  each  group  varies  greatly.  There 
may  be  only  a  few,  as  one,  two,  or  three,  or  there  may  be  forty  or 
more.  This  variation  in  the  number  of  cerores,  unfortunately 
is  not  fixed  even  within  specific  limits,  but  the  comparative  num- 
ber in  a  group  is  often  of  value  in  separating  species  or  groups 
of  species. 

Each  genaceroris  is  a  disk-shaped  ceroris  with  several  irreg- 
ularly arranged  comparatively  large  openings.  The  fact  that 
they  are  present  only  in  the  adult  is  of  value  in  those  species 
possessing  them  in  deciding  whether  a  given  individual  is  an 
adult  or  a  second  stage  female  nymph.  The  genacerores  were 
originally  considered  as  forming  a  considerable  part  of  the  scale 
and  because  of  this  belief  they  were  named  spinnerets.  They 
excrete  a  fine  powdery  wax  which  is  mixed  with  the  eggs  as  they 
are  extruded.  Green  has  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  most 
of  the  species  provided  with  genacerores  lay  eggs,  while  those 
species  without  these  structures  give  birth  to  living  young. 
Those  species  provided  with  genacerores  and  giving  birth  to  liv- 
ing young  possess  only  a  very  few  cerores  in  each  group.  The 
genacerores  are  similar  in  structure  to  the  spiracerores,  but  in 
certain  species  have  a  fewer  number  of  openings  than  the  gena- 
cerores. The  fact  that  the  genacerores  are  present  only  in  the 
adult  female  and  their  location  about  the  vulva  would  suggest 
that  they  must  be  homologous  with  the  cerores  peculiar  to  other 
adult  females,  certain  eriococcids,  and  from  which  the  wax  for 
covering  the  eggs  is  excreted. 

Each  female  and  male  of  the  Diaspidinae  is  covered  by  a  thin 
sheet  or  pellicle  known  as  a  scale.  It  is  frequently  incorrectly 
designated  as  a  puparium.  This  term  should  be  applied  only 
to  the  last  nymphal  exuvia  in  which  the  adult  female  of  certain 
coccids,  as  the  females  of  the  genus  Aonidia,  pass  their  life  and 
the  last  larval  cuticle  or  exuvia  in  which  the  pupae  of  certain 
Coleoptera  and  Diptera  complete  their  pupal  life.  The  scale  is 
composed  of  three  distinct  products,  the  molted  skins  or  cuticle 
of  the  first  and  second  nymphal  stages  in  the  female  and  the  first 
in  the  male,  a  mass  of  threads  of  wax  which  are  poured  from  the 
oraceratubae  and  fuse  upon  coming  into  contact  with  each  other, 
and  according  to  Berlese  to  a  mass  of  excretion  formed  by  the 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  239 

Malphigian  tubules  and  poured  out  through  the  anus.  In  the 
case  of  the  dark  or  blackish  scales  the  coloring  matter  is  located 
in  the  excretion  from  the  Malphigian  tubules.  The  remarkable 
white  varieties,  as  in  the  case  of  Lepidosaphes  ulmi  Candida,  are 
imperfect  individuals  which  were  unable  to  produce  the  secretion 
necessary  to  color  the  scale.  It  is  not  unusual  to  find  individuals 
in  large  colonies  containing  many  individuals  in  which  the  cephal- 
ic half  of  the  scale  is  normal  in  color,  black  or  brownish,  and  the 
caudal  half  is  white  or  uncolored. 

The  English  and  some  other  writers  usually  designate  the 
exuviae  as  the  pellicles,  the  first  exuvia  as  the  larval  pellicle  and 
the  second  exuvia  as  the  nymphal  pellicle.  Most  American 
writers  usually  employ  a  word  derived  from  the  Latin  word 
exuviae,  which  was  used  by  the  Komans  to  designate  the  cast  off 
skin  of  animals.  It  was  used  in  the  pleural  only.  Some  writers 
apparently  do  not  differentiate  between  the  cast  skins  of  the  first 
and  second  nymphal  stages  and  always  use  the  word  exuviae  but 
evidently  only  in  the  pleural  form.  Comstock  and  Cockerell  em- 
ploy the  word  exuviae  for  both  female  and  male  scales,  evidently 
using  it  in  both  a  pleural  and  a  singular  sense.  Some  have  used 
a  neuter  form,  exuvium,  for  the  singular  and  the  regular  pleural 
form,  exuvia.  These  forms  have  found  their  way  into  the  Ameri- 
can dictionaries.  Ferris  writes  of  the  first  exuvium,  the  second 
exuvium,  and  the  exuviae.  So  far  as  observed,  Cooley  was  the 
first  to  use  the  singular  form,  exuvia.  He  is  followed  in  this  by 
Marlatt.  The  regular  Latin  singular  of  exuviae  would  be  exuvia. 
These  forms  have  been  adopted. 

The  scale  consists  of  two  parts,  a  dorsal  scale,  sometimt 
simply  designated  as  the  scale,  and  a  ventral  scale.  The  ventral 
scale  is  frequently  very  thin  and  adheres  closely  to  the  surface 
of  the  host-plant,  but  it  may  be  well  developed  and  fused  with 
the  dorsal  scale.  As  each  exuvia  is  molted,  it  is  secured  to  the 
sheet  of  wax  of  which  the  scale  is  formed  by  a  coating  on  its 
inner  surface.  As  the  second  exuvia  is  cast  later,  this  explains 
its  position  under  the  first,  but  there  is  always  a  sheet  of  wax 
between  them.  In  the  case  of  those  aspidiotids  which  rupture 
their  exuvia  around  the  margin  of  the  body,  the  dorsal  portion 
of  the  exuvia  is  imbedded  in  the  dorsal  scale  and  the  ventral 
portion  in  the  ventral  scale.  Because  the  ventral  portion  of  the 
exuvia  is  thin  and  delicate,  it  is  frequently  overlooked,  but  in 
many  cases  where  the  ventral  scale  is  very  thin,  it  is  likely  that 
the  ventral  portion  of  the  exuvia  is  lost.  In  all  other  Diaspidinac 


240  THE   COCCIDAE 

the  first  exuvia  remains  in  a  single  piece  and  since  the  antennae 
remain  attached  to  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  exuvia,  it  is  possible, 
unless  they  have  been  broken  off  by  the  elements,  to  identify  the 
antennae  on  the  first  exuvia  of  the  adult  scale.  The  presence 
or  absence  of  the  antennae  on  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  first  exuvia 
may  prove  of  value  in  determining  the  tribal  location  of  a  given 
species. 

The  scales  vary  greatly  in  shape.  In  some  species  the 
exuviae  are  nearly  as  large  as  the  entire  scale,  while  in  others 
they  are  not  only  much  smaller  but  form  only  a  small  portion  of 
the  scale  in  comparison  with  the  much  greater  extent  of  the  wax 
or  excreted  portion.  Where  the  scales  are  elongate,  the  exuviae 
are  placed  at  one  end  and  usually  project  beyond  its  margin.  The 
portion  of  the  scale  bearing  the  exuviae  is  always  narrow  and 
the  scale  gradually  widens  toward  the  caudal  end.  In  the  circu- 
lar scales  the  exuviae  are  usually  placed  within  the  periphery  and 
in  the  Aspidiotini,  which  usually  have  this  type  of  scale,  they 
are  located  at  or  near  the  center  of  the  scale.  The  body  of  the 
insect  is  generally  located  under  or  near  the  exuviae. 

The  young  nymphs  of  the  first  stage  usually  form  a  minute 
ball  or  button  of  threads  of  wax  as  the  first  part  of  their  scale. 
This  becomes  melted  into  a  compact  mass  and  can  be  identified 
as  the  minute  dot  over  the  first  exuvia  of  the  scales  of  many 
adult  females.  This  dot  may  be  known  as  the  cicatrix.  Corn- 
stock  has  described  and  figured  the  peculiar  rolls  of  cicatrices 
formed  by  certain  individuals  which  do  not  get  beyond  this  stage 
in  the  formation  of  their  scale. 

The  scales  of  all  adult  females  contain  typically  two  exuviae. 
A  few  genera  in  most  of  the  tribes  as  Aonidia  do  not  molt  their 
second  exuvia,  but  shrink  away  from  it  and  transform  to  adults 
within  it,  using  this  second  exuvia  as  a  puparium  which  conse- 
quently never  becomes  attached  to  the  scale.  Some  of  the  species 
transforming  in  a  puparium,  particularly  those  with  a  long  or 
pyriform  scale,  have  a  transparent  scale  so  that  the  puparium 
can  be  identified  through  the  scale  and  from  its  position  appears 
to  be  the  second  exuvia.  With  the  exception  of  these  genera,  the 
presence  of  a  single  exuvia  indicates  that  the  enclosed  insect  is 
in  the  second  nymphal  stage  if  a  female  or  if  a  male,  that  it  is  in 
any  stage  after  the  first  nymphal  stage.  The  scales  of  the  males 
are  always  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  adult  female,  are 
usually  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  second  nymphal  female,  and 
are  always  provided  with  a  single  exuvia.  In  a  few  genera  as 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  241 

Diaspis,  Aulascapis,  Chionaspis,  etc.,  the  male  scales  are  easily 
identified  because  the  secretionary  portion  is  frequently  distinctly 
longitudinally  carinate. 

The  tribes  of  Diaspidinae,  of  which  there  are  six,  have  been 
arranged  in  the  order  of  the  following  tabulation  which  indicates 
something  not  only  as  to  the  relation  of  the  tribes  but  of  their 
lines  of  specialization: — 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  DIASPIDINAE 

GENERALIZED  DIASPIDINAE. — Pygidum  with  Altaceratubae. 
Pygidium  with  Pectinae. 

Preabdomen  with  Bracteae.   

1.    The  Fringed  Scales. — PABLATOEIINI. 
Preabdomen   without  Bracteae.   

2.  The  White-shield   Scales. — LEUCASPIDINI. 
Pygidium  with  Plates. 

Brevaceratubae  Conservers. 

Altaceratubae  opening  near  Margin.   

3.  The  Oyster-shell  Scales.— Lepidosaphini. 
Altaceratubae  opening  in  Latadentes.  

4.    The  Double-shield  Scales. — Diaspidini. 

Brevaceratubae  Loosers 5.    The  Uhlerian  Scales. — Fioriniini. 

SPECIALIZED  DIASPIDINAE.— Pygidium  without  Altaceratubae. 

6.    The  Deltoid  Scales. — Aspidiotini. 

What  is  considered  as  the  most  generalized  condition  of  the 
Diaspidinae  is  found  in  certain  species  of  Parlatoriini.  The  re- 
tention of  distapectinae  in  the  Leucaspini,  although  they  have 
departed  considerably  from  the  condition  in  the  parlatoriids, 
allies  them  with  the  latter.  The  presence  of  plates  allies  the 
Lepidosaphini,  Diaspididni,  and  Fioriniini.  In  the  first  two  the  re- 
tention of  brevaceratubae  distinguishes  them  from  the  third, 
while  the  presence  of  plates  in  the  mesal  incisura  of  most  Lepido- 
saphini shows  a  more  generalized  condition  than  their  absence 
in  most  Diaspidini,  but  the  location  of  the  anus  much  nearer  the 
caudal  margin  of  the  pygidium  than  in  the  latter  would  show  a 
more  generalized  condition  for  the  Diaspidini.  The  Aspidiotini 
are  without  altaceratubae,  have  pectinae  in  the  generalized  genera, 
plates  in  the  specialized,  and  the  absence  of  both  and  the  develop- 
ment of  pseudolobes  in  the  most  specialized. 

The  Parlatoriini,  Lepidosaphini,  Diaspidini,  and  Aspidiotini 
contain  among  their  most  highly  specialized  genera  those  that 
transform  in  a  puparium.  In  the  Leucaspini  and  Fioriniini  all  or 
most  of  the  species  transform  in  this  way.  There  is,  except  in 
in  the  last  two  named  tribes,  the  same  line  of  specialization 


242  THE   COCCIDAE 

shown  in  all  in  the  modification  of  the  pygidium  and  the  pygidial 
fringe.  The  generalized  pygidium  contains  five  distinct  groups 
of  genacerores,  at  least  three  pairs  of  lobes,  and  two  or  three 
broad  distapectinae  in  each  incisura  and  several  on  each  lateris. 
The  line  of  modification  is  a  transformation  of  the  pectinae  into 
plates,  a  reduction  in  the  number  of  plates,  a  reduction  in  the 
size  of  the  lobes,  and  finally  in  the  number  of  lobes.  The  modi- 
fication proceeds  always  along  each  side  of  the  pygidium  from 
the  cephalic  end  to  the  meson  or  caudal  end.  With  the  reduction 
in  the  pygidial  fringe  there  proceeds  also  a  reduction  in  the  num- 
ber of  cerores  in  the  groups  of  genacerores  and  finally  their  com- 
plete loss.  One  of  the  highest  types  of  specialization  is  repre- 
sented by  a  few  species  where  lobes,  plates,  pectinae,  and  gena- 
cerores are  wanting  and  the  projections  of  the  pygidium  are 
limited  to  latadentes.  Whether  there  is  an  acceleration  of  the 
development  and  in  the  last  named  species  the  pygidial  fringe  is 
to  be  found  only  in  the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  stage 
is  not  known.  But  representing  the  highest  type  of  specializa- 
tion in  each  of  the  four  tribes  first  named  are  genera  in  which 
the  adult  female  shrinks  away  from  the  last  or  second  nymphal 
skin  but  never  escapes  from  it.  The  young  are  born  alive  and 
escape  through  openings  in  the  cuticle,  that  is  the  second  exuvia 
or  puparium  as  it  is  designated  in  such  species.  The  pygidium 
of  the  adult  female  may  be  entirely  without  projections  or  bear 
a  large  number,  none  of  which  are  homologous  with  any  part  of 
the  pygidial  fringe.  These  projections,  the  pseudolobes,  are  fre- 
quently asymmetrical.  There  has  been  an  acceleration  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  pygidial  fringe  and  it  is  frequently  found  in 
the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  stage,  but  in  certain  species 
the  pygidial  fringe  is  wanting  even  in  the  second  nymphal  stage 
and  is  to  be  found  only  in  the  pygidium  of  the  first  nymphal 
stage.  The  species  transforming  in  a  puparium  represent  the 
highest  type  of  modification  and  specialization. 

The  expression  in  the  following  table,  of  the  adult  female  or 
of  the  second  nymphal  female,  does  not  imply  that  both  of  these 
stages  in  all  species  must  be  examined  before  the  position  of  any 
given  species  can  be  determined.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  characters  of  the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  female  can 
be  secured  at  all  times  by  mounting  the  second  exuvia  of  the 
scale,  It  does  mean,  that,  if  the  structure  named  is  wanting  in  the 
adult  female,  the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  female  should 
be  examined  to  determine  whether  it  is  present  or  absent  in  this 


SUBFAMILY   DIASPIDINAE  243 

stage.  This  statement  is  added  so  that  the  species  transforming 
in  puparia,  if  it  is  known  that  the  species  transform  in  this  way, 
need  have  only  the  second  nymphal  stage  examined.  Specimens 
belonging  to  the  various  tribes  of  Diaspidinae  can  be  distinguished 
by  means  of  the  following  table : — 

TRIBES  OF  DIASPIDINAE 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  always  with 
altaceratubae  and  frequently  with  brevaceratubae ;  scale  of  adult 
female  usually  elongate,  several  times  longer  than  broad  with 
exuviae  at  one  end,  if  shorter  or  round,  exuviae  placed  at  or  just 
within  periphery,  exuviae  never  central  or  superimposed,  placed  al- 
most end  to  end,  overlapping  slightly;  exuvia  of  first  nymphal  fe- 
male with  remains  of  antennae  forming  porrect  appendages;  pygi- 
dium,  if  lacking  altaceratubae,  with  elongate  scale  with  single  termi- 
nal exuvia  with  porrect  antennae. 

b.  Pygidium  of  .adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  usually 
with  pectinae,  rarely  with  plates;  mesogenacerores  frequently 
wanting  and,  when  present,  rarely  with  more  than  eight  cerores; 
scale  of  adult  female  sometimes  almost  completely  covered  by 
second  exuvia. 

c.  Preabdomen  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
lateral  margins  of  its  segments,  at  least  caudal  ones,  bearing 
bracteae;  adult  female  sometimes  enclosed  in  puparium,  if 
not  enclosed,  pygidium  of  adult  female  with  distapectinae  and 
altaceratubae,  if  transforming  in  puparium,  second  nymphal 
female  with  similar  structures;  second  exuvia  of  scale  of  adult 

female  large,  often   almost  covering  scale PABLATOBIINI. 

cc.  Preabdomen  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female 
never  with  lateral  margins  of  any  of  its  segments  bearing 
bracteae;  adult  female  always  enclosed  in  puparium  and  fre- 
quently without  altaceratubae  and  with  furcate  pseudolobes, 
second  nymphal  female  with  altaceratubae  and  distapectinae; 
second  exuvia  of  scale  of  adult  female  moderate  in  size,  not 
attached  to  scale,  and  always  less  than  one-half  length  of 

scale.     LEUCASPIDINI. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  usually 
with  plates,  at  most  only  with  f urcapectinae ;  mesogenacerores 
usually  present  and  usually  with  more  than  eight  cerores;  scale 
of  adult  female  with  second  exuvia  always  small,  rarely  if  ever, 
covering  one-half  of  scale. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  usually 

with  distinct  brevaceratubae,  irregularly  arranged  or  arranged 

in  transverse  rows;  adult  female  rarely  enclosed  in  puparium; 

pygidium  never  with  linaceratubae  or  clavaceratubae. 

d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  with 

plates  between  median  lobes,  rarely  wanting;   body  of  adult 

female  always  twice  or  more  as  long  as  broad;  altaceratubae 

usually  arranged  in  pairs,  rarely  opening  in  latadentes,  their 


244  THE   COCCIDAE 

oraceratubae  elongate  oval  in  outline,  frequently  twice  as 
long  as  broad;  scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  coriaceous, 
or  horny,  usually  brownish  or  blackish  in  color,  shaped  and 
ridged  like  an  oyster-shell,  exuviae  always  at  one  end,  sides 
sometimes  parallel  or  subparallel;  scale  of  adult  male  never 

carinate  and  usually  similar  in  color  to  that  of  female 

LEPIDOSAPHINI. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female 
rarely  with  plates  between  median  pair  of  lobes;  body  of 
adult  female  always  distinctly  longer  than  broad,  rarely 
twice  or  more  as  long  as  broad,  if  so,  always  without  plates 
between  median  pair  of  lobes;  altaceratubae  usually  arranged 
singly,  frequently  opening  in  latadentes,  their  oraceratubae 
circular  or  subcircular  in  outline;  scale  of  adult  female 
pyriform,  elongate  or  round,  sometimes  shaped  and  ridged 
like  oyster-shell  and,  if  so  shaped,  always  without  plates  be- 
tween median  pair  of  lobes,  rarely  if  ever  with  sides  parallel 
or  subparallel,  generally  white  in  color  or  light  colored,  and 
closely  felted;  scale  of  adult  male  often  longitudinally  cari- 
nate and  chalky  in  color  and  appearance DIASPIDINI. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  always 
without  brevaceratubae;  scale  of  adult  female  always  elongate 
and  with  single  exuvia;  adult  female  always  enclosed  in 
puparium,  excretionary  part  of  scale  thin  and  puparium, 
which  is  generally  nearly  as  large  as  scale,  apparently  form- 
ing second  exuvia;  pygidium  sometimes  apparently  lacking 
altaceratubae  and  provided  with  linaceratubae  and  clavacera- 

tubae.    FIOKINIINI. 

aa.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  or  of  second  nymphal  female  never  with 
altaceratubae,  rarely  with  brevaceratubae,  and  if  provided  with 
brevaceratubae,  not  arranged  in  transverse  rows,  usually  with  lina- 
ceratubae or  clavaceratubae ;  scale  of  adult  female  circular  or 
nearly  so,  rarely  elongate,  if  so,  exuviae  superimposed;  exuviae 
always  central  or  nearly  so,  first  exuvia  superimposed  over  center 
of  second,  never  projecting  beyond  periphery  or  attached  at  peri- 
phery; exuvia  of  first  nymphal  female  never  with  remains  of 
antennae  forming  porrect  appendages;  pygidium  rarely  with  dista- 
pectinae  or  furcapectinae,  frequently  with  latapectinae,  unapectinae, 
or  plates,  if  apparently  with  altaceratubae  scale  always  round  with 
central  exuvia  and  first  exuvia  without  remains  of  antennae;  scale 
of  adult  female  with  second  exuvia  small  and  never  covering  one- 
half  of  scale;  adult  female  sometimes  enclosed  in  puparium 

ASPIDIOTINI. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

TRIBE  PABLATOBIINI 

The  Fringe  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  usually  longer  than  broad  with  the 
cephalic  and  caudal  ends  bluntly  rounded  and  with  the  sides  parallel 
or  subparallel  or  as  broad  or  broader  than  long  with  the  body  triangu- 
lar in  outline  and  the  caudal  portion  with  converging  lateral  margins 
and  bluntly  pointed  caudal  end.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  segments 
of  the  preabdomen  are  provided  with  bracteae  either  in  the  adult  female 
or  the  second  nymphal  female.  Lobes  are  present  in  the  adult  female 
or  second  nymphal  female.  There  are  usually  three  pairs,  rarely  four 
pairs,  sometimes  with  the  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  rudimentary,  and 
sometimes  with  only  two  pairs,  if  wanting,  present  in  the  second 
nymphal  stage.  Distapectinae  are  present  in  either  adult  female  or 
second  nymphal  female,  rarely  reduced  until  they  approximate  furca- 
pectinae  in  form,  somotimies  wanting  in  ad,ult  jfiemale  and  second 
nymphal  female.  Plates  are  rarely  present.  Incisurae  are  broad  and 
shallow,  usually  completely  filled  by  pectinae,  median  incisura  rarely  with- 
out pectinae.  Densariae  or  paraphyses  are  never  present.  Altacera- 
tubae  are  present  and  are  usually  very  large.  Brevaceratubae  may  be 
numerous,  few  in  number,  or  wanting,  but  are  never  arranged  in  trans- 
verse rows.  Genacerores  are  present  or  wanting,  when  present,  repre- 
sented by  four  or  five  groups,  the  mesogenacerores  are  generally  want- 
ing and,  if  present,  rarely  with  more  than  eight  cerores.  Scale  of  adult 
female  variable  in  form,  round  or  almost  round  with  exuviae  small 
and  peripheral,  subquadrangular  with  the  exuviae  large  and  covering 
most  of  surface,  or  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  wide  with  exuviae 
at  one  end.  Exuviae  usually  two  in  number,  female  sometimes  trans- 
forms in  a  puparium,  in  such  cases  with  only  a  single  exuvia.  Scale 
of  male  is  usually  elongate,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  with  the  exuvia  at 
one  end,  rarely  subcircular  with  the  exuvia  subceatral. 

The  genera  of  Parlatoriini  fall  into  two  groups,  those  which 
are  normal  in  their  development  and  those  in  which  the  adult 
female  is  enclosed  in  a  puparium.  This  latter  group  includes  a 
single  genus,  Gymnaspis.  The  pygidium  in  the  species  of  this 
genus  is  greatly  modified  in  the  adult  female.  In  some  there  is 
no  indication  of  lobes,  pectinae,  or  incisurae,  but  the  typical 
pygidial  structures  are  found  in  the  second  stage  of  the  female 
nymph. 

The  scale  of  the  adult  female  varies  considerable  in  foriu. 

245 


246  THE   COCCIDAE 

It  may  be  elongate,  over  three  times  as  long  as  broad;  ovate,  not 
quite  twice  as  long  as  wide;  or  circular  or  subcircular.  The 
exuvia  overlap  and  are  placed  at  one  end  or  project  beyond  the 
periphery  of  the  circular  or  subcircular  scales.  In  the  ovate 
scales  the  second  exuvia  is  very  large  in  comparison  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  wrax  and  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  scale.  In  the 
elongate  and  circular  scales  the  area  of  wax  is  two  or  more 
times  the  area  covered  by  the  exuviae.  The  wax  of  the  scale  is 
thin  and  delicate  and  usually  not  strongly  colored.  The  exuviae 
in  a  few  species  are  black. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  elongate,  two  or  more  times  as  long 
as  broad  with  the  sides  nearly  straight  and  subparallel.  The 
single  exuvia  is  attached  at  one  end  and  the  area  of  wax  is  much 
greater  than  the  area  covered  by  the  exuvia.  The  scale  is  similar 
in  color  to  that  of  the  female  and  its  exuvia  is  sometimes  black. 

The  name  of  fringed  scales  is  derived  from  the  characteristic 
appearance  of  the  pygidial  fringe  of  many  species,  which  consists 
of  a  continuous  margin  of  lobes  and  large  distapectinae.  Equally 
conspicuous  are  the  large  altaceratubae  with  their  oraceratubae 
located  near  the  proximal  ends  of  the  pectinae.  The  cephalic 
limits  of  the  pygidium  are  usually  not  distinct  and  there  is  a 
gradual  mergence  of  the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  and  pygi- 
dium. This  is  still  more  striking  in  the  nymphal  stages  of  the 
female.  The  dorsal  aspect  bears  numerous  brevaceratubae,  but 
they  are  promiscuously  distributed  and  offer  no  indication  as  to 
the  segmentation  of  the  pygidium.  There  are  typically  three 
pairs  of  lobes  present,  but  this  number  may  be  reduced  in  some 
species  while  as  many  as  five  pairs  can  be  identified  in  others. 
This  arises  fom  the  fact  that  in  some  species  the  cephalic  pairs 
of  lobes  are  not  sharply  different  in  form  from  the  pectinae,  in 
others  they  are  distinctly  bluntly  or  pointedly  rounded  at  the 
distal  end  and  are  lobe-like  and  not  pectinae-like  in  shape.  The 
pectinae  are  generally  broad  and  quite  constant  in  number,  two 
in  the  median  incisura,  two  in  each  second  incisura,  three  in 
each  third  incisura,  three  in  each  fourth  incisura,  and  three  or 
four  in  each  of  the  other  incisurae.  There  are  slender  lamacera- 
tubae  extending  through  the  pectinae.  The  genacerores  are 
wanting  in  all  of  the  adult  females  enclosed  in  a  puparium,  while 
there  are  four  or  five  groups  in  the  species  of  other  genera.  The 
mesogenacerores  are  frequently  wanting  and  when  present  con- 
sist of  only  a  few  cerores,  usually  less  than  eight.  There  is  con- 
siderable variation  in  the  number  of  cerores  in  the  groups  of 


TRIBE   PARLATORIINI  247 

pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores,  ranging  from  four  to  twenty 
or  more.  In  Euparlatoria  viridis  the  pregenacerores  and  postgena- 
cerores are  continuous,  form  latagenacerores,  with  only  a  slight 
constriction  marking  the  division  between  the  two  groups  and 
the  pygidium  appears,  from  a  cursory  examination,  to  have  only 
two  groups  of  genacerores,  each  consisting  of  23  to  26  cerores. 

Species  of  Parlatoriini  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
but  they  are  more  abundant  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 
In  temperate  regions  they  are  able  to  survive  only  on  plants 
grown  under  glass.  Several  of  the  species  are  pests  upon  the 
fruits,  trees,  and  shrubs  of  cultivated  tropical  fruits  of  different 
kinds. 

The  only  complete  account  of  the  species  of  Parlatoriini  is 
that  of  Leonard! :  "Generi  e  specie  di  Diaspiti,  saggio  di  siste- 
matica  delle  Parlatoriae, "  published  in  1903.  This  paper  is  now 
out  of  date  since  many  species  have  been  described  since  its  pub- 
lication. In  this  work  two  genera  are  recognized,  Parlatoria  and 
Gymnaspis.  The  former  genus,  Parlatoria,  which  has  ziziphi 
Lucas  as  type,  was  divided  into  two  subgenera,  Euparlatoria  for 
which  calianthina  Berl.  &  Leon,  may  be  taken  as  the  type,  and 
Websteriella  which  has  blanchardi  Targ.  as  type.  Since  blan- 
chardi  and  ziziphi  are  congeneric,  Websteriella  must  give  way  to 
the  older  name  of  Parlatoria.  Apteronidia  Berl.,  not  Leonardi  as 
given  in  the  Catalogue  of  Coccidae,  was  first  suggested  in  1896 
and  also  has  blanchardi  Targ.  as  type.  The  name  Euparlatoria 
published  in  1900  is  antedated  by  Syngenaspis  Sulc  published  in 
1895  with  parlatoriae  Sulc  as  type.  This  species  of  Sulc  and  cali- 
anthina Berl.  &  Leon,  are  congeneric. 

The  species  of  Gymnaspis  are  liable  to  be  confused  with  those 
of  the  genus  Aonidia,  a  genus  of  Aspidiotini.  The  second  exuvia 
or  puparium  in  Gymnaspis  is  almost  as  large  as  the  entire  scale 
and  the  first  exuvia  is  peripheral  instead  of  central  in  position. 
In  Aonidia  the  second  exuvia  or  puparium  is  larger  than  is  usual 
in  the  scales  of  the  Aspidiotini,  but  it  is  much  smaller  than  those 
of  the  Parlatoriini  and  in  addition  the  first  exuvia  is  central  in 
position.  The  practical  difficulty  in  differentiating  the  two  genera 
is  that  the  first  exuvia  is  lost.  It  is  apparently  not  firmly  at- 
tached to  the  scale.  The  presence  or  absence  of  altaceratubae  in 
the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal  female  or  both  the  second 
and  the  first  nymphal  females  needs  to  be  recorded  and  this  char- 
acter used  for  identifying  the  genera  of  Aspidiotini  that  trans- 
form in  a  puparium.  The  species  of  this  tribe,  so  far  as  observed, 


248  THE   COCCIDAE 

always  lack  alteceratubae.  It  is  likely  that  several  of  the  species 
described  as  belonging  to  the  genus  Aonida  may  be  found  to  be- 
long to  Gynmaspis  when  the  pygidia  of  their  nymphal  stages  are 
described  or  figured. 

GENERA  OF  PARLATORIINI 
a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  groups  of  genacerores. 

b.    Pygidium   of   adult   female    always   with    lobes    and    pectinae    or 
plates;   adult  female  never  enclosed  in  puparium. 
c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four   or  five   groups   of  gena- 
cerores. 

d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  pectinae  and  more 
than  two  pairs  of  lobes, 
e.     Scale  of  adult  female  with  second  exuvia  of  medium  size, 

never  covering  one-half  of  scale Syngenaspis  Sulc. 

ee.    Scale  of  adult  female  with  second  exuvia  large,  covering 

two-thirds  or  more  of  scale Parlatoria  Targ. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  pectinae  and  with  plates; 
scale   of   adult   female    with   second    exuvia    large,    covering 

greater   part  of  scale Cryptoparlatoria  Lindgr. 

cc.    Pygidium    of   adult   female   with    two   groups    of   genacerores. 

— Type,  Gymnaspis  aberemoae  Lindgr Lindingeria  MacG. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  pseudolobes  and  without 
lobes  and  pectinae  or  plates;  adult  female  enclosed  in  puparium. 

Porogymnaspis  Green. 
aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  groups  of  genacerores. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  and  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
lobes  and  pectinae;  scale  of  adult  female  with  two  exuviae,  adult 
female  never  enclosed  in  puparium. — Type,  Parlatoria  pseudaspidi- 

otus  Lindgr.  Genaparlatoria  MacG. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  simple  or  toothed  pseudolobes  and 
without  pectinae;  second  nymphal  female  with  lobes  and  pecti- 
nae; scale  of  adult  female  with  single  exuvia,  adult  female  al- 
ways enclosed  in  puparium.  Gymnaspis  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  SYNGENASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  five  groups  of  genacerores. 

b.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes,  all  with  dintinct  lateral  notch, 
fourth  pair  of  lobes  small;  pectinae  broad,  two  in  each  incisura, 
and  filling  space;  genacerores  0-7(10-25)11-23;  altaceratubae  19, 
one  mesal  and  nine  on  each  side;  scale  of  adult  female  circular 
or  subcircular,  white  or  whitish  with  yellow  to  fuscous  exuviae. — 
Parlatoria  (Euparlatoria)  calianthina  Berl.  &  Leon.— Italy,  Al- 
geria on  Rosa,  Fraxinus,  Olea,  peach,  apple,  almond olea  Colv. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.    Pygidium    with    each    group    of    pregenacerores    consisting    of 
about  twenty  cerores. 


TRIBE   PARLATORnNI  249 

d.  Pygidium  with  the  median  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent 
lateral  and  mesal  notches. 

e.  Scale  of  adult  female  oval  in  outline,  pale  ochreous,  sec- 
ond exuvia  black  or  blackish;  pygidium  with  median  pair 
of  lobes  with  lateral  and  mesal  notches;  genacerores  1-1 

(20-20)7-7. — Japan,  New  York  on  tea,  maple theae  Ckll. 

ee.    Scale  of  adult  female  circular  in  outline,  white  or  gray- 
ish,   second   exuvia   dark   greenish   to   black;    genacerores 

1-4(9-16)16-17. — Japan  on  Ilex theae  viridis  Ckll. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  inconspicuous 
lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape  with 
more  distinct  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  broad, 
truncate;  lobes  close  together,  pectinae  long  and  narrow, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  6;  genacerores  8-10(20-22)20-22;  scale  of 
adult  female  pyriform,  pale  ferruginous,  exuviae  pale  red- 
dish.— Australia  on  Banksia. banfcsioe  Mask. 

cc.    Pygidium    with    each    group    of    pregenacerores    consisting    of 

about    eight   to    ten    genacerores. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  broadly  truncate  at 
distal  end  with  notch  on  lateral  margin;  lobes  far  apart  and 
incisurae  filled  with  broad  distapectinae ;  altaceratubae  7, 
one  mesal  and  three  on  each  side;  mesospiracerores  none; 
anus  located  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin; 

genacerores   3-4(7-13)7-10. — Bohemia   on   Abies 

parlatoriae  Sulc. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  subtriangular,  mesal 
margins  straight,  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  with  one 
mesal  and  two  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  with 
distal  end  rounded,  with  two  lateral  notches;  third  pair  of 
lobes  similar  to  second  but  smaller;  fourth  pair  of  lobes 
sometimes  represented  by  crenate  projection;  incisurae 
strongly  chitinized;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes, 
narrow,  of  usual  number,  unapectinae;  genacerores  1-2(10-14) 
9-14.  Pygidium  as  figured  is  distinctly  of  aspidiotid  type. — 

Society  Islands  on  orange. cinerea  Doane  &  Hadden. 

Pygidium  with  four  groups  of  genacerores. 
b.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  pyriform,  distinctly  longer 
than  broad,  whitish  to  yellow  brown,  exuviae  dark;  lobes  with 
median,  second,  and  third  pairs  with  lateral  and  mesal 
notches;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  narrow,  elongate,  bluntly  point- 
ed, unnotched;  anus  located  a  little  caudad  of  vulva;  gena- 
cerores (9-14)8-12.— Australia  on  Myrtus,  Viburnum 

myrtus  Mask, 
cc.    Scale    of   adult   female   variable,    usually   circular,   sometimes 

elongate    or    pyriform. 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  genacerores  (6-10)6-9. 

e.  Scale  of  adult  female  dusky  whitish  tinged  with  brown- 
ish, exuviae  yellowish;  median,  second,  and  third  pairs 


250  THE   COCCIDAE 

of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  fourth  pair 
of  lobes  variable  in  size  and  form,  always  shorter  than 
third,  subequal  in  width,  usually  pointed  or  tridentate; 
distapectinae  broad  and  filling  incisurae. — District  of 
Columbia,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Ohio,  Kansas,  California, 
Mexico,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Japan,  Europe,  Algeria,  Cey- 
lon on  Japonica,  lemon,  orange. pergandei  Comst. 

ee.  Scale  of  adult  female  with  secretionary  portion  pale  trans- 
parent ochreous  and  exuviae  bright  castaneous  or  brown- 
ish orange  with  broad  black  mesal  band;  pygidium  as  in 

typical   specimens. — Ceylon   on   Phyllanthus 

pergandei  phyllanthi  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  genacerores  (6-6)5-5;  scale 
pale  to  dark  slate  color,  exuviae  yellowish;  median,  second, 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  narrow,  bluntly  rounded,  with  mesal 
and  lateral  notches;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  minute,  similar  in 
general  form  to  third,  distinctly  pointed,  notched;  dista- 
pectinae subequal  in  length  with  lobes,  filling  incisurae. — 

Philippine  Islands  on  Cocus greeni  Banks. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.    Pygidium  with  four  distinct  groups  of  genacerores. 
d.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  notched. 

e.  Pygidium  with  the  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes  of 
adult  female  faintly  notched,  third  pair  with  distal  end 
rounded,  sides  subparallel;  pectinae  of  unapectina  type; 
scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  very  wide,  slate-gray, 
exuviae  dark  brown. — West  Australia  on  Petrophila, 

Hakea.   petropMlae   Fuller. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  all  three  pairs  of  lobes  of  adult  female 
obliquely  truncate,  mesal  margin  longer  than  lateral, 
entire;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  represented  by  broadly 
rounded  area;  pectinae  narrow,  hardly  as  long  as  lobes, 
finely  toothed;  scale  of  adult  female  pale  yellow  or  brown- 
ish, exuviae  yellow;  mesospiracerores  2,  metaspiracerores 
wanting;  genacerores  (10-14)9-14;  anus  located  nearer 
transverse  line  drawn  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal 
margin  than  vulva;  altaceratuba  19,  one  mesal  and  nine 

on  each  side. — Ceylon  on  Flacourtia,  Scolopia 

cingala  Green. 
dd.    Pygidium  with  all  lobes  notched. 

e.  Pygidium  with  each  group  of  pregenacerores  consisting 
of  about  twenty  cerores;  scale  circular  or  ovate,  brownish, 
exuviae  brownish  or  greenish;  genacerores  (21-23)12-18. 

—Japan  on  Euonymus. thea  euonymi  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  each  group  of  pregenacerores  consisting 
of  fifteen  cerores  or  less. 

f.    Pygidium   of  adult  female  with  median  pair   of  lobes 
elongate,  pointed,  mesal  and  lateral  margins  crenulate; 


TRIBE   PARLATORHNAE  251 

second  pair  of  lobes  broader  and  longer  than  first  pair, 
distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  margins 
crenulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  with  mesal  and 
lateral  notches;  pectinae  slightly  longer  than  lobes, 
those  of  median  incisura  approaching  latapectinae  in 
form,  others  distapectinae;  genacerores  (4-4)7-7. — 

Borneo  on  Gnetum. hastata  Lindgr. 

ff.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as 
broad  as  or  broader  than  second  pair,  their  distal  ends 
broadly  rounded,  never  pointed. 

g.    Scale  of  adult  female  circular  or  oval,  never  twice  as 
long  as  wide. 

h.    Scale    of    adult    female    pinkish-grey    and    finely 

punctate,  exuviae  dark  brown  to  blackish  brown  j 

genacerores    (10-11)10-11.— Australia  on  Dryandra. 

dryandrae  Fuller. 

hh.  Scale  of  adult  female  orange-yellow,  sometimes 
tinged  with  green,  exuviae  yellowish,  darker  than 
excretionary  portion;  lobes  comparatively  nar- 
row, subconical,  bluntly  pointed,  with  more  or 
less  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  pectinae 
broad  and  deeply  toothed;  altaceratubae  19,  one 
mesal  and  nine  on  each  side;  anus  located  midway 
between  vulva  and  caudal  margin;  spiracerores 
wanting;  genacerores  (5-7)4-7. — North  America, 
South  America,  Europe,  northern  Africa,  Aus- 
tralia, Japan,  China,  Ceylon,  Hawaiian  Islands  on 
Selenipedium,  Vanda,  Macrosamia,  Pinus,  Myrtes, 
Citrus,  Camellia,  Cymbidium,  Pyrus,  apple,  date- 
palm.  proteus  Curtis. 

gg.  Scale  of  adult  female  elongate  with  subparallel  sides, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide,  brownish  fulvous, 
exuviae  yellow;  lobes  comparatively  narrow,  dis- 
tant, distal  end  bluntly  pointed,  with  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  sometimes  repre- 
sented by  rudiment;  pectinae  of  median,  second,  and 
third  incisurae  narrow,  others  wide;  spiracerores 
wanting;  genacerores  (6-6)5-5;  brevaceratubae  nu- 
merous; altaceratubae  distinct,  one  mesal  and  nine 
on  each  side;  anus  located  midway  between  vulva 

and  caudal  margin. — Ceylon  on  Psychotria 

mytilaspiformis  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  apparently  with  only  two  groups  of  genacerores, 
pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores  forming  continuous  group 
on  each  side,  limits  indicated  by  constrictions  near  middle; 
scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  ovate,  rounded  behind,  whitish 
to  brown,  first  exuvia  brown,  second  exuvia  veridian  green; 
lobes  with  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  constricted  at 
proximal  end;  pectinae  narrow;  genacerores  23-26. — West  Aus- 
tralia on  Pittosporum.  viridis  Fuller. 


252  THE   COCCIDAE 

SPECIES  OF  PARLATORIA 

a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobes,  first,  second,  and 
third  pairs  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches. 

b.  Scale  of  adult  female  and  both  exuviae  black;  pygidium  of  adult 
female  with  lobes  distant,  median,  second,  and  third  pairs  blunt- 
ly rounded,  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  fourth  pair  of 
lobes  small,  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  distapectinae  broad,  not 
truncate,  approaching  latapectinae  in  form;  anus  and  vulva  lo- 
cated near  line  drawn  between  pregenacerores  and  postgenacer- 
ores;  altaceratubae  about  17,  one  mesal  and  eight  on  each  side; 
genacerores  (6-7)7-10. — United  States,  Europe,  Australia,  Algeria, 

China  on  Zizyphus,  date-palm,  orange,  lemon zizyphi  Lucas. 

bb.  Scale  of  adult  female  and  both  exuviae  light  colored,  exuviae 
yellowish,  never  black;  pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  dis- 
tant, the  median,  second,  and  third  pairs  typical  in  form;  fourth 
pair  of  lobes  small,  short,  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  distapectinae 
broad,  truncate,  not  approaching  latapectinae  in  form;  genacerores 
(8-11)9-13. — Cryptoparlatoria  parlatorepides  Lindg<r. — India  on 

Xanthophyllum.   parlatoreoides   Lindgr. 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  exuviae  of  scale 
of  adult  female  pale,  never  black. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes 
distinctly  notched. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  sides  of  lobes  parallel  or  con- 
vergent distad,  never  convergent  proximad  or  constricted; 
lobes  broader  than  long,  margins  serrate;  peotinae  long  and 
narrow,  slightly  longer  than  lobes,  distal  ends  obscurely 
toothed,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  2  or  3,  those  of  each  lateris  adjacent 
to  lobe;  altaceratubae  obscure,  three  on  each  side;  anus  cen- 
tral in  position;  spiracerores  wanting;  genacerores  (6-6)4-4; 
scale  pale  yellow,  second  exuvia  almost  covering  scale,  fringed 
with  narrow  area  of  whitish  wax. — Cryptoparlatoria  atalantiae 

Green. — Ceylon  on  Atalantia. atalantiae  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  sides  of  lobes  not  parallel,  con- 
vergent at  least  proximad  and  sometimes  distad,  always  con- 
stricted. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  constricted  on  proxi- 
mal half,  pointed  at  distal  end  with  one  mesal  and  two  lat- 
eral notches,  distant;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  sometimes  fully 
developed;  pectinae  long  and  narrow,  subequal  in  length  to 
lobes,  not  filling  incisurae,  finely  toothed,  altaceratubae  7, 
one  mesal  and  three  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  few  in 
number  or  wanting;  spiracerores  wanting;  genacerores  (4-5) 
5-6. — Cryptoparlatoria  aonidiformis  Green. — Ceylon  on  Notho- 

pegia.    aonidiformis    Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  distinctly  constricted 
on  proximal  portion  and  with  distal  portion  rounded  with 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  pectinae  broad,  distinctly  longer 
than  lobes,  deeply  toothed;  altaceratubae  13,  one  mesal  and 
six  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  numerous;  genacerores 


TRIBE   PARLATORIINI  253 

(13-16)11-13;  scale  of  adult  female  dark  greenish-gray,  some- 
times almost  black. — Australia  on  Pittosporum 

pittospori  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes 
constricted  at  proximal  and  broadly  truncately  rounded  without 
notches  at  distal  end,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  with  single  lat- 
eral notch;  pectinae  broad,  not  truncate,  irregularly  toothed; 
genacerores  (6-10)3-8. — Australia,  northern  Africa,  Arizona  on 
date-palm.  bZancTiardi  Targ. 

SPECIES  OF  CRYPTOPARLATOREA 
a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  plates  between  median  pair  of 
lobes  and  two  plates  in  each  second  and  third  incisura;  plates 
thorn-like  and  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  lobes;  with  three 
pairs  of  short,  conical,  pointed,  colorless  lobes;  each  incisura  with 
latadentis  bearing  oraceratuba;  genacerores  (9-11)7-11;  meso- 
spiracerores  3-4;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three 
pairs  of  lobes  and  with  narrow  distapectinae. — Japan  on  Juni- 

perus,  Chamaecyparis.  leucaspis  Lindgr. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  single  plate  between  median  pair 
of  lobes  and  two  in  each  second  and  third  incisura  and  three 
subadjacent  plates  on  each  lateris  near  each  third  lobe;  plates 
longer  than  lobes,  sides  parallel,  distal  fourth  nipple-like  con- 
stricted portion;  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  one-half  or  more 
length  of  plates,  pointed,  each  with  lateral  notch;  latadentes 
wanting  between  lobes;  genacerores  (6-6)4-4;  mesospiracerores  1; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  broad 
lobes  with  lateral  and  mesal  notches;  each  incisura  with  two 
broad  distapectinae  and  several  on  each  lateris. — Celebes,  Philip- 
pine Islands  on  Artocarpus,  Mallotus tt&ert/ero  Lindgr. 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  furcapectinae  in  median  incisura; 
with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  largest,  with  faint  mesal 
and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notch  only; 
furcapectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged,  2,  2,  9, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  3-2-2-2;  lateres  deeply  crenulate; 
genacerores  (10-12)10-12;  scale  elongate  oval,  formed  of  large 
dark  brown  second  exuvia  and  white  excretionary  portion  form- 
ing rim  in  front  and  lance-shaped  projection  behind. — Parlatoria 

destructor  Newst.  MSS.— Australia  on  apple destructor  Frogg. 

bb.  Pygidium  without  furcapectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  lobes  subadjacent, 
deeply  notched  on  lateral  margin  and  rounded  unnotched  on 
mesal;  second  pair  of  lobes  long  and  narrow,  bluntly  pointed, 
deeply  notched  on  lateral  margin;  third  pair  of  lobes  faintly 
indicated;  plates  arranged,  0,  2,  2,  5,  those  of  each  incisura 
small  and  serrate;  lateres  long  and  without  latadentes;  alta- 
ceratubae  13,  one  mesal  and  six  on  each  side;  anus  located  on 
cephalic  side  of  line  drawn  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal 


254  THE   COCCIDAE 

margin  and  nearer  line  than  vulva;   genacerores  1-4(8-10)8-12. 

— Parlatoria  pyri  Marl. — China  on  apple,  pear pyri  Marl. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subad- 
jacent,  crenulate  with  fine  notches  on  oblique  lateral  margin 
and  obscure  notch  on  mesal  margin;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  lateral  margin  with  two  to  three  faint  notches;  third 
pair  of  lobes  not  indicated;  plates  arranged,  0,  2,  2,  3,  those 
of  incisurae  small;  lateres  long  without  latadentes;  anus  lo- 
cated slightly  cephalad  of  vulva;  altaceraltubae  about  12,  six 
on  each  side,  mesal  wanting;  genacerores  (5-6)6-6. — Parlatoria 
chinensis  Marl. — China,  Japan  on  crab-apple,  Hibiscus, 
Xanthoxylon,  Thuja.  chinensis  Marl. 

SPECIES  OF  LINDINGERIA 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  as  broad  as  long,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  slightly  smaller,  entire;  plates  truncate, 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged,  0,  2,  2,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  2-1;  setae  large,  longer  than  lobes;  scale  dark  colored,  red- 
dish, genacerores  in  two  groups  of  4-6  cerores  each;  second  nymphal 
female  with  two  pairs  of  narrow  rounded  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  pectinae  longer  than  lobes,  with  single  short  tooth  on  each 
side,  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2-2;  lamacera- 
tubae  apparently  present,  also  in  first  nymphal  stage. — Gymnaspis 
aberemoae  Lindgr. — Brazil  on  Aberemoa aberemoae  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  POROGMYMNASPIS 

a.  Body  of  adult  female  subcircular  in  outline,  lateral  portions  of 
metathorax  not  produced;  scale  of  adult  female  consisting  of  naked 
bright  red  or  reddish  second  exuvia,  broadly  oval,  highly  convex; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  sharply  defined,  suberect  in 
position;  eight  prominent  slender  lobes;  median  and  second  pairs 
obscurely  notched;  third  pair  of  lobes  obscurely  indented  on  distal 
end;  pectinae  broad,  three  teeth;  altaceratubae  three  on  each  side; 
pygidium  of  adult  female  truncate,  bearing  close  fringe  of  tricuspid 
processes,  four  to  six  more  strongly  chitinized,  similar  in  form  to 
other  processes,  if  lobes,  other  projections  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2;  anus 
seven  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  one  and  one-half 
times  caudad  of  vulva;  genacerores  1-5(10-15)11-17. — North  Australia 

on  Pandanus. rufa  Green. 

aa.  Body  of  adult  female  with  lateral  portions  of  metathorax  produced 
on  each  side  into  rounded  projection  bearing  minute  conical 
points;  scale  of  adult  female  consisting  of  naked  second  exuvia 
with  or  without  first  exuvia,  yellow  or  orange  with  broad  trans- 
verse blackish  fascia;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
three  pairs  of  slender  lobes,  constricted  on  proximal  portion,  distal 
portion  sharply  pointed;  pectinae  truncate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3; 
each  lateris  with  seven  triangular  lobe-like  projections,  as  long  as 
pectinae;  altaceratubae  three  on  each  side;  pygidium  of  adult  fe- 
male with  six  minute  broadly  triangular  projections  or  lobes  and 
fringe  of  tricuspid  processes,  each  attenuate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3; 
each  lateris  with  three  triangular  projections;  anus  about  six 


TRIBE   PARLATORKNI  255 

times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  once  caudad  of 
vulva;  genacerores  8-9(9-12),  sometimes  arranged  in  two  groups  or 
connected  by  a  series  of  three  or  four  isolated  cerores. — North  Aus- 
tralia on  Pandanus angulata  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  GENAPARLATORIA 
a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  five  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad  and 
deeply  notched  on  lateral  and  mesal  margins;  second  pair  of 
lobes  much  smaller,  sides  parallel,  and  deeply  notched  on  lateral 
margin;  third  pair  of  lobes  subequal  in  size  to  second  and  faintly 
notched  on  lateral  margin;  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  of  lobes  angu- 
lar and  pointed;  pectinae  distinct,  narrow  in  median,  second, 
and  third  incisurae  and  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  cephalic 
pectinae  divided  on  sides,  of  unapectina-type,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3, 
4,  4;  dorsum  with  numberous  brevaceratubae;  altaceratubae  8, 
nine  on  each  side,  mesal  wanting;  anus  distant  from  vulva, 
caudad  of  middle,  much  nearer  middle  of  distance  between  vulva 
and  caudal  margin  than  caudal  margin;  mesospiracerores  and 
metaspiracerores  8-10. — Parlatoria  mangiferae  Marl. — China,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  on  Mango mangiferae  Marl. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad, 
notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  second  and  third  pair  of 
lobes  with  parallel  sides,  mesal  margin  entire,  lateral  margin 
notched;  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  of  lobes  pointed,  broadly  trian- 
gular; pectinae  of  median,  second,  and  third  incisurae  longer 
than  lobes,  toothed  only  at  end,  those  of  fourth  and  fifth  incisurae 
broad,  toothed  also  on  side,  bluntly  pointed,  arranged,  2,  2,  2,  3, 
4,  5;  mesospiracerores  10. — Parlatoria  pseudaspidiotus  Lindgr. — 

Singapore   on   Vanda pseudaspidiotus   Lindgr. 

la.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  entire  lobes,  first  pair 
largest,  broadly  and  bluntly  rounded,  second  pair  bluntly  pointed; 
distapectinae  broad,  filling  incisurae,  their  distal  ends  irregularly 
toothed,  some  approximating  latapectinae ;  mesospiracerores  0-2. — 
Persea  on  Ephedra.  ephedrae  Lindgr. 

SPECIES   OF  GYMNASPIS 

a.    Pygidium    of    adult    female   always    with    true    lobes,    never    with 
pseudolobes  or  without  lobes. 
b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  distinct  pectinae. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median 
pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad  with  lateral  and  mesal  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  short  and  oblique  with  prominent  lateral 
notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary  with  lateral  notch; 
pectinae  of  median  incisura  subequal  in  length  to  lobes, 
furcapectinae,  others  unapectinae,  longer  than  lobes,  teeth 
short;  pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  near 
third  lobe;  anus  near  caudal  margin;  scale  dull  crimson  in 
color.— This  species  has  habitus  of  aspidiotid—  Unganda  on 

unknown  shrub.   africana  Newst. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  lobes  nar- 


36  THE   COCCIDAE 

row  with  subparallel  sides  and  distinct  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  unapeotinae  with  teeth  much  longer  .than  stem  of 
pectina,  arranged  2,  2,  8,  those  of  each  lateris  approximating 
plates  in  form  and  spread  over  entire  margin;  margin  of 
segments  of  preabdomen  with  furcapentinae-like  projections; 
anus  near  middle  and  superimposed  above  vulva;  scale  bright 

yellow,  minute,  circular,  convex. — India  on  Mesua 

spinomarginata  Green. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  pectinae  or  plates. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 

oblique,    mesal    margins    deeply    serrate,    placed    in    pygidial 

incision;  second  pair  of  lobes  slender,  rounded,  rudimentary 

projections;    setae    of    median    incision    large;    pygidium    of 

second    nymphal    female    similar,    with    prominent    altacera- 

tubae;    second    exuvia   covering   nearly   entire   scale,    naked, 

shining   black,    margined    by   thin    white    scale. — Paralatoria 

distinctissima   Newst. — Aonidia   distinctissima   Newst. — India 

on   Nerium.    distinctissima  Newst. 

dd.  Pydigium  of  adult  female  small  with  two  large  clubbed 
terminal  lobes  with  fine  pointed  projections  on  either  side 
of  lobes,  forming  irregular  fringe;  with  four  irregular  de- 
pressed areas  close  to  outer  margin  on  either  side  of  ter- 
minal lobes;  body  almost  circular,  dull  yellowish  and  finely 
striate  on  abdominal  segments;  scale  reddish  brown,  con- 
vex, sometimes  covered  with  thin  incrusltation  of  white  se- 
cretion.— The  figure  of  scale  is  that  of  aspidiotid. — New 

South  Wales  on  Acacia acaciae  Frogg. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobes  arranged  in 
transverse  row  across  end  of  truncated  pygidium;  lobes  small, 
subequal,  entire,  broader  than  long,  distance  between  median 
lobes  twice  width  of  lobe;  plates  and  pectinae  wanting,  with 
pair  of  short  pointed  projections  in  each  incisura,  sometimes 
toothed  like  pectinae;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female 
with  pygidial  margin  more  convex  than  that  of  adult  female, 
with  numerous  pseudolobes;  pygidium  of  first  nymph  with 
five  pairs  of  lobes  with  unapectinae  between  them  and  with 
prominent  altaceratubae;  median  incisura  narrower  than  any 
of  others;  scale  black,  cephalic  half  globular,  broader  and 
larger  than  caudal  portion. — Aonidia  bullata  Green. — Ceylon 

on  leaves  of  unidentified  tree bullata  Green. 

..    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  true  lobes,  either  with 
pseudolobes  or  entire  and  without  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  entire,  always  without  projections  or 
pseudolobes;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs 
of  narrow,  bluntly  rounded,  entire  lobes;  pectinae  wanting  in 
median  incisura,  median  lobes  adjacent;  each  second  and  third 
incisura  with  two  distapectinae  and  seven  or  more  on  each  lateris; 
scale  reddish  and  subhemispherical.— West  Australia  on  Hakea.— 

perpusilla  Mask. 


TRIBE   PARLATORIINI  257 

bb.    Pygidium    of   adult    female    always    with    numerous    pseudolobes, 
never  entire. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  comparatively  broad,  bluntly 
rounded,  crenulate  pseudolobes,  many  of  them  broader  than 
long;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  four  pairs  of 
lobes,  median,  second,  and  third  pairs  bluntly  rounded  with 
mesal  and  lateral  notches,  fourth  pair  subtriangular  with  lat- 
eral notch;  unapectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged 
2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  near  lobe;  scale  semicircular, 
strongly  convex,  exuviae  large,  reddish  in  color. — Aonidia 
ebeni  Leon. — Aonidia  crenulate  Green. — Ceylon  on  Diospyros, 

Memecylon.   crenulata  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  long,  slender,  plate-like  pseudo- 
lobes,  twice  or  more  as  long  as  wide,  never  with  their  mar- 
gins crenulate;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin,  superim- 
posed over  vulva;  pygidium  of  first  nymphal  female  with  two 
pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  rounded,  with  lateral  and  mesal 
notches;  second  pair  smaller,  bluntly  rounded,  entire  or  with 
mesal  notch;  two  short  distapectinae  in  median  incisura,  one 
in  second,  and  two  just  beyond  each  second  lobe;  scale  of 
adult  female  consisting  entirely  of  second  exuvia,  strongly  con- 
vex, black. — England,  Brazil  on  Aechmea aechmeae  Newst. 


CHAPTER  XXIII 

TRIBE  LEUCASPIDINI 

The  White-shield  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  usually  longer  than  broad  with  the 
cephalic  and  caudal  ends  bluntly  rounded  and  with  the  lateral  margins 
distinct  and  slightly  convex.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  segments  of 
the  preabdomen  are  never  provided  with  bracteae  either  in  the  adult 
or  second  nymphal  female.  Lobes  are  present  in  the  second  nymphal 
female,  frequently  represented  by  pseudolobes  in  adult  female.  There 
are  usually  two,  three,  or  four  pairs  of  lobes,  sometimes  unusual  in 
form  and  approaching  pseudolobes,  if  wanting,  present  in  the  second 
nymphal  female.  Distapectinae  are  rarely  present  in  the  adult  female, 
frequently  with  furcapectinae,  they  may  be  present  and  typical  in  form 
in  second  nymphal  female.  Plates  frequently  present  in  adult  female, 
very  long  with  sides  converging  distad.  Incisurae  are  broad  and 
shallow,  usually  filled  with  pectinae  or  plates.  Densariae  and  par- 
aphyses  are  never  present.  Altaceratubae  are  present  and  usually  large, 
if  wanting  in  adult  female,  present  in  second  nymphal  female.  Breva- 
ceratbuae  are  usually  present,  but  not  numerous  and  not  arranged  in 
rows.  Genacerores  are  usually  present,  five  groups  are  generally  rep- 
resented, there  may  be  three  or  a  single  large  group  or  there  may  be 
additional  groups,  even  as  many  as  twelve.  Mesogenacerores  are  usually 
present,  when  they  can  be  recognized  as  a  separate  group,  usually  con- 
sist of  less  than  eight  cerores.  Scale  of  adult  female  is  elongate,  may 
be  four  or  more  times  as  long  as  broad,  pyriform,  or  with  the  sides 
parallel  or  subparallel.  Exuviae  are  usually  represented  by  the  first 
exuvia  in  the  adult  female  and  attached  to  the  end  of  the  scale.  Adult 
female  always  enclosed  in  a  puparium,  the  puparium  large,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scale.  Scale  of  male  is  elongate,  subpyriform  or  with  the 
sides  parallel,  convex,  white  in  color,  with  exuvia  at  one  end,  and  never 
carinate. 

The  tribe  Leucaspidini  in  common  with  the  other  tribes  of 
Diaspidinae,  except  the  Fioriniini,  was  first  recognized  as  a  sepa- 
rate subdivision  by  Leonardi  in  1897  under  the  name  of  Leucas- 
pides.  A  year  later  he  gave  an  analytical  table  for  the  separation 
of  the  five  tribes.  In  this  table  the  genus  Fiorinia,  the  type  of 
the  tribe  Fioriniini,  is  combined  with  the  Mytilaspides.  A  snyop- 
sis  of  the  species  of  Leucaspides  was  published  in  1906  by 
Leonardi.  In  this  publication  the  genus  Leucaspis  and  two  new 
genera,  Anamaspis  and  Actenaspis,  are  recognized. 

258 


TRIBE   LEUCASPIDINI  259 

In  all  the  species  of  the  genus  Leucaspis,  so  far  as  known, 
the  adult  female  completes  its  existence  in  a  puparium.  This 
method  of  development  is  considered  as  a  mark  of  the  highest 
type  of  specialization.  The  lines  of  modification  of  the  pygidium 
after  the  assumption  of  this  method  of  development  is  apparent- 
ly the  same  in  most  of  the  tribes.  One  change  usually  to  be  noted 
is  a  modification  and  reduction  of  the  groups  of  genacerores  until 
they  are  finally  completely  suppressed.  An  exception  to  this  rule 
is  found  in  most  of  the  species  of  this  tribe.  Although  trans- 
forming in  a  puparium,  they  have  not  only  retained  their  gena- 
cerores, but  they  are  frequently  represented  by  groups  contain- 
ing a  considerable  number  of  cerores.  There  may  be  the  typical 
number  of  groups,  five,  present  or  there  may  be  additional  groups 
present  until  as  many  as  seven  additional  groups  can  be  counted 
or  the  five  groups  may  be  combined  into  a  single  large  inverted 
U-shaped  or  crescentic  mass  or  omnagenaceroris. 

The  pygidial  fringe  of  this  tribe  illustrates  well  some  of  the 
stages  in  the  modification  of  lobes  and  pectinae.  The  lobes  are 
modified  not  only  in  size  and  changed  in  shape,  but  are  lost  in 
the  adult  females  of  certain  species.  The  pectinae,  which  are 
typically  distapectinae  in  the  second  nymphal  females,  are  great- 
ly elongated  in  the  adult  female  of  many  species.  They  are 
slender  in  form  with  converging  sides  with  blunt  ends.  These 
vary  in  form  from  coarsely  toothed  to  finely  toothed,  to  the  lack 
of  teeth,  and  eventually  assume  the  form  of  plates.  The  number 
of  plates  is  greatly  reduced  in  certain  species  while  in  other 
species  the  pygidium  appears  with  projections,  pseudolobes,  which 
are  asymmetrical  not  only  in  form  but  in  arrangement.  Some 
of  the  pseudolobes  resemble  lobes  and  others  pectinae  or  plates. 
The  pygidium  of  indica  is  of  particular  interest  as  illustrating 
an  intermediate  stage  of  modification.  The  genacerores  are  want- 
ing. The  lobes,  of  which  there  are  three  distinct  pairs,  have  been 
modified  into  greatly  elongated  clavate  structures.  The  projec- 
tions between  the  lobes  are  broad  structures  with  their  diste 
ends  blunt  without  teeth.  That  these  are  pectinae  or  plates  un- 
dergoing modification  is  shown  by  their  number  and  arrange- 
ment 2  2,  3,  3,  which  is  typical  for  the  second  nymphal  stage  of 
loewi'  as  figured  by  Newstead  and  of  the  large  majority  of  gen- 
eralized pygidia  of  other  tribes.  The  position  of  the  lobes  and 
the  number  of  projections,  pectinae  or  plates  between  them  is 
more  dominant  than  the  form  of  these  structures  although  £e 
dominance  of  the  form  of  the  lobes  is  generally  more  marked 


260  THE   COCCIDAE 

than  that  of  the  projections  between  them.  The  descriptions  and 
figures  of  certain  species  would  suggest  that  this  tribe  contained 
species  transforming  in  a  puparium  that  had  not  only  retained 
their  genacerores  but  that  their  pygidia  were  provided  with  typi- 
cal lobes  and  pectinae  or  plates.  Many  writers  content  them- 
selves with  studying  only  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  female  and  it 
is  not  impossible  that  some  have  figured  and  described  the  pygi- 
dium of  the  second  nymphal  female  as  that  of  the  adult.  This 
may  account  for  the  presence  of  primary  lobes  and  pectinae  in 
the  pygidium  of  certain  adult  females  or  it  may  be  that  the  pri- 
mary lobes  and  pectinae  have  not  been  lost.  Lindinger  and  Green 
figure  and  describe  the  pygidium  not  only  of  the  adult  female  but 
also  of  the  second  nymphal  female.  The  structure"  of  the 
pygidium  of  this  latter  stage  is  more  useful  in  determining  the 
tribal  location  and  the  specific  limits  of  those  species  transform- 
ing in  puparia  than  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  female. 

The  common  name  of  The  White-shield  Scales  is  derived  from 
the  name  of  the  typical  genus,  Leucaspis,  which  is  derived  from 
the  Greek  words  meaning  white  and  shield.  The  scale  of  the  adult 
female  is  generally  light  in  color,  often  snowy  white.  They  are 
always  greatly  elongated  with  the  single  exuvia,  the  first  nymphal, 
at  one  end.  This  exuvia  bears  the  remains  of  the  antennae  as 
porrect  structures.  The  scales  vary  in  outline  from  those  with 
parallel  sides  to  those  that  are  pyriform.  The  puparium  or  sec- 
ond exuvia  is  large,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  scale  so  that 
there  is  only  a  narrow  thin  peripheral  area  of  excretion  or  wax, 
which  may  extend  as  projections  beyond  the  first  exuvia  and  be- 
yond the  caudal  end  as  described  for  cockerelli  by  Green.  The 
scale  of  the  male  is  usually  smaller,  but  similar  in  form  with 
a  single  exuvia.  It  is  white  in  color,  but  never  longitudinally 
carinate  as  in  the  white  male  scales  of  many  Diaspidini. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  greatly  elongated,  and  re- 
sembles superfically  many  species  of  Lepidosaphes.  The  two  ends 
are  bluntly  rounded  or  subtruncated,  and  the  sides  vary  from 
subparallel  to  slightly  convex.  The  segmentation  of  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  is  fairly  distinct.  The  spiracerores  are  usually  dis- 
tinct and,  when  they  have  been  more  carefully  examined  and  re- 
ported upon,  may  be  found  of  considerable  value  in  the  separa- 
tion of  species.  The  mesospiracerores  are  generally  present  and 
consist  of  three  to  twelve  cerores,  while  the  metaspiracrores  are 
frequently  wanting.  Authors  in  describing  the  spiracerores 
usually  do  not  mention  the  metaspiracerores  when  they  are  want- 


TRIBE   LEUCASPIDINI  261 

ing.  When  present  they  are  few  in  number,  rarely  with  more 
than  three  or  four  cerores.  The  pygidium  is  comparatively  small, 
not  only  in  the  second  nymphal  females  but  also  in  the  adult  fe- 
male. The  altaceratubae  may  be  distinct  in  some  adult  females, 
but  so  far  as  noted,  are  always  present  in  the  second  nymphal 
females.  When  the  pygidia  have  been  more  carefully  and  ex- 
tensively studied,  they  will  probably  be  found  characteristic  of 
the  pygdia  of  all  the  females  of  the  second  nymphal  stage.  The 
number  of  altaceratubae  varies  greatly  and  they  are  apparently 
completely  wanting  in  some  adult  females.  The  typical  number 
of  lobes  is  difficult  to  determine,  because  in  most  species  they  are 
not  typical  in  form,  but  are  greatly  reduced  and  lack  their  charac- 
teristic notches  and  are  greatly  elongated.  There  are  usually 
two  or  three  pairs  present.  In  the  adult  female  the  projections 
between  the  lobes  are  usually  greatly  elongated,  plate-like  in  gen- 
eral form,  but  frequently  with  a  few  teeth  at  the  distal  end  or  in 
the  form  of  furcapectinae.  Even  when  the  lobes  and  pectinae  or 
plates  are  greatly  modified  in  form,  they  are  quite  constant  in 
number,  usually  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3. 

The  genacerores  are  more  frequently  present  than  wanting 
and  usually  consist  of  five  groups.  What  is  considered  as  the 
primitive  type  is  an  arrangement  into  five  groups,  such  as  is  found 
in  bambusae  of  Kuwana.  This  pygidium  is  generalized  in  many 
ways,  so  as  to  suggest  that  the  fringe,  if  it  were  not  that  genacer- 
ores are  present,  that  it  must  be  that  of  the  second  nymphal  fe- 
male. In  stricta,  according  to  Maskell,  there  are  three  groups, 
the  mesogenacerores  and  pregenacerores  form  a  continuous  single 
large  crescentic  group,  with  the  two  groups  of  postgenacerores 
distinctly  separated  from  each  other  and  the  cephalic  group. 
There  is  in  pini  as  figured  by  Signoret  only  a  single  large  undi- 
vided crescentic  group,  although  Leonardi  states  that  there  are 
five  groups  which  are  more  or  less  distinct  among  themselves  and 
arranged  in  the  arc  of  a  circle  about  the  vulva.  In  cordylinidis 
there  is  a  single  undivided  group  of  about  one  hundred  cerores. 
The  pygidium  of  signoreti  shows  a  very  different  type,  here  the 
groups  of  genacerores  as  figured  by  Signoret  are  subdivided  into 
several  secondary  groups.  These  groups  are  arranged  in  two 
transverse  rows.  The  cephalic  row  contains  five  subgroups  and 
the  caudal  row  seven  groups  of  which  each  lateral  group  con- 
tains only  about  three  cerores,  making  twelve  groups  in  all.  It 
is  not  possible  to  homologize  among  these  twelve  groups,  the  meso- 
genacerores, the  pregenacerores,  and  the  postgenacerores. 


262  THE   COCCIDAE 

Since  the  adult  females  of  all  the  species  of  this  tribe  are 
enclosed  in  a  puparium,  it  should  be  a  simple  matter  to  study 
the  pygidium  of  the  second  stage  female  which  is  that  borne  by 
the  puparium.  Such  a  study  was  made  by  Lindinger  and  the  re- 
sults published  in  1906.  He  figures  in  this  paper  and  describes 
the  pygidium  of  the  first  and  second  nymphal  stages  and  from 
one  to  three  types  of  that  of  the  adult  female.  Nine  species  are 
recognized  and  figured  in  this  way  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
other  species  may  soon  receive  a  similar  treatment. 

Leonardi  in  his  revision  published  in  1906,  as  already  noted, 
subdivides  the  tribe  into  three  genera,  Leucaspis  of  which  pini 
Hartig  is  the  type,  Anamaspis  of  which  loewi  Colvee  is  the  type, 
and  Actinaspis  of  which  pusilla  Loew  is  the  type.  The  last  two 
of  these  genera  he  named  as  new  and  each  includes  only  its  type 
species.  The  differentiation  of  these  genera  was  not  well  made. 
These  names  although  stated  to  be  subgeuera  in  his  analytical  table 
are  designated  as  genera  elsewhere.  The  following  is  a  transla- 
tion of  the  table  by  Leonardi: — 

GENERA    OF    LEUCASPIDINI 
a.    Pygidium  provided  with  pectinae. 

b.    Pygidium  with  lobes Leucaspis  Targ. 

bb.    Pygidium   without   lobes Anamaspis   Leon. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  pectinae.   Actinaspis  Leon. 

Lindinger  in  his  synopsis  recognizes  eleven  of  the  twenty 
described  species  referred  to  the  genus  Leucaspis,  of  which  he 
figures  and  describes  nine.  Four  of  the  species  previously  re- 
ferred to  this  genus  he  places  in  the  genus  Lepidosaphes  and  the 
remaining  ten  are  referred  to  the  synonomy  or  considered  as 
unrecognizable.  The  classification  of  Leonardi  is  discarded  as 
untentable  and  the  genus  is  divided  into  two  named  sections, 
Salicicola  and  Euleucaspis,  which  must  of  necessity  be  recognized 
as  subgenera.  Salicicola  includes  the  single  species  kermanensis 
Lindgr.,  which  is  the  type.  The  pygidium  of  the  adult  female 
of  this  species  is  very  similar  to  that  of  lowei  Colvee,  the  sulci 
Newst.  of  Lindinger.  The  remaining  eight  species  are  included 
in  Euleucaspis,  for  which  pini  Hartig  may  be  taken  as  the  type. 
The  section  Euleucaspis  is  divided  into  two  other  named  groups, 
Pusillaspis  and  Suturaspis,  which  should  also  of  necessity  be  con- 
sidered as  subgenera.  Pusillaspif  includes  two  species,  pusilla 
Loew,  which  may  be  taken  as  the  type,  and  sulci  Newst.  Sutur- 
aspis includes  the  remaining  six  species,  of  which  pistaceae  Lindgr. 


TRIBE   LEUCASPIDINI  263 

may  be  taken  as  the  type.     The  following  is  a  translation  of  the 
tables  of  Lindinger: — 

SECTIONS  OF  LEUCASPIS 

a.  Scale  elongate,  widened  in  front  and  not  behind.  Pygidium  of  first 
and  second  nymphal  females  with  comb-like  toothed  plates,  distinct- 
ly separated  from  lobes. Euleucaspis  Lindgr. 

aa.     Scale  elliptical  or  oval.    Pygidium  of  first  and  second  nymphal  fe- 
males with  lobes  and  plates  formed  like  lobes Salicicola  Lindgr. 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  EULEUCASPIS 
a.    First  nymph  with  deep  constriction  between  prothorax  and  meso- 

thorax.     Scale   gradually  widened Suturaspis   Lindgr. 

aa.    First  nymph  not  with  deep  constriction.    Scale  suddenly  widened. 

Pusillaspis  Lindgr. 

The  following  tentative  tables  include  most  of  the  described 
species.  They  are  based  for  the  most  part  upon  the  characters 
used  by  previous  authors  in  describing  and  differentiating  species. 
The  tables  will  aid  in  the  identification  of  the  various  genera  and 
species.  Attention  has  already  been  called  to  the  necessity  for 
careful  extended  studies  of  the  pygidium  of  the  second  nymphal 
female.  Such  studies  are  also  needed  to  determine  whether  the 
lobes  of  the  adult  female  are  not  frequently  true  lobes,  as  their 
size,  form,  and  arrangement  would  suggest.  This  conclusion  is 
confirmed  by  the  characteristic  number  of  the  projections,  2,  2,  3,  3, 
between  these  so  called  primary  lobes. 

GENERA    OF    LEUCASPIDINI 
a.    Pygidium   of  adult  female  with   groups  of  genacerores. 

b.    Pygidium  of  first  and   second  nymphal  female  with  lobes, 
c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes,  never  with  pseudolobes. 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  and   distinct  pectinae 
or    plates;    pygidium   of   first   and   second   nymphal   females 
with  lobes  and  distapectinae;  first  nymph,  so  far  as  known, 

with    mesocoria  forming   distinct   constriction 

Leucaspis  Targ. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes,  at  most  only  with 
lobe-like  projections;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female 
with  distapectinae;  first  nymph  with  mesocoria  not  forming 

distinct  constriction. Anamaspis  Leon. 

cc.    Pygidium   of  adult   female   without   lobes,  pectinae,   or  plates, 
but  always  with  pseudolobes;   first  nymph  with  mesocoria  not 

forming  distinct   constriction Actenaspis  Leon. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  first  and  second  nymphal  females  with  lobes,  with- 
out   pectinae,    plates    represented    by    lobe-like    projections;    first 

nymph  with  mesocoria  not  forming  distinct  constriction 

Salicicola  Lindgr. 


264  THE    COCCIDAE 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  groups  of  genacerores 

Suturaspis    Lindgr. 

SPECIES   OF  LEUCASPIS 

a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  five  or  less  groups  of  genacerores. 
b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  five  distinct  groups  of  genacerores. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  the  median 
pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad  with  distinct  lateral  and  mesal 
notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  broad,  incised,  each  lobelet  with 
lateral  and  mesal  notches;  distapectinae  short  and  broad,  not 
as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  2,  1,  3;  setae  long  and  prominent, 
much  longer  than  lobes;  altaceratubae  and  brevaceratubae 
present;  anus  located  on  line  drawn  through  pregnacerores 
and  vulva  on  line  between  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores; 
genacerores  5-5(9-11)7-9;  scale  of  adult  female  snowy-white 

with  parallel  sides. — Japan  on  bamboo 'bam'busae  Knw. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  lobes 
about  as  broad  as  long,  entire,  bluntly  rounded;  plates  short, 
stout,  triangular,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3-4;  mesospiracerores  about 
10;  genacerores  in  five  groups,  three  cephalic  groups  some- 
times contiguous,  forming  single  group,  19-19(27-32)19-23; 
caudal  margin  with  8  symmetrically  placed  large  setae;  sec- 
ond nymphal  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  broad,  deep  lat- 
eral and  mesal  notches;  distapectinae  broad. — Fiorinia  gigas 
Mask.,  Fiorinia  morrisi  (Brittin)  Green. — New  Zealand  on 

Astelia,  Atherosperma,  Coprosoma,  Pittosporum gigas  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  less  than  five  groups  of  genacerores. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  groups  of  genacerores, 
mesogenacerores  and  pregenacerores  combined  into  single 
crescentric  group,  sometimes  in  five  groups,  9-9(15-22)10-14; 
pygidium  with  margin  fringed  with  long  slender  furcapectinae, 
much  longer  than  two  pairs  of  short,  blunt,  unnotched  lobes; 
mesospiracerores  10;  vulva  located  between  postgenacerores 
and  anus  located  at  about  same  distance  from  caudal  margin. 
Fiorinia  stricta  Mask. — New  Zealand  on  Dendrobium,  Hedy- 
carpus,  Phormium,  Cordyline,  Astelia,  Hoheria.__sfricto  Mask. 
cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  single  large  horse-shoe-shaped 
group  of  genacerores,  200  cerores,  apparently  formed  by  com- 
bination of  all  five  groups;  pygidial  margin  with  broad  mesal 
series  of  thickened,  short,  sublobe-like  projections;  on  each 
side  cephalad  of  this  thickened  area  margin  of  pygidium  to 
line  drawn  through  caudal  margin  of  genacerores,  bearing 
short,  sharp,  triangular,  plate-like  projections,  much  longer 
than  projections  of  thickened  area;  anus  and  vulva  alt  about 
same  level,  near  transverse  line  drawn  through  caudal  ends  of 

genacerores. — Australia    on    Cordyline cordylinidis    Mask. 

aa.    Pygidium   of  adult   female   with  more  than   five   groups   of   gena- 
cerores. 

b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.    Mesospiracerores  9-11,  metaspiracerores  2-3;   pygidium  of  adult 


TRIBE   LEUCASPIDINI  265 

female  with  three  pairs  of  minute,  pointed,  triangular  lobes; 
pectinae  and  plates  numerous,  extending  around  pygidial  mar- 
gin, slender,  bluntly  pointed,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  lobes; 
median  and  second  incisurae  each  with  two  plates,  each  third 
incisura  with  3-5;  genacerores  in  nine  groups,  five  primary 
groups  when  identifiable  13-13(16-17)10-12;  four  groups  in  two 
transverse  rows  cephalad  of  mesogenacerores,  consisting  of 
3-4  and  2-3  cerores;  anus  superimposed  over  mesogenacerores 
and  vulva  located  between  postgenacerores. — Leucaspis  Candida 
Targ. — Europe  on  Pinus. pint  Hartig. 

cc.  Mesospiracerores  12,  metaspiracerores  0-1;  pygidium  with 
three  pairs  of  minute  bluntly  pointed  lobes;  pectinae  want- 
ing, plates  long  and  slender,  bluntly  pointed,  twice  or  more 
length  of  lobes;  median  incisura  with  two  plates,  second  in- 
cisura with  three,  third  incisura  with  six  or  seven;  gena- 
cerores in  about  twelve  groups  arranged  in  two  transverse 
curving  rows;  anus  superimposed  over  pregenacerores  and 
vulva  on  transverse  line  drawn  through  caudal  part  of 
postgenacerores. — Leucaspis  corsa  Lindgr. — Europe  on  Pinus.__ 

signoreti  Targ. 
bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  obtusely  rounded,  all  of 
them  usually  entire. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  ob- 
tusely pointed  lobes  and  second  pair  of  small  reduced  denti- 
form projections;  plates  simple,  much  longer  than  lobes; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  broad  pectinae; 
genacerores  arranged  in  nine  groups,  group  of  mesogena- 
cerores much  smaller  than  either  of  other  groups,  pregena- 
cerores or  postgenacerores,  four  extra  groups,  small,  consist- 
ing of  only  a  few  cerores,  two  groups  on  each  side  cephalad 
of  mesogenacerores;  scale  of  adult  female  pure  white, 
elongate,  attenuate,  first  exuvla  brownish. — Algeria  on 
Ephedra.  ephedrae  Marchal. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  subequal  in  size  and 
similar  in  form,  second  pair  not  or  only  slightly  smaller 
than  median,  entire;  median  incisura  with  two  distapectinae, 
second  incisura  with  two  or  .three  pectinae-like  projections, 
and  three  or  four  on  each  lateris  adjacent  to  a  lobe,  pec- 
tinae with  two  to  four  coarse  teeth;  lobes  two-thirds  length 
of  pectinae;  mesospiracerores  5-6;  genacerores  arranged  in 
single  crescentic  group  of  47  cerores  or  in  three  groups, 
7-9(29-29),  and  two  small  groups  on  each  side  cephalad  of 
the  mesogenaceres ;  scale  of  adult  female  white  with  blackish 
marginal  glistening  first  exuvia. — Leucaspis  epidaurica 

(Genn.)  Lindgr. — France,  Greece,  Italy,  Cyprus  on  Olea 

riccae  Targ. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  distinctly  pointed,  never 
obtusely  rounded. 


266  THE    COCCIDAE 

d.    Pygidium   of   adult   female   with   median   pair   of   lobes   con- 
stricted on  proximal  portion. 

e.  Exuvia  of  second  nymphal  female  granulose;  pygidium  of 
adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  arrow- 
shaped,  constricted  on  proximal  portion,  sharply  pointed, 
entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  shorter,  triangular;  pectinae 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2-3,  blunt,  simple,  plate- 
like  projections  cephalad  of  cephalic  pectinae;  mesospira- 
cerores  4-5;  anus  located  on  transverse  line  drawn  be- 
tween three  caudal  groups  of  genacerores;  genacerores 

20-25  ( )7-8    and    a    supplementary    group,    3-4    cerores, 

on  each  side  of  two  preceding  segments;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  numerous,  irregularly  arranged;  two  transverse 
series  of  irregularly  quadrate  or  triangular  thickened 
patches  on  caudal  portion  of  pygidium;  sinuous  series 
of  minute  ventral  conical  points  extending  on  each  side 
from  rostrum  to  pygidium;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal 
female  with  two  pairs  of  notched  lobes;  pectinae  dista- 
pectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  also  three  bluntly  rounded  dis- 
tant projections  cephalad  of  pectinae. — Japan,  California 
on  broom,  apple,  maple,  magnolia,  Paeonia. japonica  Ckll. 

ee.  Exuvia  of  second  nymphal  female  more  strongly  granular; 
lobes  more  deeply  cleft;  body  of  adult  female  with  ven- 
tral series  of  conical  points  more  extended  and  pectinae 

more  deeply  fimbriate. — North  Australia  on  Ficus 

japonica  darwiniensis  Green. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  con- 
stricted on  proximal  portion. 

e.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  short,  minute, 
triangular  lobes;  pectinae  two  or  three  times  as  long  as 
lobes,  sides  subparallel,  narrow,  distal  ends  with  five 
short  teeth;  mesospiracerores  3-4,  metaspiracerores  want- 
ing; group  of  16  cerores  laterad  of  each  mesospiracle; 
genacerores  sometimes  in  five  groups  11-11(15-15)11-11 
and  with  two  small  groups  of  cerores  on  each  side  cephalad 
of  mesogenacerores ;  anus  located  over  mesogenacerores 
and  vulva  between  postgenacerores ;  scale  of  adult  female 
white. — France  on  pinus affinis  Leon. 

ee.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  long,  point- 
ed, slender  lobes  with  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches 
near  middle  of  their  length;  pectinae  deeply  toothed  at 
distal  end,  constricted  on  proximal  portion,  subequal  in 
length  to  lobes,  those  of  each  lateris  broader  and  not  so 
deeply  toothed,  two  in  median  and  second  incisurae,  three 
cephalad  of  each  second  lobe  and  two  !to  four  broad 
toothed  pectinae  laterad  of  others,  extending  upon  ven- 
tral surface  near  to  and  parallel  with  lateral  margin  of 
body  to  head;  genacerores  in  five  groups  and  two  on 
each  side  cephalad  of  mesogenacerores;  head  with  small 
stout  thorn-like  spine  cephalad  and  laterad  of  each  an- 
tenna; pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  two 


TRIBE   LEUCASPIDINI  267 

pairs  of  lobes  with  prominent  mesal  and  lateral  notches 
and  with  broad  deeply  toothed  distapectinae  in  incisura 
and  on  each  lateris;  scale  of  adult  female  narrow,  taper- 
ing to  blunt  point  at  each  end,  excretory  portion  limited, 
extending  cephalad  of  first  exuvia  as  blunt  projection 
and  knob-like  constricted  area  at  caudal  end. — Fiorinia 
cockerelli  Charmoy. — Mauritius,  Ceylon  on  Draecaena, 
Prltchardia.  cockerelli  Charmoy. 

SPECIES   OF  ANAMASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  small,  short,  rounded  lobes 
and  third  pair  frequently  wanting  and  when  present  asymmetrically 
placed  or  all  lobes  not  sharply  defined;  genacerores  arranged  in  form 
of  crescent,  sometimes  in  five  groups,  arranged  5-10(10-14)9-13;  meso- 
spiracerores  2-5;  anus  placed  over  mesogenacerores  and  vulva  between 
postgenacerores ;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  two  dista- 
pectinae in  median  incisura  and  in  other  incisurae. — Fiorinia  sulci 
Newst. — Europe  on  Pinus loewi  Colv6e. 

SPECIES  OF  ACTENASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  fringed  with  numerous  long  asymmetrically 
arranged  projections  or  pseudolobes,  distal  ends  frequently  more  or 
less  dilated  and  finely  toothed;  genacerores  arranged  in  shape  of 
crescent,  sometimes  divisible  into  five  groups,  9-9(10-11)6-10;  meso- 
spiracerores  0-7;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  two  pairs 
of  broad  truncated  lobes  with  deep  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  median 
and  second  incisurae  each  with  two  distapectinae  and  four  or  more 
of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  each  second  lobe;  altaceratubae  prominent, 
9-11,  one  mesal  and  4-5  on  each  side. — Leucaspis  leonardi  (Ckll.) 

Lindgr. — Europe,  Canary  Islands,  Algeria,  Syria  on  Pinus 

pusilla  Loew. 

SPECIES   OF   SALICICOLA 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes,  plates  or  pectinae,  sometimes  with 
margin  with  slight  irregular  projections,  these  sometimes  forming  five 
pairs  of  lobe-like  projections;  genacerores  in  single  crescentic  group 
of  28  to  40  or  in  three  distinct  groups;  mesospiracerores  2;  pygidium 
of  second  nymphal  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  broad, 
subtruncated,  rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  tri- 
angular, bluntly  pointed;  median  incisura  without  pectinae  or  plates, 
second  incisurae  and  each  lateris  with  two  short,  blunt,  lobe-like  pro- 
jections or  plates. — Persia  on  Salix kermanensis  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  SUTURASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  long  spatulate  bluntly 
rounded  lobes,  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  broad;  plates  broad 
and  blunt,  about  one-half  as  long  as  lobes,  distal  end  rounded,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  3. — Leucaspis  indica  Marl. — India  on  mango 

indica  Marl, 
aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  long  spatulate  lobes. 

b.    Pygidium    of    adult    female   with   two    distant    pectinae    between 
median  pair  of  lobes,  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  rounded,  with 


268  THE   COCCIDAE 

slight  lateral  notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  successively 
smaller  and  each  incised;  second  and  third  incisurae  with  pecti- 
nae  and  each  lateris  with  prominent  latadentes. — Leucaspis 

kelloggi  Golem. — California  on  Pseudotsuga,  Abies 

kelloggi  Golem, 
bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  pectinae  or  plates. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lateres  entire,  with  single  pair 
of  broad,  very  short,  rounded,  lobe-like  projections;  second 
nymphal  female  with  two  pairs  of  distinct  lobes  with  lateral 
and  mesal  notches;  plates  short  and  blunt,  shorter  than  lobes, 
two  in  median  incisura  and  one  in  each  second  incisura; 
mesogenacerores  three  or  none,  usually  none;  mesocoria  of  first 
nymph  distinctly  transversely  constricted. — Leucaspis  pistaeae 

Lindgr. — Cyprus   on  Pistacia pistaciae   Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lateres  crenulate,  not  with 
distinct  lobe-like  projections;  second  nymphal  female  with 
two  pairs  of  distinct  lobes,  broad  and  bluntly  rounded,  entire; 
pectinae  broad,  two  in  median  incisura  and  two  on  each  side 
of  each  second  lobe;  mesogenacerores  wanting. — Leucaspis 

indiae-orientalis  Lindgr. — India  on  Pinus 

indiae-orientalis   Lindgr. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 

TRIBE  L.EPIDOSAPHINI 

The  Oyster-shell  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  always  distinctly  longer  than  broad 
with  the  cephalic  and  caudal  ends  bluntly  rounded.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins are  parallel  or  subparallel  usualy  with  distinct  indentations  mark- 
ing the  position  of  the  sutures  between  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  seg- 
ments. The  lateral  margins  of  the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  are 
never  provided  with  bracteae  either  in  the  adult  female  or  second 
nymphal  female.  Lobes  are  usually  present  in  the  adult  female,  usually 
three  pairs,  more  or  less  than  this  number  may  be  present.  Plates  are 
rarely  if  ever  absent,  pectinae  are  rarely  present  and  are  then  only  fur- 
capectinae.  Incisurae  are  narrow  and  the  space  is  usually  filled  with 
plates.  The  median  incisura  is  typically  provided  with  plates,  rarely 
without.  Densariae  are  never  present  and  paraphyses  only  rarely.  Alta- 
ceratubae,  are  rarely,  if  ever  absent,  usually  arranged  in  pairs,  their 
oraceratubae  oval  in  outline,  often  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Brevacera- 
tubae  are  usually  present,  frequently  numerous,  sometimes  arranged  in 
transverse  rows.  Genacerores  are  usually  present,  arranged  in  five,  four, 
or  two  groups.  The  mesogenacerores,  when  present,  usually  consist  of 
more  than  eight  cerores.  Scale  of  adult  female  is  coriaceous  or  horny, 
usually  brownish  or  blackish  in  color,  sometimes  white  or  pale,  quite 
typical  in  form,  usually  much  longer  than  broad,  from  two  to  five  times, 
frequently  shaped  like  an  oyster-shell,  one  margin  convex  and  the  other 
concave  with  the  surface  transversely  ridged,  sometimes  with  sides 
straight  and  subparallel.  One  end  is  much  smaller  than  the  other,  small 
end  bearing  two  exuviae.  The  female  sometimes  transforms  in  a  pupa- 
rium  and  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  female  is  provided  with  pseudolobes. 
The  scale  of  the  male  is  similar  in  form  to  that  of  the  female,  elongate 
in  form,  with  a  single  exuvia  at  one  end. 

The  tribe  Lepidosaphini,  as  recognized  by  Leonardi  in  1898, 
contained  four  genera,  one  of  which  was  divided  into  two  sub- 
genera.  This  number  was  increased  to  eight  in  his  monograph 
of  the  Mytilaspides  published  in  1903.  In  the  following  pages 
twenty-eight  genera  are  recognized. 

The  scale  of  the  adult  female  is  quite  constant  in  form,  typi- 
cally mussel-shaped  or  oyster-shell-shaped  or  pyriform  in  general 
appearance.  In  certain  species  there  is  a  departure  from  this 
form,  and  the  two  sides  or  margins  of  the  scale  may  be  straight 
and  parallel  or  nearly  so.  The  scales  of  the  female  are  typically 

269 


270  THE  COCCIDAE 

dark  in  color,  blackish  or  brownish,  though  in  certain  species  the 
color  is  much  lighter,  varying  from  light  brown  to  yellow  or 
olivaceous.  While  in  certain  species  the  sides  are  nearly  parallel, 
in  most  of  the  species  the  sides  converge  toward  one  end,  the 
cephalic  end,  which  bears  the  two  exuviae.  The  exuviae 
overlap  each  other.  The  exuvia  of  the  first  nymph  bears 
the  remains  of  the  antennae  as  porrect  projections,  while  the 
exuvia  of  the  /Second  nymphal  female  is  much  larger  and  fre- 
quently covers  about  one-fourth  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  scale. 
The  ventral  scale  is  always  complete  and  continuous  with  the 
dorsal  scale.  In  certain  species  the  central  part  of  the  ventral 
scale  is  always  thinner,  the  extent  and  position  of  the  thinner  por- 
tion is  definite  for  each  species  and  this  thinner  portion  is  rup- 
tured when  the  scale  is  removed  from  the  host-plant.  In  those 
species  where  the  ventral  scale  is  thicker  and  tougher,  it  is  not 
ruptured  when  the  scale  is  removed.  This  results  in  those  species 
with  a  thin  area  of  the  ventral  scale  as  being  described  as  having 
a  divided  ventral  scale  and  the  others  as  having  the  ventral  scale 
entire  or  complete.  Where  the  ventral  scale  is  very  thin  and  all 
of  it  remains  attached  to  the  host-plant,  it  may  be  described  as 
obsolete  or  wanting.  The  wax  of  the  dorsal  scale  is  usually  com- 
paratively thick  and  tough  and  not  easily  broken. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  elongate,  about  three  times  as  long 
as  broad  with  the  single  exuvia  attached  at  the  cephalic  end.  The 
sides  of  the  scale  are  usually  nearly  parallel  and  in  general  the 
caudal  portion  is  not  much  wider,  as  in  the  second  nymphal  scale 
and  adult  female  scale  of  many  species.  The  male  scale  is  from 
one-half  to  one-third  the  length  of  that  of  the  adult  female.  They 
are  quite  similar  in  color  and  general  form  to  those  of  the  female. 
There  is  frequently  a  thinner  transverse  band  on  the  caudal  part 
of  the  scale  which  serves  as  a  hinge  and  allows  the  caudal  end  to 
be  raised  so  as  to  permit  of  the  escape  of  the  adult  male. 

The  species  of  this  group  are  quite  generally  designated  as 
the  oyster-shell  scales,  because  of  their  similarity  in  shape,  color, 
and  general  appearance  to  the  shell  of  an  oyster.  Unfortunately 
this  resemblance  is  also  found  in  a  few  species  of  Diaspidini,  but 
the  name  of  the  oyster-shell  scale  has  been  so  long  applied  to  the 
common  scale  of  the  apple  and  to  other  species  of  the  tribe  that 
there  is  no  hopes  now  of  introducing  a  different  name  and  it  would 
be  unwise  to  attempt  it. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  placed  at  the  cephalic  end 
of  the  scale  under  the  exuviae  and  the  eggs  with  the  pulverulent 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  271 

wax  mixed  with  them  are  located  under  the  caudal  portion  of  the 
scale.  In  the  adult  female  the  body  is  elongate,  typically  about  twice 
as  long  as  broad,  but  in  Ischnaspis  it  may  be  over  four  times  as 
long  as  broad.  The  cephalic  end  is  usually  truncate  or  bluntly 
rounded.  The  antennae  are  represented  by  unsegmented  tuber- 
cles, each  bearing  one  or  two  long  setae.  The  segmentation  of  the 
body  is  ordinarily  distinguishable,  but  obscure.  In  Opuntiaspis 
and  Mytilella  the  mesocoria  is  deep,  particularly  at  each  lateral 
margin,  and  the  body  appears  to  be  divided  into  two  portions. 
The  segmentation  of  the  preabdomen  is  usually  distinct  and 
sharply  marked,  particularly  at  each  lateral  margin.  The  caudo- 
lateral  angles  of  these  segments  are  frequently  produced  as 
rounded  lobes  and  in  some  cases  the  lobes  are  prolonged  and  their 
lateral  margins  are  strongly  dentate  so  that  each  resembles  a  claw. 

The  division  between  the  preabdomen  and  pygidium  is  gen- 
erally distinct.  The  pygidial  fringe  is  usually  quite  typical  in 
form.  There  are  generally  two  or  three  pairs  of  lobes,  although 
there  may  be  only  a  single  pair,  and  in  rare  cases  none  at  all.  In 
a  few  species  there  are  four  pairs  of  lobes  present,  but  the  fourth 
pair  is  small  and  rudimentary.  One  or  more  of  the  pairs  of  lobes 
cephalad  of  the  median  pair  is  frequently  deeply  incised  or  com- 
pletely divided.  In  the  tables  it  is  simply  said  to  be  incised. 
The  second  pair  of  lobes  is  usually  incised  only  once,  forming 
two  lobelets,  but  the  third  pair  while  often  incised  only  once  may 
be  incised  several  times  in  certain  species.  Each  of  these  lobe- 
lets  are  frequently  incorrectly  designated  and  numbered  as  dis- 
tinct lobes.  Some  species  with  only  three  pairs  of  lobes  are  said 
in  such  cases  to  have  five  or  seven  pairs.  The  margins  of  the 
lobes  are  usually  notched,  particularly  the  median  lobes,  and 
usually  on  both  the  mesal  and  lateral  margins.  The  number  of 
notches  may  be  reduced  in  size  and  increased  in  number  until 
their  margins  are  crenulate  or  finely  serrate. 

Pectinae,  if  present,  are  of  the  type  of  furcapectinae  and 
even  such  reduced  pectinae  are  of  rare  occurrence.  The  plates 
are  long,  slender,  and  pointed.  They  are  usually  longer  than  the 
lobes.  The  number  varies  somewhat,  but  is  usually  2,  2,  2,  2  or 
2,  2,  2-3,  6.  The  pair  of  plates  in  the  median  incisura  are  rarely 
absent  and  some  of  the  species  referred  here  and  lacking  them,  with 
more  study,  will  probably  be  found  to  belong  to  the  Diaspidini.  The 
greatest  variation  in  the  number  of  plates  is  on  the  lateres  which 
may  bear  only  a  few  or  a  considerable  number.  This  region  is 


272  THE   COCCIDAE 

usually  typical  in  form,  rarely  provided  with  densariae  but  may 
be  finely  serrate. 

The  altaceratubae  are  usually  large,  with  long  tubes,  their 
oraeeratubae  generally  oblique  to  the  tubes  and  distinctly  longer 
than  wide.  In  the  lateres  the  altaceratubae  are  usually  arranged 
in  pairs  and  their  oraeeratubae  open  near  together.  The  lama- 
ceratubae  are  long  and  comparatively  large.  Their  tubes  can  be 
traced  through  the  plates  to  their  oraeeratubae  located  in  the  dis- 
tal end.  The  brevaceratubae  are  usually  numerous  and  are  gen- 
erally arranged  in  crescentic,  often  interrupted  rows.  While 
there  is  variation  in  the  length  of  the  tubes  of  the  brevaceratubae, 
their  tubes  are  usually  longer  than  those  of  the  brevaceratubae 
found  in  the  Diaspidini. 

The  anal  opening  is  probably  more  often  located  near  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  pygidium  than  near  the  middle  or  caudal  end. 
The  vulva  is  located  near  the  middle  of  the  pygidium.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  four  or  five  groups  of  genacerores  in  fifteen  of  the 
genera  and  wanting  in  the  other  nine.  The  genacerores  are  pres- 
ent in  much  the  greater  number  of  species,  since  they  are  present 
in  all  the  species  of  the  typical  genus  Lepidosaphes,  which  con- 
tains nearly  as  many  species  as  all  the  other  genera  together. 
The  number  of  species  with  four  groups  of  genacerores  is  small, 
less  than  ten  per  cent,  and  only  rarely  are  the  cerores  of  the 
groups  combined  so  that  it  is  not  possible  to  identify  their  limits. 

Much  use  has  been  made  in  the  preparation  of  the  follow- 
ing tables  of  the  monograph  of  the  Mytilaspides  by  Leonardi. 
The  species  distributed  among  the  different  genera  are  confined  to 
two,  Lepidosaphes  and  Ischnaspis,  in  Fernald's  Catalogue  and  its 
supplements.  The  structures  of  the  pygidium  described  in  the 
tables  are  in  every  case  those  of  the  adult  female  unless  other- 
wise specified. 

The  following  species  have  been  omitted  from  the  tables  for  various 
reasons: — abietis  Sign,  from  Europe  on  Abies;  ceratoniae  Genn.  from 
Isle  of  Cyprus  on  Ceratonia;  flava  Targ.  from  Europe,  Australia,  China, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  North  America  on  olive;  juglandis  Sign,  from 
France,  Germany  on  Juglans,  this  is  apparently  the  same  as  ulmi 
Linn.;  myrthi  Douche1  from  southern  Europe  on  Myrtus,  this  is 
the  same  as  ulmi  Linn.;  and  Mytilaspis  (Coccomytilus)  dispar  Vays. 
from  Madagascar  on  Manihot.  The  following  species  are  all  from  New 
South  Wales:  chitinosa  Frogg.  on  Templetonia,  cortrioides  Frogg.  on 
Acacia,  crassa  Frogg.  on  Melaleuca,  eucalypti  Frogg.  on  Eucalyptus, 
lobulatus  Frogg.  on  Casuarina,  mulgae  Frogg.  on  Acacia,  and  recurvata 
Frogg.  on  Acacia.  Two  species,  greeni  Charmoy  and  hibisci  Charmoy, 
are  from  the  Island  of  Maritius. 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  273 

GENERA  OF  LEPIDOSAPHINI 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  groups  of  generacerores. 
b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lobes  arranged  in  pairs,  median 
pair  never  fused  into  single  projection. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  plates  cephalad  of  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes, 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult   female  never   with  paraphyses. 

e.    Adult    female    with    mesothorax    and    metathorax    never 
separated  by  deep  transverse  constriction, 
f.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without   lattice-shaped  thick- 
enings;  usually  with  four  or  five  large  distinct  groups 
of   genacerores;    preabdomen    and    pygidium    frequently 
with  numerous  brevaceratubae. 

g.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobes; 
second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  incised;  median  in- 
cisura  without  plates;  scale  of  adult  female  with 

dense  white  cottony  or  fluffy  covering  of  wax 

Trichomytilus  Leon. 

gg.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  more  than  three 
pairs  of  lobes;  second  and  third  pairs  sometimes  in- 
cised; median  incisura  with  or  without  plates;  scale 
of  adult  female  naked,  not  with  dense  white  cottony 
or  fluffy  covering  of  wax. 

h.    Pygidium   of   adult    female   with   median    pair   of 
lobes  rarely  adjacent,  if  so,  only  at  proximal  ends 
and  not  forming  single  semicircular  area, 
i.    Adult   female   with  pygidium   and   segments  of 
preabdomen   with   distinct,    irregular,   subtrans- 
verse   rows    of   oraceratubae,    outlets    of   breva- 
ceratubae;   pygidium    apparently    always    with 
altaceratubae. 
j.    Pygidium     of     adult     female     always     with 

plates  in  median  incisura. 
k.    Pygidium    of    adult    female    always    with 
three   pairs    of   lobes.— Type,   Lepidosaphes 

bicornis  G.  &  L Triaspidis  MacG. 

kk.    Pygidium    of    adult    female    always    with 
less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes. 
1.    Pygidium    of   adult   female   always   with 

two  distinct  pairs  of  lobes, 
m.    Adult    female    with    cephalic    end    of 
body    never    provided    with    strongly 
chitinized  tooth-like  projections, 
n.    Preabdomen    with    lateral    margins 
of  its  segments  never  produced  into 
claw-like  processes, 
o.    Adult    female   with    cephalic   end 
of  ithe  body  never  with  a  trans- 


274  THE   COCCIDAE 


verse     constriction     cephalad     of 
antennae. 

p.  Adult  female  with  cephalo-lat- 
eral  angles  of  body  never  pro- 
duced into  ringed  horn-like 
projections;  body  always  nor- 
mal in  form 

Lepidosaphes  Shimer. 
pp.    Adult  female   with   cephalo-lat- 
eral     angles    of    body    always 
produced     into     ringed     horn- 
like   projections. — Type,    Myti- 

laspis  ocellata  Green 

Cornuaspis  Mac. 

oo.  Adult  female  with  cephalic  end 
of  body  always  with  transverse 
constriction  cephalad  of  antennae, 
separating  off  head-like  portion. 
— Type,  Mytilaspis  occuli  Green. 
Cephalaspis  MacG. 

nn.  Preabdomen  with  lateral  margins 
of  its  segments  always  produced 
into  prominent  claw-like  processes. 
—  Type,  Lepidosaphes  ungulata 

Green. Ungulaspis  MacG. 

mm.  Adult  female  with  cephalic  end  of 
body  always  provided  with  distinct 
numerous  strongly  chitinized  tooth- 
like  projections. — Type,  Mytilaspis  ser- 

rifrons  Leon Scobinaspis  MacG. 

11.    Pygidium    of   adult    female    always   with 
single     pair     of     distinct     lobes. — Type, 

Mytilaspis    wilga    Leon 

Leonardaspis  MacG. 
jj-    Pygidium    of    adult    female    always    without 

plates   in   median   incisura. 
k.    Pygidium    of     adult     female     never     with 
prominent    pygidial    incision;    median    pair 
of  lobes  with  proximal  ends  not  adjacent. 
1.    Pygidium    of   adult    female    always    with 
more    than    one    pair    of    lobes. — Type, 

Mytilaspis  intermedia  Mask 

Scrupulaspis  MacG. 

11.    Pygidium    of    adult    female    never    with 
more    than    one    pair    of    lobes. — Type, 

Mytilaspis  spinifera  Mask 

Berlesaspis  MacG. 

kk.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with 
prominent  pygidial  incision;  median  pair 
of  lobes  with  their  proximal  ends  united. 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  275 

1.    Pygidium    of    adult    female    with    three 
pairs   of  lobes. — Type,   Mytilaspis   phym- 

atodidis  Mask. Fusilaspis  MacG. 

11.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs 

of  lobes.— Type,  Mytilaspis  nivea  Mask.__ 

Albastaspis  MacG. 

ii.  Adult  female  with  pygidium  and  segments  of 
preabdomen  without  subtransverse  rows  of  ora- 
ceratubae,  forming  outleits  of  brevaceratubae; 

pygidium  always   with  altaceratubae 

Pinnaspis  Ckll. 

hh.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  adjacent,  two  lobes  together  forming  single 
semicircular  area. — Type,  Lepidosaphes  hemichion- 

aspiformis  Green. Hemiaspis  MacG. 

ff.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lattice-shaped  thicken- 
ings and  with  three  small  indistinct  groups  of  gena- 
cerores;  preabdomen  and  pygidium  without  or  with 

only  few  brevaceratubae Ischnaspis  Doug. 

ee.  Adult  female  with  mesothorax  and  metathorax  separated 
by  deep  transverse  constriction;  pygidium  with  two  pairs 
of  lobes,  second  pair  incised;  median  incisura  with  two 

plates.   Mytilella  Leon. 

dd.    Pygidium   of  adult  female   with   mesal   pair   of  club-shaped 
paraphyses  and  with  single  pair  of  lobes. — Type,  Lepidosaphes 

hawaiiensis  Mask. Andaspis  MacG. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  plates  cephalad  of 
median  pair  of  lobes,  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  second  pair  in- 
cised; plates  of  median  incisura  very  small 

Aonidomytilus  Leon. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  into 
single  projection;  sometimes  with  more  than  five  groups  of  gena- 

cerores. — Type,  Mytilaspis  uniloba  Knw Lepidaspidis  MacG. 

..    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  groups  of  genacerores. 
b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  at  least  one  pair  of  lobes, 
c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  plates, 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  lattice-shaped  thicken- 
ings. 

e.  Adult  female  with  mesothorax  and  metathorax  never  sepa- 
rated by  deep  transverse  constriction. 

f.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  lateral  margins  broad- 
ly convexly  convergent  caudad,  with  caudal  end  con- 
vexly  rounded,  never  truncate,  with  two,  rarely  three, 
pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  always  different 
in  form  and  size  from  the  others;  scale  of  male  and 
female  not  with  prominent  transverse  constrictions, 
g.  Body  with  metacoria  located  near  middle  of  its 
length;  portion  of  body  cephalad  of  meltacoria  usually 


276  THE   COCCIDAE 

only   slightly   longer   than   portion   caudad   of   it,   al- 
ways less  than  twice  as  long. Coccomytilus  Leon. 

gg.  Body  with  metacoria  located  distinctly  caudad  of 
middle  of  its  length;  portion  of  body  cephalad  of 
metacoria  more  than  twice  as  long  as  portion  caudad 

of  it. — Type,  Dinaspis  ichesii  Leon Dinaspis  Leon. 

ff.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  caudal  end  broadly 
truncate  and  bearing  three  pairs  of  pointed,  triangu- 
lar, equidistant,  similar,  subequal  lobes;  scale  of  male 
and  female  with  six  or  more  prominent  transverse  con- 
strictions.   Allantomytilus  Leon. 

ee.  Adult  female  with  mesothorax  and  metathorax  separated 
by  deep  transverse  constriction;  pygidium  with  three  pairs 

of  lobes.  Optuntiaspis  Ckll. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  distinct  lattice-shaped 
thickenings;    brevaceratubae    few   in    number    or    wanting. — 

Type,  Ischnaspis  spathulata  Lindgr Parischnaspis  MacG. 

cc.    Pygidium   of   adult   female    without   plates. 

d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  at  most  never  more  than 
twice  width  of  median  lobe  apart. 

e.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  distinct  lobes,  median  pair 
as  large  as  second  pair;  preabdomen  with  caudo-lateral 
angles  of  segments  with  strong  finger-like  processes. — 

Type,  Mytilaspis  argentata  Ckll Niveaspis  MacG. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  minute, 
indistinct,  not  more  than  one-sixth  width  of  second  lobe; 
preabdomen  with  caudo-lateral  angles  not  with  finger-like 
processes. — Fernaldella  Leon. — Type,  Mytilaspis  indentata 

Green. Fernaldanna  MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  four  or  more  times  width 
of   median   lobe   apart;    median    and    second    pairs    of   lobes 

minute. — Type,  Mytilaspis  beyeriae  Green 

Maskellanna  MacG. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes  or  plates,  with  four  stout, 
equidistant,  conical  projections  extending  from  surface  of  pygi- 
dium beyond  its  margin. Phaulomytilus  Leon. 

SPECIES  OF  TRICHOMYTILUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  bluntly  rounded,  longer 
than  broad,  entire,  distant:  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  much  smaller  than  lateral,  bluntly  pointed,  entire;  third  pair 
of  lobes  broad,  deeply  and  broadly  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  pointed, 
subequal,  entire;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised,  similar  in  size 
and  form  to  third  pair;  plates  arranged  0,  3,  3,  3,  2,  long  and  slender, 
much  longer  than  lobes;  genacerores  5-6(13-18)19-24. — Australia  on 
Eucalyptus.  formosus  Mask. 

SPECIES   OF  TRIASPIDIS 

a.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  at  most  only  notched- 
b.    Pygidium  with  furcapectinae  between  lobes. 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  277 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  denticulate  at 
distal  end;  median  pair  of  lobes  obliquely  truncate  at  distal 
end;  lateres  bearing  furcapectinae;  genacerores  8-11(20-22)20- 

22.— Australia  on  Banksia. banksiae  Mask. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  lobes  broadly  rounded  at  distal  end  and  notched 
on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  lateres  bearing  plates;  gena- 
cerores in  five  confused  groups,  13-13(20-22)16-18. — Pinnaspis 
nitidus  Brittin  (Green.) — New  Zealand  on  Dysoxylum,  Atiier- 

osperma,  Coprosoma,  Rhipogonium,  Pinus. pyriformis  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  plates,  never  with  furcapectinae  between  lobes; 
lobes  notched  or  coarsely  crenulate;  second  and  third  pairs  much 
smaller  than  first;  plates  large  and  prominent,  arranged  2,  2,  3, 
4-6;  genacerores  14-14(23-31)21-21. — New  Zealand  on  Leptosper- 

mum.  leptospermi  Mask. 

,.     Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

b.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  at  most  only  deeply 
notched  on  lateral  margin. 

c.  Pygidium  with  each  second  and  third  incisura  with  two 
plates,  also  median  incisura,  and  four  on  each  lateris  arranged 
in  two  groups  of  two  each;  median  pair  of  lobes  deeply 
notched  on  lateral  margin,  second  and  third  pairs  faintly 
notched;  genacerores  9-11(19-26)18-25;  mesospiracerores  9-14. — 

Australia  on  Eucalyptus. bicornis  Green  &  Lidg. 

cc.    Pygidium    with    each    second    and   third    incisura   with    single 

plate. 

d.  Pygidium  with  two  hair-like  plates  between  median  pair  of 
lobes;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged in  three  equidistant  groups  of  two  each;  median  pair 
of  lobes  with  two  small  lateral  notches,  second  with  single 
deep  lateral  notch,  and  third  with  two  small  notches;  gena- 
cerores 7-7(10-12)10-12,  five  groups  adjacent, — Lepidosaphes 

fulleri   Fern. — Australia  on  Banksia elongata  Fuller. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  between  median  pair  of  lobes  as 
long  as  other  plates  and  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes; 
plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  situated,  one 
near  third  lobe  and  other  near  middle  of  lateris;  median 
pair  of  lobes  oblique,  large,  finely  serrate,  set  in  emargina- 
tion;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  truncately  rounded,  finely 
serrate,  mesal  lobelet  as  large  or  larger  than  median  lobe; 
third  pair  of  lobes  comparatively  large,  truncately  rounded, 
finely  serrate,  subequal  to  lateral  loblet  of  second  pair; 

genacerores  0-7(7-7)3-3. — South  Africa  on  Loranthus 

kamerunensis  Lindgr. 
bb.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

c.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  consisting  of  more  than 

three    lobelets. 

d.    Pygidium  with  each  third  lobe  divided  into  two  lobelets. 
e.    Pygidium  with  median   pair  of  lobes  with  one  notch  on 
mesal  and  two  on  lateral  margin. 


278  THE    COCCIDAE 

f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  with  notch  on  lateral 
margin;  third  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  lobelet  pointed 
and  smaller  than  lateral;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  3, 
always  simple,  those  of  median  incisura  hardly  longer 
than  lobes  and  shorter  than  other  plates;  genacerores 

27-27(28-35)31-33. — Mexico   on   Ortica mexicana  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  promi- 
nent; second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  two  lobelets 
subequal;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  deeply  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  twice  as  broad  as  lateral,  lateral  lobelet 
bluntly  pointed;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  me- 
dian incisura  small,  shorter  than  median  pair  of  lobes, 
other  plates  long  and  stout,  those  of  each  lateris  near 
third  lobe;  genacerores  5-5(7-10)7-9. — Mexico  on  Chil- 

opsis.  chilopsidis  Marl. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  entire  or  finely 

serrate  or  slightly  crenulate,  not  notched. 

f.    Pygidium  with  single  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 

g.    Pygidium   with   genacerores   7-7(12-13)10-11;    median 

pair  of  lobes   large,   pointed,  finely  serrate,   distant; 

second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  rounded, 

finely   serrate,    mesal   lobelet   largest;    third    pair   of 

lobes    smaller   than   second,    similar    in    form,    mesal 

lobelet   largest;    plates   arranged   2,   1,  1,   2,   those  of 

each  lateris  situated,  one  near  third  lobe  and  other 

slightly  beyond   middle;    second   and   third   incisurae 

prolonged  as  pointed  lobe-like  structures  bearing  Jra- 

ceratubae. — South  Africa   on   Macrolobium 

meridionalis  Lindgr. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  genacerores  2-2(5-6)3-3;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  bluntly  rounded,  oblique,  serrate;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  rounded, 
almost  entire,  mesal  lobelet  longer  and  broader  than 
lateral;  third  pair  of  lobes  larger  than  usual, 
smaller  than  second  pair,  deeply  incised,  bluntly 
rounded,  subentire;  plates  2,  1,  1,  2,  those  of  each 
lateris  situated  one  near  third  lobe  and  other  near 
cephalic  end;  median  incisura  deeply  hollowed  out, 
its  plates  subequal  in  length  to  median  lobes;  second 
and  third  incisurae  with  blunt  lobe-like  projections 

bearing  oraceratubae. — South  Africa  on  Crudia 

crudiae  Lindgr. 
ff.    Pygidium  without  plates  in  median  incisura. 

g.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  at  least 
not  fused   at  proximal  end. 

h.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  9-9(16-18)9-10;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral;  third  pair  of  lobes  broad  and  very 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  279 

short,  deeply  incised,  lateral  lobelet  usually  mi- 
nutely crenulate;  plates  arranged  2,  0,  2,  5,  those 
of  each  lateris  in  two  groups,  caudal  group  of  one 
or  two  near  third  pair  of  lobes  and  cephalic  group 
of  two  or  three  some  distance  cephalad  of  caudal 
group;  lateral  margin  of  three  caudal  segments 
of  the  preabdomen  with  three  plates  each. — Mexi- 
co on  Mimosa. mimosarum  Ckll. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-4(6-7)3-4;  median 
pair  of  lobes  pointed,  finely  serrate,  distant;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  round- 
ed, subentire,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral, 
lateral  different  in  shape  but  subequal  in  size  to 
median  lobe;  third  pair  of  lobes  large,  deeply 
incised,  subentire,  lobelets  bluntly  rounded,  mesal 
lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral;  plates  arranged 
2,  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  situated,  one  near 
third  lobe,  one  near  middle  projection,  and  other 
at  cephalic  end;  plates  of  median  incisura  as  long 
as  or  longer  than  median  lobes;  second  and  third 
incisurae  with  blunt  lobe-like  projections  bearing 
oraceratubae;  each  lateris  finely  serrate  with  lata- 

dentes. — South   Africa  on   Cynometra 

aberrans  Lindgr. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  at  proxi- 
mal end,  the  median  incisura  represented  by  narrow 
deep  indentation,  distal  ends  bluntly  rounded,  en- 
tire; second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  lobelets 
adjacent  to  each  other  and  median  lobe;  third  pair 
of  lobes  deeply  incised,  tooth-like  projections; 
plates  arranged  2,  0,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  in 
three  groups,  group  of  two  near  third  lobe,  three 
equidistant  near  middle,  and  one  at  cephalic  end; 
plates  of  median  incisura  short  and  slender,  much 
smaller  than  other  plates;  postgenacerores  four, 

others  not  determined. — India  on  Aglaia 

travancorensis  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  each  third  lobe  divided  into  three  lobelets, 
median  portion  largest  and  lateral  portion  notched,  not 
pointed;  median  pair  of  lobes  notched  on  lateral  and  mesal 
margins;  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair  notched  on  lateral 
margin;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  2,  all  large  and  subequal 
in  size,  much  longer  than  lobes,  those  cephalad  of  second 
pair  of  lobes  sometimes  furcapectinae;  two  plates  of  each 
lateris  distant;  genacerores  7-8(10-15)14-19.— Brazil  on 

Baccharis. perlonga  Ckll. 

2.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  consisting  of  considerable 
number  of  minute  lobelets,  always  more  than  five;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
two  lobelets  entire  and  subequal;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  1,  2, 
those  of  median  and  second  incisurae  short,  not  at  all  or  only 


280  THE   COCCIDAE 

slightly  longer  than  lobes  adjacent  to  them,  plates  of  each 
lateris  distant;  genacerores  7-7(11-12)8-14.— Australia  on  Eu- 
calyptus.   lidgetti  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  LEPIDOSAPHES 

a.    Pygidium  with  second   pair  of  lobes  not  incised  or  at  most  only 
deeply  notched. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  their  proximal  ends 
distant;  plates  of  median  incisura  always  much  longer  than 
median  pair  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  deeply  notched  on  mesal 
and  lateral  margins;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  notched  on 
mesal  and  lateral  margins,  bluntly  pointed;  plates  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  large  and  broad,  much  longer  than  lobes,  three  plates 
of  each  lateris  near  second  lobe;  lateris  deeply  incised  and 
finely  serrate;  genacerores  3-3(5-8)3-6. — Australia  on  Mela- 

leuca.    melaleucae    Mask. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  deeply  notched,  finely 

serrate  or  entire. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  broadly  rounded, 
finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  inconspicuous; 
plates  arranged  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  adjacent  near 
second  lobe;  plates  long  and  slender,  distinctly  longer  than 

lobes;   genacerores  3-3(7-10)7-9. — Japan  on  Miscanthus 

arii  Knw. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  en- 
tire; second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape  and  smaller; 
plates  arranged  2,  2,  9,  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than 
the  lobes,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  groups  of  three; 
lateres  entire,  not  deeply  incised;  genacerores  1-7(15-15)15-22. 

— Algeria  on  Ampelodesma. ampelodesmae  Newat. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes   with  their  proximal  ends 
adjacent. 

c.  Pygidium  with  four  groups  of  genacerores,  (3-3)4-4;  median 
pair  of  lobes  longest  on  mesal  half,  lateral  margin  longer  than 
mesal,  both  sloping  and  finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes 
much  smaller  and  finger-shaped;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1-3,  those 
of  median  incisura  small,  those  of  each  lateris  much  larger 

than  others. — Japan   on  Calicornia,   Elaeagnus,  Quercus 

crawii  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  five  groups  of  genacerores,  2-3(8-11)5-6. — This 
was  described  as  variety  of  crawii  Ckll.  The  figures  of 
Maskell  and  Leonardi  and  description  of  Cockerell  are  more 
different  than  is  implied  by  description  by  Maskell.  Japan  on 

Quercus.  canaliculata  Mask. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

b.  Pygidium  with  proximal  ends  of  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly 
separated. 

c.  Pygidium  with  only  single  plate  or  without  plates  in  each 
second  incisura. 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  281 

d.    Pygidium  with  single  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 

e.  Pygidium  with  furcapectinae  on  each  lateris;  plates  and 
pectinae  arranged  2,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  situated, 
two  plates  adjacent  to  each  second  lobe,  four  pectinae  in 
two  groups  of  two  each  equidistant  from  each  other  and 
caudal  group  of  plates;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  round- 
ed, notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  incised,  lobe- 
lets  entire  or  finely  notched;  genacerores  4-4(6-7)4-5. — 

Ceylon  on  Lasianthus. lasianthi  Green. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  plates  on  each  lateris,  never  with  furca- 
pectinae. 

f.  Pygidium  with  plates  located  on  each  lateris  at  caudal 
end,  at  cephalic  end,  and  near  middle,  one  of  groups 
sometimes  wanting. 

g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  6-6(10-12)8-10;  median 
pair  of  lobes  not  especially  large,  rounded  at  ends, 
with  minute  lateral  lobelets;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  plates  ar- 
ranged 2,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  situated,  one 
near  each  second  lobe,  one  near  middle,  and  one  at 
cephalic  end. — Mexico  on  "Laurel-tree",  Yucca, 

Agave.    nigra   Ckll. 

gg.    Pygidium  with  genacerores   3-4(6-6)4-4. 

h.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  oblique,  fair- 
ly large,  bluntly  rounded,  margins  finely  serrate; 
second  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised,  each  mesal 
lobelet  larger  than  median  lobe,  bluntly  rounded, 
margin  finely  serrate;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  3, 
those  of  each  lateris  large  and  broad,  situated  one 
near  each  second  lobe,  one  near  middle,  and  one 
at  cephalic  end;  plates  of  median  and  second  in- 
cisurae  large,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  lobes. — 

South  Africa  on  Macrolobium tenuior  Lindgr. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  sepa- 
rated, not  oblique,  margins  with  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches,  with  a  median  pointed  process; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral  and  one-third  width  of  median 
lobe;  plates  arranged  2,  1-0,  4,  those  of  each 
lateris  large  and  broad,  in  two  groups  of  two 
plates  each,  one  group  near  cephalic  end  and 
other  midway  between  cephalic  group  and  second 
lobe;  plates  of  median  incisura  slender,  longer 
than  lobes;  each  second  incisura  with  blunt  pro- 
jection bearing  an  oraceratuba;  anus  located  ce- 
phalad  of  mesogenacerores. — Ceylon  on  Hevea. 

fasciata  Green. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  plates  on  each  lateris  at  caudal  end 
only;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1-2,  long,  as  long  as  lobes, 
broad  at  proximal  end;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 


THE    COCCIDAE 

symmetrical,  broadly  spatulate,  indistinctly  three- 
notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar,  much  smaller, 
unsymmetrical,  incised,  lateral  lobelet  longer  than 
broad;  genacerores  3-3(7-8)7-8.— Turkey  in  Asia  on 

Juniperus.  juniperi  Lindgr. 

dd.    Pygidium  without  plates  in  second  incisurae. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  broadly  round- 
ed, notched  on  lateral  and  mesal  margins;  second  pair 
of  lobes  small,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral; 
plates  arranged  2,  0,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in 
two  groups  of  two  each,  one  near  middle,  other  at  the 
cephalic  end;  median  incisura  with  pointed  projection, 
second  incisurae  with  blunt  projection  bearing  oracera- 
.tuba  and  seta;  genacerores  3-4(6-6)4-4. — Philippine  Is- 
lands, Ceylon  on  Eugenia,  Hevea rubrovitatus  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  pointed,  en- 
tire or  inconspicuously  notched,  distant;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral; 
plates  arranged  2,  0,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  placed,  one 
near  each  second  lobe,  one  near  middle,  other  at  cephalic 
end;  median  incisura  with  spine-like  projection  between 
plates,  each  second  incisura  with  lobe-like  projection  bear- 
ing oraceratuba;  genacerores  4-7(6-7)4-4. — Seychelles 

auriculata  Green. 
cc.    Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura. 

d.    Pygidium  with  median   pair  of  lobes  distinctly  notched   or 
coarsely  crenulate  on  disital  portion,  never  entire. 
e.    Pygidium   never   with   more   than   four   genacerores,   nine 
pregenacerores,   and  nine   postgenacerores,   usually   within 
following  limits:   2-5(3-9)3-9. 

f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
g.  Pygidium  with  plates  of  median  incisura  subequal 
in  length  or  shorter  than  median  lobes;  median  pair 
of  lobes  broad  and  rounded,  lateral  margins  usually 
notched,  widely  separated;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, entire;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  4-6,  those  of  sec- 
ond incisurae  long  and  slender,  twice  as  long  as 
median  lobes;  genacerores  2-5(3-6)3-6. — Algeria  on 

Ficus.   minima  Newst. 

Eg.    Pygdium  with  plates  of  median  incisura  always  dis- 
tinctly longer  than  median  lobes. 

h.  Preabdomen  with  lateral  margins  of  its  caudal 
segment  with  four  plates  on  each  side;  pygidium 
with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  subtruncate, 
notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  margins  subtruncate;  plates 
arranged  2,  0,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
in  three  equidistant  groups  of  two  each,  one  near 
second  lobe,  one  near  middle,  and  one  at  cephalic 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  283 

end;    lateris    irregular,    dentate;    genacerores    4-4 
(6-6)5-6. — Philippine  Islands  on  Cocos 

macgregori  Banks. 

hh.    Preabdomen    with    lateral    margins    of   its   caudal 
segments  with  two  plates  on  each  side. 

i.    Genacerores  4-4(4-4)4-4. — Italy  on  Ficus. 

ficifolii  Berl. 

ii.    Genacerores  3-5(5-8)4-7. — Italy  on  Ulmus 

ficifolii  ulmicola  Leon. 

ff.    Pygidium   with   median   pair   of   lobes  moderately   long 
and  narrow,  always  longer  than  broad;  plates  of  median 
incisura  always   distinctly  longer  than  median  lobes, 
g.     Scale  of  adult  female  reddish  brown;   ventral  scale 
with    two     margins     subadjacent,     division     between 
them   linear;    pygidium   with   median   pair   of   lobes 
distant,  notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;   sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  margins  of  lobelets  entire 
or  notched;   plates  arranged  2,  2,  2,  6,  those  between 
lobes    shorter    and    smaller    than    others    which    are 
long   and    slender;    genacerores    3-5(6-11)4-6. — United 
States,    Mexico,    South   America,   West    Indies,   Asia, 
Ceylon,    Australia,    South    Africa    on    orange,    lime, 

palms,  magnolia.  gloverii  Pack. 

gg.  Scale  of  adult  female  pale  straw  color  or  fulvous; 
ventral  scale  with  two  margins  straight  but  distant, 
division  between  them  not  linear;  genacerores 

3-3(7-8)4-4. — Ceylon  on  unidentified  shrub. 

gloverii  pallida  Green. 

.  Pygidium  never  with  less  than  five  mesogenacerores,  nine 
pregenacerores,  and  nine  postgenacerores,  usually  within 
following  limits:  5-14(9-24)9-23. 

f.  Pygidium  with  conspicuous  double  transverse  series  of 
oraceratubae  extending  on  each  side  from  level  of  anus 
almost  to  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes  conspicuous, 
bluntly  pointed,  irregularly  crenulate  or  dentate;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger; 
plates  of  usual  number;  genacerores  6-7(9-10)8-9. — 

Java  on  Coffea. corrugata  Green. 

ff.  Pygidium  not  with  conspicuous  double  transverse  series 
of  oraceratubae. 

g.    Pygidium    with    median   pair    of   lobes    crenulate    at 
distal  end,  but  not  deeply  notched,  frequently  pointed; 
mesogenacerores  arranged  in  single  transverse  row. 
h.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  pointed  and 
finely  serrate  or  crenulate. 

i.  Body  never  with  series  of  four  or  five  stout 
spines  on  each  side  of  metathorax  and  segments 
of  preabdomen;  pygidium  with  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  lateral  lobelet  much  smaller  than 


284  THE   COCCIDAE 

mesal,  mesal  lobelet  sometimes  with  lateral 
notch;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  in  three  equdistant  groups  of 
two  each. 

j.    Genacerores    5-8(9-17)7-12;     mesospiracerores 

6-9. — Lepidosaphes     beckii     Newm. — America, 

Europe,    Africa,    Asia,    Australia    on    orange, 

lemon,    citron,    fig,    grape-fruit,    oak,    croton, 

Elaeagnus,   Banksia,   Taxus,   Pomaderris,   etc. 

pinnaeformis  Bouche. 

jj.    Genacerores      11-11  (10-13)  11-11.  —  Italy       on 

olive.    pinnaeformis   oleae   Leon. 

ii  Body  with  series  of  stout  spines  on  each  side 
of  metathorax  and  each  segment  of  preabdo- 
men;  pygidium  with  two  distinct  pairs  of  lobes 
and  broad  inconspicuous  slightly  projecting 
area  in  position  of  third  pair;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  margins  minutely  denticulate, 
sloping  each  side  to  blunt  point;  second  pair 
of  lobes  smaller  than  median,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets  blunt- 
ly pointed;  plates  slender,  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  in  three  equidistant 
groups  of  two  each;  mesospiracerores  numer- 
ous, metaspiracerores  wanting;  genacerores 
4-7(11-14)12-15;  anus  located  cephalad  of  meso- 
genacerores  and  vulva  between  postgenacerores. 

— Australia  on  Cassinia cassiniae  Green. 

hh.    Pygidium    with     median     pair    of    lobes     bluntly 
pointed. 

i.  Genacerores  4-4(11-13)7-8;  pygidium  with  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  bluntly  pointed  and  finely 
serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lateral 
lobelet  much  smaller  than  mesal;  plates  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
in  three  equidistant  groups  of  two  each;  me- 
dian incisura  with  marginal  projecting  point. — 

India  on   Piper.   piperis   Green. 

ii.  Genacerores  6-6(7-7)9-9;  pygidium  with  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  well  developed  with  crenu- 
late  margins;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
margins  of  lobelets  crenulate;  plates  large  and 
prominent,  arranged  2,  2,  and  several  on  each 

lateris. — Japan  on  vine buzenensis  Knw. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  blunt  at  distal 
end,  notched,  not  crenulate  or  finely  serrate,  some- 
times with  smaller  indentations  within  notches; 
mesogenacerores  always  arranged  in  two  or  more 
transverse  rows. 
h.  Pygdium  with  six  plates  on  each  lateris;  median 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  285 

pair  of  lobes  large,  broad,  blunt,  deeply  notched 
on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than 
lateral,  their  margins  entire  or  irregularly 
notched;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  in  three  equidistant  groups  of 
two  each;  genacerores  5-14(9-24)8-18;  mesospira- 
cerores  3-6. — United  States,  Brazil,  Europe,  Japan, 
Australia  on  elm,  apple,  pear,  plum,  willow,  dog- 
wood, poplar,  etc. ulmi  Linn. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  five  plates  on  each  lateris;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  broad,  blunt,  deeply 
notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger 
than  lateral;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  5,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  in  three  equidistant  groups, 
two  at  caudal  end,  two  at  cephalic  end,  and  one 
near  middle;  genacerores  10-10(14-14)21-23;  meso- 

spiracerores  11. — New  Zealand  on  Pittosporum 

multipora  Leon. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire  and  rounded  at 
distal  end,  at  most,  only  finely  notched. 

e.    Pygidium   with   mesal   lobelet  of  each   second   lobe   never 
approximating  median  lobe  in  size,  always  much  smaller, 
f.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
subtriangular  in   outline;   second  pair  of  lobes   incised, 
two  lobelets  subequal  in  length,  margins  entire;   plates 
arranged    2,    2,    6,   those   on    each   side   of   each   second 
pair  of  lobes   distinctly   shorter  than   others,   each   lat- 
eris with   plates   arranged   in  three   equidistant   groups 
of  two  each,  two  cephalic  groups  in  deep  indentations; 

genacerores   4-4(7-9)7-8. — Japan   on   Eurya 

euryae  Knw. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  broad,  sometimes  faintly  or  irregularly 
notched,  distal  end  broadly  rounded  or  truncated;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  two  lobelets  with  entire  mar- 
gins, mesal  distinctly  longer  than  lateral;  plates  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  4,  those  on  each  side  of  each  second  pair 
of  lobes  subequal  in  length  to  those  of  median  incisura, 
each  lateris  with  four  plates  in  three  equidistant 
groups,  two  at  caudal  end,  one  near  middle,  and  one  at 
cephalic  end,  those  of  two  cephalic  groups  much  smaller 
than  plates  of  caudal  group;  genacerores  1-7(7-13)7-12; 

mesospiracerores   2-3. — Bohemia,  Japan  on   Pinus 

newsteadi  Sulc. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  mesal  lobelet  of  each  second  lobe  equal  to 
median  lobe  in  size;  median  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  long, 
lateral  and  distal  margins  convex,  converging,  distal  end 
rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  as  large  as  median  lobe,  broader  than  long,  subquad- 


286  THE    COCCIDAE 

rangular,  distal  margin  oblique,  entire,  lateral  lobelet  tri- 
angular, minute;  plates  of  incisurae  subequal  in  length 
to  lobes,  others  longer,  arranged  2,  2,  1-2-2-2;  each  lateris 
with  broad  cristate  prominence  in  position  of  third  lobe; 
altaceratubae  four  on  each  side,  arranged  1-2-1;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  few  in  number,  arranged  in  rows;  anus  lo- 
cated cephalad  of  mesogenacerores;  genacerores  3-5(6-9) 

7-9. — Seychelles  on  cocoanut  palm duponti  Green. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  proximal  ends  of  median  pair  of  lobes  contiguous 
or  nearly  so;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  with  one  mesal  and 
two  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  with  lateral  notch;  plates  arranged 
2,  2,  6,  those  of  second  inciscurae  much  smaller  than  others,  each 
lateris  with  six  subequidistant  plates  in  three  groups  of  two 
each;  genacerores  7-12(9-15)7-12;  mesospiracerores  about  3. — 

Europe  on  fig.  ficus  Sign. 

SPECIES  OF  CORNUASPIS 

a.  Body  with  cephalic  end  rounded  with  well  defined  eye-spots  sur- 
rounded by  fine  concentric  lines  on  a  leval  with  rudimentary  anten- 
nae; pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  distant;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  each  lobelet  distinctly  less  than  one-half  size  of  each 
median  lobelet;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  6;  genacerores  2-4(9-10)7-8. — 

Seychelles  on  Davallia. ocellata  Green. 

aa.  Body  with  cephalic  end  truncate,  its  lateral  angles  produced  into 
ringed  horn-like  pappillae;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
rounded  and  notched  on  lateral  and  mesal  margins;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  entire  or  nearly  so;  furcapectinae  arranged  2,  1,  5, 
projection  on  one  side  of  furcapectinae  small  and  distant  from  dis- 
tal end;  genacerores  consisting  of  twenty-four  cerores  arranged  in 

a  crescent,   4-4(6-7)4-6. — Philippine  Islands   on   Cocos 

unicolor  Banks. 
SPECIES  OF  CEPHALASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  pointed  and  finely  serrate; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lateral  lobelet  much  smaller  than  mesal, 
entire;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  three 
equidistant  groups  of  three  each;  two  caudal  segments  of  preabdomen 
on  each  side  with  four  or  five  plates;  genacerores  1-6(8-13)6-8;  meso- 
spiracerores 3-4. — Ceylon  on  Cocculus cocculi  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  UNGULASPIS 

Preabdomen  with  margins  of  its  segments  strongly  produced  and  pro* 
duced  portions  with  claw-like  processes;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  faintly  notched  on  lateral  and  mesal  margins;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral;  plates  arranged 
2,  2,  6;  each  lateris  with  three  indentations,  each  with  pair  of  plates; 
genacerores  3-3(6-9)4-6. — Java  on  Syzygium. ungulata  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  SCOBINASPIS 

Head  with  cephalic  and  ventral  aspects  in  region  of  antennae  with  num- 
ber of  tooth-like  projections;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
short  and  broad,  faintly  notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  lateral  lobelet  much  smaller  than  mesal; 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI        '  287 

plates  arranged  2,  2,  5,  slender  in  form  and  longer  than  lobes,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  in  three  equidistant  groups  of  one,  two,  and 
two;  genacerores  4-4(5-6)4-6. — Italy  on  Croton serrifrons  Leon. 

SPECIES   OF  LEONARDASPIS 

Pygidium  with  only  single  pair  of  distinct  lobes,  the  median  pair  short, 
about  as  broad  as  long,  distal  margin  broad,  notched  on  mesal  and  lat- 
eral margins;  plates  arranged  2,  3,  those  of  median  incisura  short  and 
small,  hardly  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  those  of  each  lateris 
much  longer  and  arranged  singly  and  distant  from  each  other;  margin 
of  lateris  thickened,  toothed;  genacerores  5-5(24-27)29-35. — Australia 
on  an  unknown  plant. wilga  Leon. 

SPECIES  OF   SCRUPULASPIS 
a.    Pygidium   with   second  pair   of  lobes  not  incised. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  distant,  dis- 
tance between  them  greater  than  width  of  one  of  second  pair  of 
lobes. 

c.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  long, 
d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  lateral  margin 

slightly  crenulate,  projecting  very  slightly. 

e.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  9-15(13-17)10-17;  second  pair 
of  lobes  small,  rounded,  entire;  plates  arranged  2,  4,  12, 
those  of  median  incisura  largest,  resemble  large  setae, 
those  of  second  incisura  short,  subdivided,  pectinae-like, 
may  be  typical  number  or  toothed  prolongations  of  mar- 
gin, those  cephalad  of  each  second  pair  of  lobes  six  or 
seven,  subdivided,  and  two  distant  groups  cephalad  of 
these  on  each  lateris. — New  Zealand  on  Leptospermum.__ 

intermedia  Mask. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  1-3(6-9)4-7;  median  pair  of 
lobes  narrower  than  in  typical  form,  other  lobes  obsoles- 
cent; plates  very  small  and  inconspicuous;  lateral  mar- 
gins of  segments  of  preabdomen  not  markedly  produced. — 

Australia  on  Acacia intermedia  victoriae  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  only  slightly 
projecting,  rounded,  truncate,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  finger-shaped,  bluntly  pointed;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3, 
those  of  each  second  incisura  filling  space  between  lobes, 
as  broad  as  median  lobe,  with  spine-like  projection  on  mesal 
corner,  hardly  longer  than  lobes,  those  of  each  lateris  situ- 
ated, small  one  near  second  lobe,  one  at  middle,  third  at 
cephalic  end;  caudal  segment  of  preabdomen  with  two 
plates  on  each  side;  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent;  gena- 
cerores 4-4(12-16)12-13.— Java  on  Persea longula  Leon. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular  or  subtriangu- 
lar,  longer  than  broad,  margins  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes 
similar  in  general  form  to  median  but  smaller,  entire;  plates 
arranged  0,  2,  3,  those  of  second  incisurae  about  as  long  as 


288  THE   COCCIDAE 

second    pair   of   lobes,    those    of   each    lateris    in    two    distant 

groups,  two  and  one;  genacerores  2-4(6-9)1-6. — Australia 

defecta  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes  close  together, 
not  as  far  apart  as  width  of  one  of  second  lobes. 
c.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  narrower  than 

median  pair. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  broadly  rounded, 
not  notched,  finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  tri- 
angular, adjacent  to  first  lobe,  margin  irregular;  plates 
large,  arranged  0,  0,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  two 
adjacent  to  each  second  lobe,  shorter  than  other  plates,  one 
near  middle,  and  fourth  at  cephalic  end;  genacerores  8-10 

(14-15)16-24.— Australia    on    Banksia grandiloUs   Mask. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  margin  broad- 
ly crenulate,  triangular  in  outline  with  distal  end  bluntly 
rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  broadly  rounded,  subtrian- 
gular,  near  but  not  adjacent;  plates  apparently  wanting; 

genacerores   4-6(6-8)8-10. — Japan   on   Machilus 

machili  Mask. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  margin  entire, 
triangular  in  outline,  apex  nearer  mesal  margin,  mesal 
and  lateral  margins  forming  unbroken  curve  with  distal 
margin,  lobes  separate  but  close  together,  lateral  mar- 
gins oblique;  second  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  half  al- 
most as  large  as  median  lobe  and  of  much  same  shape, 
lateral  half  about  one-half  as  broad,  shorter  and  rectan- 
gular; plates  arranged  0,  1,  2-2-2,  plates  of  median  in- 
cisura  diverging  caudad;  altaceratubae  arranged  1-2-2-1; 
genacerores  present;  body  with  triangular  process  on 
each  side  projecting  cephalad  of  mouth-parts  and  margin 

slightly  bulged  out. — Ceylon  on  Mesua ambigua  Ruth. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  broader  or  subequal  in 
length  with  median  pair,  broadly  rounded  at  distal  end,  mesal 
margin  notched;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
placed  equidistant  from  each  other,  all  large;  genacerores 

3-4(7-11)7-10. — Australia   on    Casuarina casuarinae    Mask. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  rounded,  entire; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  both  lobelets 
notched;  third  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary,  incised,  notched,  irregu- 
lar in  outline;  plates  arranged  0,  2,  2,  1,  situated  on  each  lateris 
near  third  lobe;  genacerores  4-5(10-13)11-15.— Australia  on  Eu- 
calyptus, Acacia grisea  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  single  mesal  notch 
and  several  lateral  notches,  bluntly  pointed  between  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  entire,  mesal  lobelet  twice  as  large 
as  lateral;  third  pair  of  lobes  very  small,  entire,  not  incised; 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  289 

plates  arranged  0,  2,  2,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  two 
groups  of  two  each,  two  near  third  lobe  and  others  near  cephalic 

end;   genacerores  4-4(6-7)5-5. — Italy  on  Phillyrea 

destefanii  Leon. 
SPECIES    OF   BERLESASPIS 

a.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distal  end  truncated  or 
with  sides  parallel  and  distal  end  pointed. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  large, 
distant,  projecting,  two  sides  of  each  lobe  parallel,  distal  portion 
pointed;  other  lobes  apparently  obsolete;  plates  apparently  want- 
ing in  median  incisura,  each  lateris  with  six  to  eight;  genacerores 

2-6(8-10)10-15;    mesospiracerores  4. — Australia  on  Acacia 

spinifera  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  broader  than  long, 
distal  ends  truncate,  not  distant;  plates  wanting  in  median  in- 
cisura and  each  lateris  with  eight  to  ten;  genacerores  4-6(12-16) 

14-16.— New  Zealand   on  Astelia.   epiphytidis  Mask. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  conical,  not  notched;  plates 
arranged  2,  3,  all  minute;  genacerores  2-3(7-9)1-15. — Australia  on 
Melaleuca.  spinosa  Fuller. 

SPECIES  OF  FUSILASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised  two  or  three  times. 
b.  Pygidium  with  each  lateris  with  five  or  six  plates;  median  pair 
of  lobes  irregular,  not  projecting  beyond  pygidial  incision;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  forming  two  subequal  lobelets; 
third  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  divided  by  incisions  into  three 
lobelets,  median  largest;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5-6,  plates  of 
each  lateris  grouped  one  near  third  lobe,  one  near  middle  of 
lateris,  others  near  cephalic  end;  genacerores  7-8(10-15)16-18; 

mesospiracerores  3-7. — Australia  on  Phymatodes 

phymatodidis  Mask. 
bb.    Pygidium  with  two  plates  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  each  divided 
into  three  lobelets,  median  lobelet  in  each  case  largest,  mar- 
gins of  all  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  to  form  crescen- 
tic  area  with  caudal  ends  bluntly  rounded;  plates  large  and 
prominent,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  far  apart; 

genacerores    7-14(14-20)17-24. — Australia    on    fan-palm 

pollens  Mask. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  divided  into  four  lobelets 
and  third  pair  into  three,  margins  entire  or  irregularly  cren- 
ulate;  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  to  form  crescentic  area  with 
lateral  ends  prolonged  and  broadly  rounded;  plates  large  and 
prominent,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  far  apart; 
genacerores  7-9(14-23)20-28.— New  Zealand  on  Cordyline, 

Asplenium,  Phormium,  Gahnia,  Drimys,  Astelia,  Eucalyptus 

cordylinidis  Mask. 
aa.    Pygidium   with   second   pair  of  lobes   simple,   not   incised,   margin 


290  THE   COCCIDAE 

rounded  and  entire,  located  near  to  fused  median  pair  of  lobes; 
median  pair  of  lobes  strongly  produced,  broadly  rounded,  finely  ser- 
rulate; third  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised;  plates  large,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  separately  and  equidistant; 
genacerores  6-8(20-25)25-35. — New  Zealand  on  Fuchsia. lactea  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  ALBATASPIS 

Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  with  lateral  ends  pro- 
longed and  crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  longest,  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  lobelet  pointed;  plates  long  and 
broad  at  proximal  end,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  placed 
singly  and  equidistant;  lateris  irregular  and  finely  serrate;  genacerores 
2-5(5-14)15-24. — Australia  on  Melaleuca. nivea  Mask. 

SPECIES   OF   PINNASPIS 

a.  Scale  of  adult  female  with  a  median  keel  and  inclined  to  be  tri- 
carinate;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  closely  approximated, 
notched  on  lateral  margin,  broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small;  third  pair  rudimentary;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  2,  those  of 
second  incisurae  small,  those  of  third  large,  those  of  each  lateris 
large  and  one  located  near  each  end;  each  lateral  margin  of  caudal 

segment  of  preabdomen  with  two  plates. — Jamaica  on  bamboo 

bambusae  Ckll. 

aa.  Scale  of  adult  female  not  with  median  keel  and  never  tricarinate. 
b.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral;  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  almost  contigu- 
ous, rounded,  with  notch  on  lateral  margin;  plates  arranged  0,  1, 
each  lateris  with  a  few  plates;  lateres  serrate;  genacerores 
4-4(10-10)9-11.— Philippine  Islands  on  Celtis,  Sandoricum,  Si- 

phonodon. siphonodontis  Ckll.  &  Rob. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised. 

c.  Body  without  groups  of  mesospiracerores ;  pygidium  with  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  distal  end  rounded,  notched  on 
lateral  margin;  second  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded,  short, 
curved  mesad;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
situated  one  near  each  second  lobe,  one  near  middle,  one  near 
cephalic  margin;  genacerores  5-5(13-15)12-13.— Java  on  Persea. 

rombica  Leon, 
cc.    Body  with  groups  of  mesospiracerores. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  adjacent, 
deeply  notched  on  lateral  margin;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  rounded,  spatulate;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of 
each  lateris  situated,  one  near  second  lobe,  one  near  middle, 
third  at  cephalic  end;  each  lateral  margin  of  caudal  seg- 
ment of  preabdomen  with  two  plates;  genacerores  4-4(9-12) 
11-13;  mesospiracerores  about  3. — Mytilaspis  pandani  Comst. 
— Massachusetts,  New  York,  West  Indies,  Panama,  Europe 
on  Buxus,  Dictyosperma,  Areca,  Pandanus,  Anthurium, 
Thrinax,  Dracaena,  cocoa-palm buxi  Bouche. 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  291 

dd.  Median  pair  of  lobes  uiformly  rounded,  entire,  not  notched, 
scarcely  adjacent,  mesal  margins  divergent;  second  pair  of 
lobes  similar  to  first,  entire,  not  notched;  small  rounded 
lobelet  caudad  of  second  lobe  may  be  lateral  lobelet  of  sec- 
ond lobe;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  sit- 
uated, one  near  second  lobe,  one  at  middle,  one  at  cephalic 
end;  genacerores  6-6(16-17)11-12;  mesospiracerores  7-10. — 
Java  on  Ilex.  javanica  Leon. 

SPECIES   OF  HEMIASPIS 

Pygidium  of  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  semicircular  in  form,  mar- 
gins entire,  lateral  margin  entire  or  with  faint  notch;  other  lobes 
wanting;  plates  flattened,  caudal  one  not  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged 
0,  1-1-1-1,  cephalic  plate  very  broad;  minute  paraphyses,  two  pairs, 
or  thickenings  located  between  caudal,  first  and  second,  and  second 
and  third  plates;  dorsal  octaceratubae  few;  genacerores  4-4(6-6)4-4. — 
Lepidosaphes  hemichionaspiformis  Green. — North  Australia  on  Mela- 
leuca.  hemichionaspiformis  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  ISCHNASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura;  plates  arranged 
0,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  two,  distant,  at  caudal  end,  two  sub- 
adjacent  one-third  from  caudal  end,  and  two  subadjacent  near 
cephalic  end;  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  rounded,  widely  sepa- 
rated, not  oblique,  finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  each 
lobelet  similar  to  median,  entire,  broadly  rounded,  mesal  lobelet 
larger  than  lateral;  large  oraceratubae  in  each  second  incisura 
laterad  of  its  plates  and  another  laterad  of  each  second  lobe;  mar- 
gin of  pygidium  broadly  concave  between  caudal  oraceratubae; 
genacerores  in  three  groups,  median  group  3-4  and  each  lateral 
group  4-6. — Lepidosaphes  ritsema-bosi  Leon. — United  States,  West 
Indies,  Brazil,  Great  Britain,  Japan,  Australia  on  Pandanus,  Latania, 

Magnolia,    Jasminum,    Monstera,   palms,   coffee,   etc 

longirostris  Sign. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  single  plate  in  each  second  incisura;  plates  arranged 
0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  situated,  one  near  second  lobe,  one  near 
middle,  and  third  near  cephalic  end;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
broadly  rounded,  strongly  oblique,  distinctly  separated,  finely  ser- 
rate; second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger 
than  lateral,  bluntly  rounded,  serrate;  oraceratubae  in  each  second 
incisura  adjacent  to  second  lobe,  two  adjacent  ones  cephalad  of 
caudal  plate  of  each  lateris  and  one  cephalad  of  each  of  other 
plates;  pygidial  margin  deeply  concave  between  plates  of  second 
incisurae  and  median  lobes  situated  in  concavity;  genacerores  ar- 
ranged in  five  groups,  2-3(6-12)4-4;  mesospiracerores  0-1— South 
Africa  on  Cyclostomum,  Strychnos. bipindensis  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  MYTILELLA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  inconspicuous,  tooth-shaped,  faintly 
notched  on  lateral  margin,  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  slightly  larger  than  lateral,  notched  on  lateral  margin, 


292  THE   COCCIDAE 

lobelets  similar  in  form,  bluntly  rounded;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  7,  those 
of  each  lateris  situated,  one  adjacent  to  each  second  lobe,  three  equi- 
distant groups  of  two  each;  each  lateris  between  caudal  and  next 
group  of  plates  with  four  or  five  adjacent  oraceratubae;  genacerores 
(4-4)  4-4;  mesospiracerores  two. — Central  America  on  Anthurium-like 
plant.  carinata  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  ANDASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  two  mesal  club-shaped  paraphyses  connected  with 
mesal  margins  of  median  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  dis- 
tinct, triangular,  lateral  margin  long,  minutely  serrate,  mesal  notch 
small;  other  lobes  wanting;  plates  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2, 
1-2-2-1;  margin  with  six  altaceratubae  arranged  1-2-2-1;  anus  super- 
imposed over  mesogenacerores;  vulva  located  between  pregena- 
cerores  and  postgenacerores;  mesospiracerores  1-2,  metaspiracerores 
0;  dorsal  oraceratubae  small,  in  two  rows;  genacerores  4-5(5-6)4-5. 
— Lepidosaphes  flava  hawaiiensis  Mask.,  Lepidosaphes  erythrinae 
Rutherford,  Lepidosaphes  moorsi  Doane  &  Ferris. — Ceylon,  Hawaiian 

Islands,  Samoan  Islands  on  Erythrinia,  orange hawaiiensis  Mask. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  paraphyses,  none  connected  with  lobes; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  triangular,  adjacent,  distal  ends  meet- 
ing like  pair  of  pincers;  other  lobes  wanting;  altaceratubae  open- 
ing in  latadentes,  arranged  1-(1-1)-(1-1)-1-(1-1) ;  plates  small  and 
inconspicuous,  shorter  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  2-1-11;  anus  nearly 
over  mesogenacerores;  dorsal  oraceratubae  very  few;  mesospira- 
cerores 2-3;  genacerores  3-5(7-12)8-12. — Lepidosaphes  incisor  Green. 
— North  Australia  on  Melaleuca. incisor  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  AONIDOMYTILUS 

Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  large,  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches  deep;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  pointed 
with  deep  mesal  and  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  not 
incised;  plates  arranged  2,  0,  0,  0,  limited  to  minute  plates  in  median 
incisura,  shorter  than  median  lobes;  genacerores  3-3(4-4)2-3. — New 
Mexico,  Colorado  on  Chenipodium,  Atriplex. concolor  Ckll. 

SPECIES   OF   LEPIDASPIDIS 

Pygidium  with  single,  large,  mesal,  crenulate  lobe;  four  distant  plates 
on  each  side,  cephalic  two  much  larger  than  caudal  two;  genacerores 
arranged  in  five  groups,  4-4(10-12)11-14,  some  individuals  possess  four 
groups  arranged  in  transverse  row  cephalad  of  mesogenacerores,  each 
group  with  two  to  three  cerores;  caudal  segment  of  preabdomen  with 
two  large  plates,  segments  not  deeply  constricted;  scale  of  adult  fe- 
male narrow,  straight  or  curved,  sides  subparallel,  with  whitish,  nar- 
row flattened  border;  color  dark  brown  with  pale  margin,  older  speci- 
mens pale  white. — Japan  on  Osmanthus. uniloba  Knw. 

SPECIES  OF  COCCOMYTILUS 

a.  Preabdomen  with  lateral  margin  of  each  segment  with  row  of 
short,  thick,  tubular  bristles,  "some  with  a  circular  top,  some  forked, 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  293 

and  some  appearing  like  bundles  of  parallel  fibres  (pectinae  and 
plates  or  setae);"  pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  subsimilar,  not  in- 
cised lobes. — New  Zealand  on  Drimys drimydis  Mask. 

Preabdomen  not  with  lateral  margin  of  each  segment  fringed  with 
row  of  pectinae  or  plates  or  setae. 

b.    Pygidium  with  plates  between  median  pair  of  lobes, 
c.    Pygdium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes, 
d.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
e.    Pygidium  with   third   pair   of   lobes   incised. 

f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad, 
distinctly  broader  than  long,  bluntly  rounded,  faintly 
notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins,  distant;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than 
lateral,  bluntly  pointed,  faintly  notched  on  mesal  and 
lateral  margins;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised  and  notched; 
plates  arranged  2,  2,  2,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  situated, 
one  adjacent  to  third  lobe,  two  near  middle,  distant 
from  each  other,  one  at  cephalic  end;  each  lateris  more 
or  less  scalloped  and  indented. — Lepidosaphes  cocker- 
elliana  Kirkaldy—  Florida,  New  Mexico,  Mexico,  Ba- 
hama Islands,  Jamaica  on  Solanum albus  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  rounded, 
entire,  not  far  apart;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  lateral  margin  of  mesal 
lobelet  minutely  crenulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
margins  crenulate,  lateral  lobelet  broadest;  each  lateris 
irregularly  serrate,  with  one  or  two  pointed  processes. 

— Mexico    on    "Garabatillo." townsendiana    Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised;  median 
pair  of  lobes  broad,  as  broad  as  long,  sloping  on  both 
margins  to  blunt  point,  minutely  dentate,  proximal  half 
of  margins  subparallel;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral,  similar  to  median 
lobe,  more  or  less  notched  on  each  side,  lateral  lobelet 
bluntly  pointed,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  short,  broad  at 
proximal  end,  rounded;  plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  3;  dorsal  oraceratubae  prominent. — 

Philippine  Islands  on  Ixora ixorae  Ckll.  &  Rob. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  margins  strongly  sloping,  converging 
caudad,  distal  end  bluntly  pointed;  second  pair  of  lobes  mi- 
nute, subtriangular  in  outline;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar 
in  size  and  shape  to  second  pair;  plates  of  median  incisura 
shorter  than  lobes,  those  of  other  incisurae  and  lateris  vari- 
able in  length,  arranged  2,  2,  3-4,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  near 
a  lobe;  brevaceratubae  few  in  number.— Australia  on  Hymen- 

anthera.  _     tiymenantherae  Green. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 


294  THE   COCCIDAE 

d.    Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second   incisura;   second 
pair  of  lobes  not  incised. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
short,  bluntly  rounded,  notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  mar- 
gins, distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  rounded, 
faintly  serrulate,  two  rounded  lobe-like  projections  ce- 
phalad  of  each  second  lobe;  median  and  second  incisurae 
each  with  two  plates,  each  lateris  with  four  or  five  plates, 
those  of  median  incisura  large,  as  long  as  lobes;  lateres 

with  small  serrulations. — Australia  on  Acacia 

convexus  Mask. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  broader  than 
long,  distal  end  truncated  with  rounded  angles,  margin 
finely  crenulate,  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised, 
bluntly  rounded,  faintly  notched;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  8, 
those  of  incisurae  short  and  stout,  shorter  than  lobes  and 
plates  of  lateres,  plates  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  three 
groups,  three  near  second  lobe,  three  near  middle,  two  at 
cephalic  end;  lateres  irregular  and  serrate. — Australia  on 

Acacia.   acaciae    Mask. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  single  plate  in  each  second  incisura;  median 
pair  of  lobes  pointed,  finely  serrate,  sides  strongly  roundly 
converging;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  twice  as  large  as  lateral,  distal  end  subtruncate,  margins 
of  lobelets  finely  serrate;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  6,  those  of 
median  incisura  minute,  not  one-half  length  of  median  lobe, 
all  others  stout  and  much  longer  than  lobes,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged,  one  adjacent  to  second  lobe,  two  near 
middle,  three  at  cephalic  end;  oraceratubae  located,  one  in 
each  second  incisura,  two  between  two  caudal  groups  of 
plates  of  each  lateris  and  adjacent,  three  adjacent  ones  be- 
tween the  two  caudal  groups  of  plates. — South  Africa  on 
Berlinia.  chitinosus  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  without  plates  between  median  pair  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  rounded,  produced,  very  distinct 
lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  distant;  median  incisura 
with  short  bifid  process;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  4,  those  of  each 
second  incisura  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  lobe,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged,  one  adjacent  to  second  lobe,  three  equi- 
distant from  each  other  and  caudal  one;  lateris  with  obtuse 
projections;  mesal  forked  organ  may  be  median  pair  of  lobes. — 

Brazil  on  bamboo. 'bam'busicola  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  broad,  adjacent, 
mesal  margin  with  single  notch  and  lateral  with  two,  distal 
portion  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  much 
smaller  than  median,  incised,  entire,  each  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral,  adjacent  to  median  lobe;  third  pair  of  lobes  al- 
most obsolete;  plates  arranged  0,  0,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
very  large,  distal  portions  elongate  and  finely  attenuate,  one 


TRIBE   LEPIDOSAPHINI  295 

placed   near   third   lobe,   two   adjacent  near  cephalic  end. — Ja- 
maica on  Croton.  crotonis  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  DINASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  short,  bluntly 
rounded,  entire,  less  than  width  of  one  of  them  apart;  second  pair 
of  lobes  similar  in  size  and  form  to  the  first  pair,  entire;  third  pair 
of  lobes  small,  inconsipicuous,  distant  from  second  pair;  plates  ar- 
ranged 2,  1,  1,  0,  small,  only  slightly  longer  than  lobes,  those  of 
each  second  incisura  adjacent  to  second  lobe;  oraceratubae  situated 
one  in  each  second  incisura,  two  in  each  third  incisura  and  adjacent, 
one  adjacent  to  cephalic  margin  of  each  third  lobe,  fifth  slightly  far- 
ther cephalad. — Argentina  on  Ephedra. ichesii  Leon. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  blunt- 
ly rounded,  entire,  twice  width  of  one  of  median  pair  of  lobes  apart; 
second  pair  of  lobes  small,  not  incised,  entire,  bluntly  pointed,  dis- 
tant from  median  pair  of  lobes;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  3,  those  of 
each  lateris  situated  one  near  second  lobe,  two  short  distance  ce- 
phalad; oraceratubae  situated,  one  in  each  second  incisura,  five 
others  equidistant  from  each  other  and  one  in  second  incisura. — 
Argentina  on  Bulvesia.  lahillei  Leon. 

SPECIES   OF  ALLANTOMYTILUS 

Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  truncate  and  bearing  three  pairs  of  simi- 
lar, very  distinct,  subequal,  triangular  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral 
margins  faintly  notched;  plates  arranged  2,  2,  2-3,  1,  all  subequal  in 
size  and  much  longer  than  lobes;  segments  of  preabdomen  with  their 
lateral  margins  bearing  three  or  four  broad  f urcapectinae ;  scale  of 
male  and  female  with  six  or  more  deep  transverse  constrictions.— Aus- 
tralia on  Litsea.  maideni  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  OPUNTIASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  prominent,  distant, 
broadly  rounded,  slightly  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  twice  in- 
cised, cephalic  and  median  lobelets  subequal,  bluntly  pointed,  small- 
er than  median  lobelet,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  equally  promi- 
nent, once  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  pointed,  entire;  plates  arranged 
2,  1,  1,  2,  6-7,  those  of  each  lateris  in  two  groups,  two  situated  near 
each  third  lobe,  four  or  five  spaced  on  cephalic  portion;  mesospira- 
cerores  5-6;  each  lateris  indented  and  finely  serrate. — Mexico  on 

Yucca,  Agave.  philococcus  Ckll. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  long,  prom- 
inent, bluntly  pointed,  slightly  constricted  at  proximal  end;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  twice  as  large  as  lateral,  bluntly 
pointed,  each  subsimilar  to  median  lobe;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  2; 
each  lateris  cephalad  of  second  lobe  with  two  latadentes,  each  with 
an  oraceratuba,  each  second  incisura  with  latadententis  with  oracera- 

tuba  between  plate  and  second  lobe. — Java  on  Agave 

javanensis     Green. 

SPECIES  OF  PARISCHNASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  genacerores;  median  pair  of  lobes 
broadly  rounded,  strongly  oblique,  distinctly  separated,  crenulate;  sec- 


296  THE   COCCIDAE 

ond  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral, 
margin  finely  serrate,  truncate;  third  pair  of  lobes  as  large  as  second, 
incised,  similar  in  form;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris 
situated,  one  adjacent  to  third  lobe,  one  near  middle,  two  at  cephalic  end, 
these  plates  much  larger  than  others ;  oraceratubae  situated  one  on  me- 
son, one  in  each  second  incisura,  one  in  each  third  incisura,  one  between 
lobelets  of  each  third  pair  of  lobes,  two  cephalad  of  first  plate  of  each 
lateris,  one  cephalad  of  second;  spiracerores  wanting. — Ischnaspis 
spathulata  Lindgr. — India  on  Atica.  spathulata  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  NIVEASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  hardly  projecting,  margin  entire, 
caudal  end  truncated,  angles  rounded;  each  second  lobe  with  margin 
more  oblique,  hardly  projecting;  plates  wanting,  but  with  spine-like 
projections,  these  projections  in  median  and  second  incisurae  and 
cephalad  of  third  pair  of  lobes;  preabdomen  with  lateral  margins  of 
segments  straight,  but  with  strong  finger-like  process  near  each  caudo- 

lateral    angle. — Lepiodsaphes    argentata    Ckll. — Brazil,    Mexico 

argentata     Ckll. 

SPECIES   OF  FERNALDANNA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  minute,  entire,  rounded,  only  slight- 
ly projecting;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  short  and  broad,  much 
broader  than  long,  entire,  distal  margin  convex,  each  six  or  eight  times 
as  broad  as  median  lobe;  plates  wanting;  oraceratuba  in  each  second 
incisura,  another  cephalad  of  each  second  lobe,  three  on  each  lateris 
cephalad  of  second  lobe,  equidistant  from  each  other  and  oraceratuba 
adjacent  to  this  lobe;  each  lateris  apparently  with  densariae  in 
which  oraceratubae  open;  mesospiracerores  0-1. — Fernaldella  indentata 
Green. — Australia.  indentata  Green. 

SPECIES   OF  MASKELLANNA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  minute,  narrow,  rounded,  entire, 
constricted  on  proximal  portion,  very  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  mi- 
nute, subequal  in  size  to  median  and  similar  in  form,  distant  from 
median;  plates  wanting;  altaceratubae  arranged  1,  1,  2,  2,  1,  one  in 
median  incisura;  setae  minute;  lateres  with  slight  projections  near 
oraceratubae  of  altaceratubae,  otherwise  entire;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
numerous,  minute,  promiscuously  arranged;  body  of  adult  female 
strongly  chitinized,  no  differentiation  between  pygidium  and  other 
parts. — Mytilaspis  (Ferneldella)  beyeriae  Green. — Australia  on  Bey- 
eria.  'beyeriae  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  PHAULOMYTILIUS 

Pygidium  without  lobes  or  plates;  margin  irregularly  crenulate;  with 
four  small,  conical,  widely  separated,  spine-like  projections  arising 
from  surface  of  pygidium;  large  oraceratuba  located  on  each  side  of 
each  cephalic  projection;  scale  of  female  pyriform,  marked  with 
alternate  transverse  bands  of  silvery  white  and  dark  gray. — Australia 
on  Casuarina.  .  .—striata  Mask. 


CHAPTER  XXV 

TRIBE  DIASPIDINI 

The  Double-shielded  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  usually  longer  than  broad,  rare- 
ly broader  than  long,  frequently  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  broad. 
The  cephalic  end  is  usually  bluntly  rounded  and  the  caudal  end  is 
often  bluntly  pointed  and  frequently  provided  with  a  pygidial  incision. 
The  lateral  margins  are  convex,  the  body  is  broadest  through  the 
prothorax  or  the  first  abdominal  segment,  and  the  sides  usually  con- 
verge caudad.  The  indentations  marking  the  position  of  the  coriae 
between  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  are  usually  distinct.  The 
lateral  margins  of  the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  are  never  provided 
with  bracteae  either  in  the  adult  female  or  in  the  second  nymphal 
female,  but  often  with  plates.  Lobes  are  usually  present,  rarely  entire- 
ly wanting.  Plates  are  rarely  absent,  usually  only  in  case  the  lobes 
also  are  wanting,  pectinae  are  rarely  present  and,  if  present,  are  repre- 
sented by  simple  furcapectinae.  The  incisurae,  except  the  median,  are 
usually  narrow  and  filled  by  the  plates.  The  median  incisura  is  fre- 
quently a  pygidial  incision  and  is  usually  without  plates.  Densariae  are 
never  present,  paraphyses  are  only  rarely  present  and,  when  present, 
are  not  typical  in  form.  Altaceratubae  are  rarely,  if  ever,  wanting; 
they  are  arranged  singly,  rarely  in  pairs,  their  oraceratubae  oval  in  out- 
line, rarely  twice  as  long  as  wide.  Brevaceratubae  are  usually  pres- 
ent, generally  numerous,  frequently  arranged  in  interrupted  transverse 
rows.  Genacerores  are  usually  present,  usually  arranged  in  five  groups, 
sometimes  with  seven  or  more  and  sometimes  with  only  two,  three, 
or  four  groups.  Mesogenacerores,  when  present,  consisting  of  more  than 
eight  cerores.  Scale  of  the  adult  female  coriaceous  or  filamentous, 
usually  whitish,  sometimes  grayish  or  brownish.  Scale  variable  in  form, 
either  round  or  nearly  round  with  the  two  exuviae  placed  just  within 
the  periphrey  or  projecting  slightly  or  considerably  beyond  it;  the  scale 
oval  or  pyriform  or  mussel-shaped  in  outline  with  the  exuviae  placed 
at  one  end;  or  greatly  elongated,  six  or  more  times  as  long  as  broad, 
with  the  sides  parallel.  If  pyriform,  much  longer  than  broad  with  both 
sides  convex  or  with  one  side  convex  and  the  other  concave,  and  with 
one  end  much  smaller  than  the  other.  The  two  exuviae  overlapping, 
one  on  the  end  of  the  other,  the  first  exuvia  bearing  the  remains  of 
the  antennae  as  porrect  projectons.  The  female  is  rarely  enclosed  in  a 
puparium,  but  in  a  few  species  lives  in  galls  and  the  lobes  and  plates 
may  be  represented  by  pseudolobes.  The  scale  of  the  male  is  elongate, 
two  or  three  times  as  long  as  wide,  with  the  single  exuvia  projecting 
beyond  one  end.  The  wax  is  usually  opaque,  white,  or  chalky  in  ap- 

297 


298  THE    COCCIDAE 

pearance,  rarely  glassy  and  transparent.    The  surface  is  often  more  or 
less  distinctly  tricarinate. 

There  is  a  vague  similarity  about  the  general  appearance 
of  the  species  of  the  tribe  Diaspidini  by  which  one  who  is  familiar 
with  the  species  of  the  Diaspidinae  is  able  to  recognize  them. 
This  appearance  is  common  to  the  scales  of  the  adult  female  and 
of  the  male,  the  general  form  of  the  body  of  the  adult  female, 
the  pygidium,  and  the  pygidial  fringe.  While  there  is  this  similar- 
ity in  appearance,  yet  it  is  too  vague  to  define.  The  species  that 
belong  to  the  tribe  Diaspidini  as  listed  in  Fernald's  Catalogue  are 
about  thirty.  These  are  distributed  among  nine  genera. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  probably  more  typical  for  the  tribe 
than  that  of  the  female.  They  are  generally  quite  similar  in  size, 
shape,  and  appearance,  elongate  oval  in  outline  with  the  two 
sides  parallel  or  subparallel  with  the  caudal  end  bluntly  rounded 
and  with  the  cephalic  end  rounded  and  bearing  the  single  exuvia 
which  projects  beyond  the  waxy  portion  of  the  scale  and  bears 
the  porrect  remains  of  the  antennae  of  the  first  nymph.  The 
dorsal  surface  of  the  secretionary  portion  is  slightly  or  strongly 
convex  and  may  be  uniformly  convex  or  flat  and  faintly  or  strongly 
carinate.  The  wax  of  the  male  scale  is  almost  invariably  opaque 
white  or  chalky  white.  This  chalky  white  appearance  of  the 
male  scales  of  many  species  is  characteristic.  It  is  a  feature  that 
is  emphasized  from  a  habit  of  the  males  of  certain  species.  At 
certain  times  they  congregate  in  immense  numbers,  in  such  num- 
bers that  a  branch  an  inch  in  diameter  for  several  inches  or  the 
surface  of  an  entire  leaf  may  be  completely  covered  by  them.  The 
grouping  together  of  such  numbers  of  the  chalky  white  scales 
makes  the  branch  or  leaf  very  conspicuous  even  at  a  considerable 
distance. 

The  scales  of  the  adult  female  of  the  different  species  are  very 
unlike  in  size,  shape,  and  appearance,  sometimes  even  among  the 
species  of  the  same  genus.  They  are  of  four  types  which  inter- 
grade  more  or  less.  In  most  species  they  are  pyriform  with  the 
two  exuviae  at  the  small  end,  the  caudal  and  larger  end  is 
broadly  rounded  with  the  sides  slightly  convex  and  strongly  di- 
vergent caudad.  In  a  very  few  species  the  scale  is  very  long, 
eight  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide,  with  parallel  sides.  When 
the  scale  is  mussel-shaped,  which  occurs  in  only  a  limited  number 
of  species,  it  is  curved  with  one  margin  convex  and  the  other  con- 
cave. The  surface  of  the  mussel-shaped  scales  is  usually  more 
or  less  transversely  ridged  as  in  an  oyster  shell.  A  third  type 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  299 

of  scale  is  circular  or  subcircular.  The  exuviae  overlap  in  the 
circular  scales  just  as  in  the  pyriform  scales  or  mussel-shaped 
scales,  but  they  are  frequently  placed  so  that  they  do  not  project 
beyond  the  periphery  of  the  scale.  There  may  be  in  fact  a  nar- 
row area  of  wax  between  the  cephalic  end  of  the  first  exuvia  and 
the  periphery  or  the  exuviae  may  project  very  slightly  beyond  the 
periphery,  only  the  first  exuvia  protruding,  or  the  exuviae  may 
protrude  for  a  considerable  distance,  for  as  great  a  distance  as 
in  the  pyriform  scales.  In  the  location  of  the  exuviae,  even  in 
different  individuals  of  the  same  species,  there  may  be  consider- 
able variation,  sometimes  being  placed  parallel  or  nearly  so  with 
the  margin  and  at  others  perpendicular  to  it.  When  the  exuviae 
project  a  considerable  distance  beyond  the  periphery  of  the  scale, 
the  wax  of  the  scale  adjacent  to  the  exuviae  is  sometimes  extend- 
ed so  that  the  scale  becomes  slightly  prolonged  and  approaches 
the  pyriform  type.  The  scales,  while  they  are  more  often  white 
than  any  other  color,  are  often  grayish  or  blackish,  particularly 
in  the  genus  Chionaspis.  The  texture  of  the  scale  in  many  species 
as  in  those  of  the  genus  Diaspis  and  its  allies  is  very  thin,  semi- 
transparent,  tough,  and  parchment-like.  In  the  darker  colored 
mussel-shaped  scales,  they  are  more  coriaceous  and  leathery  like 
the  scales  of  the  genus  Lepidosaphes.  The  exuviae  overlap  each 
other  and  the  first  nymph  bears  the  remains  of  the  antennae 
as  porrect  projections.  The  exuvia  of  the  second  nymph  is 
about  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  that  of  the  first.  It  is 
always  much  less  in  extent  than  that  of  the  wax  of  the  scale, 
covering  one-fourth  or  less  of  the  area  of  the  scale.  Only  a  very , 
few  of  the  species  transform  in  a  puparium  which  explains  why 
the  second  exuvia  is  generally  not  very  large.  The  ventral  scale  is 
extremely  variable  in  extent  and  texture,  it  may  be  very  thin  and 
delicate  and  remain  attached  to  the  host-plant  when  the  dorsal 
scale  is  lifted  or  it  may  be  stout  and  thick  and  retain  its  con- 
nection with  the  dorsal  scale  when  removed. 

The  scales  of  certain  species  of  Chionaspis  resemble  closely 
the  scales  of  most  of  the  species  of  Lepidosaphes,  some  individ- 
uals resembling  them  so  closely  that  it  is  necessary  to  examine 
the  body  of  the  female  to  be  sure  of  their  correct  generic  position. 
The  Latin  word  aspis  from  which  so  many  of  the  generic  names 
in  this  subfamily  are  compounded  means  a  shield.  This  may 
have  been  applied  originally  to  the  scale  as  a  whole,  but  evident- 
ly in  the  case  of  the  generic  name  Diaspis  from  which  the  ^  name 
of  this  subfamily  and  tribe  is  derived,  refers  to  the  exuviae  of 


300  THE   COCCIDAE 

which  there  are  two.  The  word  Diaspis  would  mean  literally 
then  two  shields  and  since  the  genus  is  the  typical  one  of  the 
tribe,  the  common  name  of  The  Double-shielded  Scales  has  been 
applied  to  them.  The  name  of  a  subfamily  and  tribe  according 
to  rule  is  derived  from  the  stem  of  the  genative  which  in  the 
case  of  Diaspis  is  Diaspidis,  hence,  the  proper  form  for  the 
names  of  these  groups  is  Diaspidinae  and  Diaspidini  and  not 
Diaspinae  and  Diaspini  as  they  are  generally  written. 

The  body  like  the  scale  varies  considerably  in  size.  Where 
the  scale  is  pyriform,  mussel-shaped,  or  elongate,  the  body  if 
elongate,  is  usually  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad;  but  in 
those  species  with  a  circular  scale,  the  body  is  shorter  and  broader 
and  the  greatest  width  is  through  the  thoracic  region  which  is 
always  much  wider  than  the  preabdomen.  In  dried  specimens 
the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  are  crescentic  and  retracted  into 
the  caudal  part  of  the  thorax.  The  pygidium  in  turn  is  retract- 
ed into  the  caudal  end  of  the  preabdomen  so  that  the  preabdomen 
and  the  pygidium  seem  to  constitute  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
area  of  the  body.  The  cephalic  part  of  each  lateral  margin  of 
the  thorax  sometimes  bears  a  short  bluntly  rounded  tubercle.  In 
those  species  with  elongate  bodies  the  preabdomen  and  pygidium 
are  larger  and  constitute,  even  in  dried  retracted  individuals,  a 
much  larger  and  more  prominent  portion  of  the  body.  The  ce- 
phalic end  of  the  body  is  usually  broad  and  convexly  rounded. 
The  width  of  the  cephalic  end  varies  with  the  species,  in  some  it 
is  the  broadest  part  of  the  body  while  in  others  it  may  be  only 
one-half  or  less  of  the  greatest  width.  The  body,  while  it  is  al- 
ways depressed,  is  never  decidedly  flattened  as  in  some  other 
tribes  of  Diaspidinae.  The  antennae  are  usually  represented  by 
minute  distant  tubercles  bearing  one  to  three  stout  setae. 

The  preabdomen  is  generally  distinctly  segmented  and  easily 
distinguished  from  the  thorax  and  pygidium.  The  segments  are 
separated  by  deep  constrictions  marking  the  position  of  the  coriae. 
The  portions  of  the  segments  between  the  coriae  are  generally 
strongly  convex,  which  generally  emphasizes  the  depth  of  the 
coriae.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  segments,  particularly  the 
caudal  ones,  are  frequently  provided  with  plates  or  short  blunt 
plate-like  projections,  but  never  with  bracteae. 

The  pygidium  is  comparatively  large  and  well  differentiated. 
It  is  usually  circular  or  oval  in  outline,  both  the  cephalic  and  the 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  301 

caudal  margins  are  convex.  The  lateral  margins  are  slightly 
convex  and  are  rarely  if  ever  almost  straight  and  converge  caudad. 
The  mesal  part  of  the  caudal  margin  of  the  pygidium  in  a  num- 
ber of  species  is  concave  or  emarginate  and  provided  with  a  pygi- 
dial  incision.  This  is  variously  described  as  a  deep  median  cleft 
or  the  pygidium  as  semicircularly  hollowed  out. 

The  lobes  vary  in  number  as  in  the  other  tribes.  There  are 
typically  about  three  pairs,  the  median  pair  is  always  the  largest. 
The  second  or  third  pairs  may  be  divided  into  two  or  three  lobe- 
lets  or  deeply  incised.  When  the  caudal  margin  of  the  pygidium 
is  concave  or  provided  with  a  pygidial  incision,  the  first  pair  of 
lobes  is  usually  located  in  the  concavity,  oblique  in  position  and 
the  greater  part  of  their  lateral  margin  is  continuous  with  or 
fused  to  the  pygidium.  Their  mesal  margins,  which  are  usually 
convexly  rounded  and  continuous  with  the  rounded  distal  ends, 
are  usually  finely  serrate  or  crenulate.  Where  the  median  pair 
of  lobes  is  free  on  the  lateral  margin,  their  distal  ends  are 
usually  notched.  In  certain  species  the  proximal  ends  of  the 
median  lobes  are  fused,  in  others  their  mesal  margins  are  straight 
and  adjacent,  the  two  lobes  appearing  to  form  a  single  semicircu- 
lar area,  while  in  others  the  adjacent  mesal  margins  have  fused 
until  there  is  only  a  notch  on  the  meson  marking  their  point  of 
separation.  The  margins  of  the  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
may  be  serrate,  crenulate,  or  notched,  if  notched,  the  number 
and  distinctness  of  the  notches  vary  with  the  species.  In  a  few 
species  all  the  lobes  have  been  lost  and  the  margin  of  the  pygidium 
is  entire,  in  some  others  pseudolobes  which  are  very  lobe-like  in 
appearance  have  replaced  the  true  lobes. 

The  plates  are  only  rarely  wanting  except  in  the  median  in- 
cisura  where  they  are  only  rarely  present.  They  are  usually  long 
and  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  lobes,  spine-like  in  form, 
with  lamaceratubae  opening  in  their  pointed  ends.  The  plates 
are  usually  arranged,  0,  2,  2,  2,  2,  or  0,  1,  1,  1,2.  There  is  not 
much  variation  in  the  number  in  the  different  incisurae  and  on  the 
lateris.  The  plates  are  in  extreme  cases  represented  by  apically 
furcate  furcapectinae.  The  group  of  four  or  five  plates  near  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  pygidium  is  located  on  the  caudal  segment  of 
the  preabdomen. 

The  altaceratubae  are  prominent,  large  with  comparatively 
long  tubes.  They  are  generally  located  singly  but  in  some  species 


302  THE    COCCIDAE 

there  are  two  adjacent  ones  in  each  third  or  third  and  fourth  in- 
cisura.  They  are  never  as  large  as  those  of  the  Lepidosaphini 
and  their  oraceratubae  are  generally  shorter  and  more  nearly  cir- 
cular in  outline.  The  oraceratubae  are  generally  located  in  lata- 
dentes.  The  presence  of  latadentes  seems  to  be  quite  constant 
for  all  the  species. 

The  brevaceratubae  are  more  prominent  and  more  numerous 
in  many  of  the  species  of  this  tribe  than  in  the  species  of  other 
tribes.  In  some  species  their  oraceratubae  are  irregularly  dis- 
tributed over  the  dorsal  surface  while  in  others  they  are  arranged 
in  crescentic  or  semicircular  transverse  rows.  Where  the  breva- 
ceratubae are  arranged  in  rows,  each  row  usually  consists  of  a  single 
line  of  oraceratubae,  but  the  row  may  consist  of  two  or  three 
lines  or  of  a  number  of  oraceratubae  irregularly  arranged, 
forming  a  broad  band.  The  rows  are  always  so  far  as  observed 
interrupted  on  the  meson,  forming  right  and  left  halves.  The 
halves  of  the  rows  in  many  species  are  also  interrupted  near  the 
middle  of  each  lateral  half  so  that  each  complete  crescentic  trans- 
verse row  is  generally  subdivided  into  four  parts  or  groups.  The 
crescentic  rows  of  oraceratubae  are  located  on  lines  connecting 
the  median  lobes,  the  second  incisurae,  the  third  incisurae,  the 
fourth  incisurae,  the  fifth  incisurae,  and  the  cephalic  margin  of 
the  pygidium.  The  lines  connecting  the  points  named  on  the 
two  sides  of  the  pygidium  extend  cephalad  in  each  case  around 
the  anus.  Green  has  recognized  six  of  these  lines  as  present, 
while  Cooley  identifies  only  five.  Both  Green  and  Cooley  includ- 
ing Morgan  consider  the  lines  of  oraceratubae  as  indicating,  at 
least  approximately,  the  lines  of  the  suppressed  segments  of  the 
pygidium.  These  authors  differ,  however,  somewhat  as  to  the 
way  in  which  these  lines  should  be  traced.  Green  considers  the 
rows  of  oraceratubae  as  marking  the  posterior  or  caudal  border 
of  the  segment  and  it  would  seem  as  if  there  was  evidence  for 
his  conclusion.  The  lines  or  rows  of  oraceratubae  are  numbered 
on  each  side,  beginning  at  the  meson,  as  the  first,  second,  third, 
fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  rows.  In  order  to  be  able  to  distinguish 
between  the  two  groups  of  each  half  row,  the  group  near  the 
meson  may  be  known  as  a  mesal  group,  the  anterior  group  of 
Cooley,  and  the  group  near  the  margin  of  the  pygidium  as  the 
lateral  group,  the  posterior  group  of  Cooley.  There  are  rarely 
oraceratubae  present  in  the  first  row.  They  are  also  of  rare  oc- 
currence in  the  second  row,  if  present,  they  are  only  represent- 
ed by  a  mesal  group  or  a  lateral  group.  The  other  rows  are  gener- 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  303 

ally  represented  by  both  mesal  and  lateral  groups,  sometimes  by 
only  a  single  group,  mesal  or  lateral.  There  is  considerable  varia- 
tion in  the  number  of  oraceratubae  in  the  various  groups  in  differ- 
ent species  and  some  use  has  been  made  of  this  difference  in  number 
in  differentiating  species. 

The  lamaceratubae  are  never  very  prominent  in  the  pygidia 
of  this  tribe.  They  are  slender  and  extend  through  each  plate, 
their  oraceratubae  located  at  the  distal  end,  as  in  the  plates  found 
in  the  pygidia  of  other  species. 

The  vulva  is  a  transverse  slit,  which  is  usually  located  near 
a  transverse  line  drawn  through  the  pregenacerores  and  'post- 
genacerores,  that  is,  it  is  approximately  central  in  position.  There 
is  a  slight  variation  from  this  position,  in  some  it  is  a  short  dis- 
tance cephalad  and  in  others  a  short  distance  caudad  of  this  line. 

While  the  vulva  is  fairly  constant  in  position,  the  anus  seems 
always  to  be  extremely  variable.  It  may  be  located  caudad  of  a 
line  drawn  through  the  caudal  margin  of  the  postgenacerores  or 
in  the  cephalic  portion  of  the  pygidium,  usually  cephalad  of  a 
line  drawn  through  the  cephalic  ends  of  the  pregenacerores  or 
it  may  be  located  anywhere  between  these  lines.  In  a  number 
of  species  it  is  superimposed  over  the  vulva. 

The  vulva  is  typically  surrounded  by  five  groups  of  gena- 
cerores.  In  a  few  genera  the  number  may  be  increased  to  seven 
or  more  groups.  The  number  of  cerores  in  each  group  is  vari- 
able. There  is  usually  about  eight  mesogenacerores,  the  number 
varying  from  two  to  thirty  or  more.  The  groups  of  pregena- 
cerores may  contain  a  few  cerores,  twelve  or  a  large  number, 
sixty.  There  is  also  considerable  variation  among  the  postgena- 
cerores, the  number  varying  from  one  to  forty.  The  mesogena- 
cerores are  sometimes  wanting  and  in  several  genera  all  the  gena- 
cerores  are  wanting.  Green  records  the  presence  of  two  more 
or  less  definite  glandular  scars.  These  are  reticulate  and  located 
cephalo-laterad  of  each  group  of  pregenacerores.  They  are  con- 
sidered as  homologous  with  the  groups  of  genacerores,  in  fact  he 
describes  the  occurrence  of  cerores  in  one  of  these  glandular  scars. 

The  marginal  setae  of  the  pygidium  are  frequently  compara- 
tively short  and  stout,  so  that  they  extend  as  rigid  projections 
and,  for  this  reason,  are  easily  mistaken  for  plates  and  have 
been  described  as  such.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  two 
prominent  setae  located  in  the  median  incisura.  These  setae 
instead  of  being  located  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  median  pair 


304  THE    COCCIDAE 

of  lobes  as  is  usual  are  located  between  and  project  between  the 
lobes  as  rigid  extensions  or  like  plates. 

The  parts  of  the  pygidial  fringe  that  in  this  tribe  occur 
with  only  rare  exception  are  beginning  at  the  meson  arranged 
in  the  following  order.  There  is  a  well  marked  median  incisura 
sometimes  containing  one  or  two  latadentes,  usually  without 
plates,  and  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  median  lobe.  The  second 
incisura  cephalad  of  each  median  lobe  contains  a  latadentis  and 
one  or  two  plates.  This  incisura  is  limited  by  a  second  lobe. 
The  third  incisura  also  contains  a  latadentis  and  one  or  two 
plates  and  is  limited  by  a  third  lobe.  The  fourth  pair  of  lobes 
may  be  present  but  is  only  rarely  so  and  the  area  cephalad  of 
the  third  lobe  belongs  to  a  lateris  and  usually  bears  four  groups 
of  plates,  the  groups  usually  separated  by  latadentes.  The  fourth 
or  cephalic  group  generally  contains  more  plates  than  the  others. 

The  genera  and  species  of  this  tribe  are  difficult  to  separate. 
Many  of  the  structures  available  in  the  other  tribes  for  separat- 
ing genera  and  species  are  not  available  here.  Some  writers 
have  not  always  been  careful  to  differentiate  the  characters  present 
so  that  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  decide  whether  a  given  species 
has  lobes,  plates,  or  what  is  more  likely  latadentes  bearing  ora- 
ceratubae. 

The  following  species  have  been  omitted  from  the  tables,  either  be- 
cause the  description  was  not  available  or  because  it  was  not  possible 
to  place  the  species: — Chionaspis  bambusae  Ckll.  from  Japan  on  bam- 
boo; depressa  Zehnt.  from  E.  Java  on  Saccharum;  myrthi  Bouche  from 
France  on  Myrtus;  natalensis  Mask,  from  Natal  on  grass;  nitida 
Mask,  from  Australia  on  Daviesia;  planchonii  Sign,  from  southern 
Europe  on  Quercus;  rosae  Goethe  from  Germany;  sacchari-folii  Zehnt. 
from  Java  on  sugar  cane;  tegalensis  Zehnt.  from  Java,  Mauritius; 
Diaspis  blankenhorni  Targ  from  Italy;  celtidis  Ckll.  from  Texas  on 
Celtis;  chilensis  Ckll.  from  Chili;  colvei  Penzig  from  Italy;  cordiae 
Rubs,  from  Brazil  on  Cordia;  euphoriae  Charm,  from  Mauritius  on 
Nephelium;  minima  Targ.  from  Europe  on  arbor-vitae;  monserati  Colv. 
from  Spain  on  Corynocarpus(?) ;  olea  Colvee  from  Spain  on  olive; 
sen  tali  Mask  from  New  Zealand  on  Santalum,  pear,  plum;  squamosus 
Newst.  &  Theobald  from  Egypt  on  peach,  pear;  taxicola  Vays.  from  Al- 
geria on  Taxus;  trinacis  Colvee  from  Spain  on  Trinax,  Strelitzia;  vici 
Schr.  from  Europe  on  mistletoe;  Aspidiotus  (Diaspis)  vitiensis  Mask. 
(Leon.)  from  Fiji;  Epidiaspis  subterranea  Lindgr.  from  France  on  grass, 
evidently  an  aspidiotid;  Poliaspis  casuarinae  Lidg.  from  Australia  on 
Casuarina;  Pseudoparlatoria  ostreata  Ckll.  from  Jamaica  on  Acalypha. 
The  tables  offered  for  separating  the  genera  and  species  should  be  used 
with  care  and  wherever  possible  specimens  should  be  compared  with  the 
original  descriptions  and  figures. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  305 

GENERA  OF   DIASPIDINI 

Pygidium  always  with  one  or  more  groups  of  genacerores. 
b.    Female   never   transforming   in   puparium;    scale   rarely  without 
distinct  second  exuvia. 

c.    Pyigidum  never  with  more  than  five  groups  of  genacerores. 
d.    Pygidium  always  with  four  or  five  groups  of  genacerores. 
e.    Pygidium  always  with  plates  in  median  incisura. 

f.  Pygidium  with  plates  of  median  incisura  separate,  prox- 
imal ends,  even  if  adjacent,  not  fused  and  never  form- 
ing fish-tail-shaped  projection. 

g.    Pygidium  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  lobes,  second 
pair     incised;     genacerores     in     five    groups. — Type, 

Diaspis  juniperi  Bouche Carulaspis  MacG. 

gg.    Pygidium   with   series    of   fifteen   or   more    pairs    of 
lobe-like    projections    or    latadentes;    genacerores    in 

four  groups.   Diaspidistis  Hemp. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  pair  of  plates  in  median  incisura  adja- 
cent and  fused  at  proximal  end  and  with  distal  portions 

divergent,  forming  fish-tail-shaped  projection 

Pseudoparlatoria  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  never  with  plates  in  median  incisura,  frequent- 
ly with  pair  of  large  setae  that  are  plate-like  in  appear- 
ance. 

f.  Scale  of  adult  female  round  or  oval  with  exuviae  usually 
located  just  within  or  projecting  slightly  beyond  the 
periphery  of  the  scale. 

g.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  incisurae  or  on  lateres  or  on 
both. 

h.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes,  even  if  adja- 
cent, never   fused. 

i.  Pygidium  with  rounded  latadentes  or  plates  in 
incisurae  other  than  median,  never  with  trun- 
cate lobe-like  projections. 

j.    Pygidium    with    oraceratubae    of    brevacera- 

tubae  arranged  in  crescentic  transverse  rows. 

k.    Pygidium     with     caudal     margin     convex, 

never   concave   with   median   pair   of   lobes 

placed      in     concavity. — Type,     Aulacaspis 

pentagona  Targ Pseudaulacaspis  MacG. 

kk.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  deeply  con- 
cave on  meson,  forming  pygidial  incision 
with  median  pair  of  lobes  located  in  con- 
cavity.   Aulacaspis  Ckll. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  oracertubae  of  brevaceratubae 
arranged  promiscuously,  never  in  crescentic 
transverse  rows. 


306  THE   COCCIDAE 

k.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  convex, 
never  concave  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
located  in  concavity;  brevaceratubae  always 
few  in  number. 

1.    Pygidium    with    anus    located    about    its 
own    width    from    vulva,    distant    from 

caudal  margin. Epidiaspis  Ckll. 

11.    Pygidium  with  anus  located  about  mid- 
way between  vulva  and  caudal  margin. — 

Type,  Diaspis  montana  Ckll 

Cocker  ellaspis  MacG. 

kk.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  deeply  con- 
cave on  meson  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
in  concavity;  brevaceratubae  usually  nu- 
merous; anus  located  nearly  midway  be- 
tween vulva  and  caudal  margin  than  to 

vulva. Diaspis  Costa. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  truncate  lobe-like  projections 
located  in  incisurae  other  than  median. — Type, 

Diaspis  regularis  Newst Umbaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with   median   pair   of   lobes   fused   into 

single  area. — Type,  Chionaspis  malloti  Ruth 

Rutherfordia*  MacG. 

gg-    Pygidium  without  plates  in  incisurae  or  on  lateres. 

h.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  five  groups  of 

genacerores,  anus  located  near  caudal  margin,  and 

large  altaceratubae Protargionia  Leon. 

hh.  Pygidium  without  lobes,  genacerores  forming 
U-shaped  group,  anus  located  distant  from  caudal 
margin,  and  altaceratubae  small  or  wanting. — Type, 

Protodiaspis  agrifoliae  Essig Essigaspis  MacG. 

ff.  Scale  of  adult  female  never  circular,  always  pyriform, 
mussel-shaped,  mytilaspiform,  or  linear,  twice  or  more 
as  long  as  wide,  rarely  with  poorly  defined  scale  and 
living  in  gall. 

g.    Insects   always   living  exposed,   never   producing   ab- 
normal growths  or  galls  upon  plants, 
h.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always   with  plates  in 
incisurae  or  on  lateres. 

i.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  convex,  never 
with  deep  angular  or  semicircular  pygidial  in- 
cision. 

j.    Pygidium    with    mesal    margins    of    median 
pair   of  lobes   convexly  rounded   and   diverg- 
ent, if  straight,  two  margins  usually  distant, 
if  straight  and  adjacent,  proximal  ends  fused, 

•This  genus  is  named  for  my  former  student,  the  late  Andrew  Rutherford,  who  died 
from  enteric  fever  while  in  service  as  Government  Entomologist  of  Ceylon. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  307 

two  lobes  together  never  forming  single  com- 
pact semicircular   area. 

k.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  nor- 
mal in  form,  never  minute  and  plate-like. 
1.    Pygidium    with    oraceratubae    of    breva- 
ceratubae   arranged   in   crescentic   trans- 
verse rows,  sometimes  few  in  number, 
m.    Pygidium  with  rows   of  oraceratubae 
of    brevaceratubae    of    each    side    of 
meson    divided    into    two    prominent 
subgroups. 

n.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
sometimes  adjacent,  but  never  fused, 
o.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs 
of  lobes. 

P-    Pygidium   with    four    pairs    of 

lobes. — Type,    Chionaspis    lani- 

ger  Nevrst.-Sclopetaspis  MacG. 

PP.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of 

lobes.   Chionaspis   Sign. 

oo.    Pygidium  with  one  or  two  pairs 
of  lobes. 

p.    Pygidium    with    two    pairs    of 
lobes. — Type,  Chionaspis  gram- 

inis  Green 

Duplachionaspis  MacG. 

PP.    Pygidium    with    one    pair    of 

lobes. — Type,   Chionaspis    cole- 

mani  Knw 

UnacMonaspis  MacG. 
nn.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
fused   on  proximal  portion,  remain- 
der of  lobes  divergent  or  adjacent, 
rarely   completely   fused;    combined 
lobes  not  semicircular, 
o.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 
— Type,      Chionaspis      americana 

Johns. Fundaspis  MacG. 

oo.    Pygidium  with  one  pair  of  lobes. 
— Type,    Diaspis    chionaspiformis 

Newst. Africaspis  MacG. 

mm.    Pygidium   with   rows   of   oraceratubae 

of  brevaceratubae  few  in  number  and 

not  divided  into  two  subgroups. 

n.    Body  with  head  and  thorax  together 

distinctly  more  than  twice  as  long 

as       abdomen. — Type,       Chionaspis 

elongata  Green Greenaspis  MacG. 


THE    COCCIDAE 

nn.  Body  with  head  and  thorax  not  ab- 
normal in  length,  together  only 
slightly  longer  than  abdomen. — 

Type,  Chionaspis  minuta  Green 

Tenuiaspis  MacG. 

11.  Pygidium  with  oraceratubae  of  breva- 
ceratubae  arranged  promiscuously,  nev- 
er in  crescentic  transverse  rows. — Type, 

Chionaspis  acuminata  Green 

Unaspis  MacG. 

kk.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  minute 
and  plate-like,  second  pair  of  lobes  large 
and  apparently  with  six  plates  between 

them. — Type,  Chionaspis  striata  Newst 

Lineaspis  MacG. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  median  pair 
of  lobes  straight  and  adjacent,  rarely  if  ever 
fused,  two  lobes  together  always  forming 

single  compact  semicircular  area 

Hemichionaspis  Ckll. 

.    Pygidium  with  caudal  margin   deeply  concave, 
forming  deep  angular  or  semicircular  pygidial 
incision, 
j.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  located 

within  pygidial  incision. 

k.  Body  with  preabdomen  symmetrical,  dextral 
and  sinistral  margins  of  segments  similar,  if 
bearing  setae  on  spine-like  projections, 
these  confined  to  thorax  and  located  on  both 
sides. 

I.  Body   with   thorax   at   most   never   twice 
as  long  as  wide,  varying  from  as  wide 
as  long  to  one  and  one-half  times  as  long 
as  wide. 

m.  Thorax  normal,  not  bearing  one  or 
two  small  tubercle-like  bracteae  with 
ceratubae  on  mesothorax  and  meta- 
thorax,  mesospiracerores  usually  pres- 
ent.   Phenacaspis  Ckll. 

mm.  Thorax  bearing  one  or  two  small  con- 
ical tubercle-like  bracteae  with  cerat- 
ubae on  mescthorax  and  metathorax; 
mesospiracerores  wanting. — Type,  Chi- 
onaspis arundinariae  Green 

Canaspis   MacG. 

II.  Body  with  thorax  with  parallel  sides  and 
two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  wide. — 
Type,  Chionaspis  praelonga  Newst 

Cooleyaspis   MacG. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  309 

kk.  Body  with  preabdomen  asymmetrical,  sini- 
stral  margin  of  four  segments  of  preabdo- 
men bearing  large  spine-like  setae  on 
tubercle-like  swellings  of  margin,  wanting 
dextral  margin.— Type,  Chionaspis  unilater- 

alis  Newst. Sinistraspis  MacG. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  located 
on  ends  of  projections  forming  lateral  limits 
of  pygidial  incision. — Type,  Chionaspis  nudata 

Newst. Augulaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  plates, 
i.    Pygidium  always  with  one  or  more  pairs  of  dis- 
tinct  lobes, 
j.    Pygidium   with    three    pairs    of    lobes.— Type, 

Chionaspis  africana  Newst 

Gramenaspis  MacG. 

jj-     Pygidium  with  one  pair  of  lobes. — Type,  Chi- 
onaspis subnudata  Newst. —Contigaspis  MacG. 
ii.    Pygidium    without   lobes,    margins    undulate. — 

Type,   Chionaspis  simplex  Brain 

Natalaspis  MacG. 

gg.  Insects  always  living  in  abnormal  growths  or  galls 
upon  plants;  scale  of  adult  female  lining  cavity  of 
gall,  exuviae  placed  in  orifice  of  gall  or  wanting; 
pygidium  of  adult  female  with  triangular,  median, 
lobe-like  projection. — Type,  Chionaspis  galliformena 

Green. Parachionaspis  MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  a  single  transverse  group  of  genacerores 

Parlatoreopsis  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  always  with  more  than  five  groups  of  genacerores, 
seven  or  more. 

d.    Pygidium  with  oraceratubae  of  brevaceratubae  arranged  in 
crescentic  transverse  rows;  with  at  least  one  pair  of  lobes; 

scale  of  adult  female  pyriform,  of  male  not  carinated 

Poliaspis  Mask. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  oraceratubae  of  brevaceratubae  promiscuous- 
ly arranged,  not  in  rows;  lobes  wanting. — Type,  Chionaspis 
simplex  Green. Poliaspoides  MacG. 

bb.     Female  always  transforming  in  puparium;  scale  of  adult  female 
not  with  second  exuvia. 

c.     Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  plates  between  median  pair  of 
lobes.   Cryptaspidus  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  plates  between  median 
pair  of  lobes,  with  deep  pygidial  incision  with  oblique  distant 
lobes.  Cryptodiaspis  Lindgr. 

aa.    Pygidium  always  without  groups  of  genacerores. 


310  THE   COCCIDAE 

b.    Body  of  adult  female  never  enclosed  in  puparium;  scale  of  adult 
female   usually   with   second    exuvia. 
c.    Pygidium  with  plates  or  pectinae  cephalad  of  median  pair  of 

lobes, 
d.    Body  never  with  deep  transverse  constriction. 

e.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium   with   furcapectinae   or   plates    in   median    in- 
cisura. 

g.  Pygidium  with  furcapectinae  in  median,  second,  and 
third  incisurae;  caudal  margin  with  pygidial  incis- 
ion.— Type,  Diaspis  zamiae  Morg.  Furchadaspis  MacG. 

gg.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  median,  second,  and  third 
incisurae;    caudal  margin  convex,  not  with  pygidial 

incision. — Type,  Chionaspis  funtumiae  Newst 

Mitulaspidis  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  without  furcapectinae  or  plates  in  median  in- 
cisura. 

g.  Pygidium  with  furcapectinae  on  lateres;  median  pair 
of  lobes  incised  and  smaller  than  second  pair. — Type, 
Chionaspis  capensis  Newst Dentachionaspis  MacG. 

gg-    Pygidium  never  with   furcapectinae   on   lateres;    me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  never  incised. 

h.    Body    with    rostrum    normal    in    position,    distant 
from  cephalic   margin. 

i.  Body  with  rudimentary  antennae  normal  in 
form,  consisting  of  minute  projection  bearing 
one  to  three  setae,  never  located  on  chitinized 
area  bearing  corona  of  four  to  six  spine-like  pro- 
jections. 

j.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  lobes; 
scale  usually  elongate. 

k.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  caudal 
margin  with  distinct  pygidial  incision; 
median  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary. — Type, 

Chionaspis  amaniensis  Lindgr 

Inchoaspis  MacG. 

kk.    Pygidium   with   three   pairs   of   lobes;    me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  always  distinct. 

1.    Pygidium  with  anus  and  vulva  superim- 
posed. 

m.  Pygidium  with  caudal  end  truncate  or 
convex;  median  pair  of  lobes  distant 
and  strongly  divergent  caudad. — Type, 

Chionaspis  permutans  Green 

Graphaspis  MacG. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDIXI  311 

mm.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  with 
deep  pygidial  incision,  median  pair  of 
lobes  located  in  incision  and  not  or 
scarcely  projecting  beyond  its  sides. 

— Type,  Chionaspis  flava  Green 

Ametrochaspis  MacG. 

11.    Pygidium    with    anus    distinctly    farther 
caudad  than  vulva. 

m.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  with 
deep  pygidial  incision;  each  median 
lobe  as  large  as  or  larger  than  mesal 
lobelet  of  second  lobe;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subadjacent. — Type,  Chionaspis 
citri  Comst. Prontaspis  MacG. 

mm.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  convex; 
each  median  lobe  distinctly  smaller 
than  mesal  lobelet  of  second  lobe;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  distinctly  farther 
apart  than  width  of  median  lobe. — 

Type,  Chionaspis  dentilobis  Newst 

Remotaspis  MacG. 

jj.    Pygidium  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  lobes, 
k.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

I.  Pygidium    with    anus    located    distinctly 
cephalad  of  vulva,  near  cephalic  margin. 

m.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  large 
prominent  lobes;  oraceratubae  of 
brevaceratubae  in  rows. — Type,  Chion- 
aspis distorta  Newst 

Asymmetraspis  MacG. 

mm.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  minute 
inconspicuous  lobes;  oraceratubae  of 
brevaceratubae  not  in  rows,  promiscu- 
ously arranged. — Type,  Protodiaspis 
lobata  Ferris OUuctaspis  MacG. 

II.  Pygidium    with    anus    located    distinctly 
caudad  of  vulva,  near  caudal  margin. — 
Type,  Pseudodiaspis  condaliae  Ferris 

Situlaspis  MacG. 

kk.    Pygidium  with   single  pair  of  lobes. 

I.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  uniformly 
convex. — Type,     Chionaspis  (?)     hikosani 
Kuwn.   Kuwanaspis  MacG. 

II.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  with  dis- 
tinct   pygidial    incision. — Type,    Diaspis 
pugionifera  Lindgr Inciaspis  MacG. 


312  THE    COCCIDAE 

ii.    Body  with  rudimentary  antennae  borne  on  circu- 
lar strongly  chitinized  area  fringed  with  four 
to     six     stout     spine-like     projections. — Type, 
Chionaspis  coronifera  Green. — Coronaspis  MacG. 
hh.    Body  with  rostrum  abnormal  in  position,  located 
quite  close  to  cephalic  margin. — Type,  Chionaspis 

substriata  Newst. Dentaspis  MacG. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  at  least  one  pair  of  paraphyses. 

f.    Thorax   usually  wider  than   long,   never   four  times  as 

long  as  wide;   two  plates  in  median  incisura 

Howardia  Leon. 

ff.  Thorax  four  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide;  plates  want- 
ing in  median  incisura. — Type,  Chionaspis  cinnamomi 

Green. Proceraspis  MacG. 

dd.    Body  of  adult  female  with  deep  transverse  constriction  be- 
tween mesothorax  and  metathorax. — Type,  Chionaspis  vuilleti 

Marchal. Marchalaspis  MacG. 

cc.    Pygidium  never  with  plates  cephalad  of  median  pair  of  lobes. 
d.    Pygidium  with  at  least  one  pair  of  distinct  lobes,  never  with 
pseudolobes. 

e.    Pygidium  with   caudal  margin  convex,  not  with  pygidial 
incision. 

f.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  distinctly  cephalad  of  mid- 
dle of  pygidium,  near  its  cephalic  end. — Leucaspis 
cupressi  Colem Cupidaspis  MacG. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  distinctly  caudad  of  middle 
of  pygidium,  near  its  caudal  margin.-Pseudodiaspis  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  deep  angular  pygidial  incision,  median  pair 
of  lobes  inserted  in  incision. — Type,  Chionaspis  (Dinaspis) 
diosmae  Brain. Tersiculaspis  MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  either  entirely  without  lobes 
or  with  serrate  or  dentate  pseudolobes. 

e.    Pygidium  with  anus  located  distinctly  cephalad  of  middle 
of  pygidium,   near   its   cephalic   end. 

f.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  entire,  without  lobes  or 
pseudolobes;  insects  never  producing  galls  upon  plants. 

Protodiaspis  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  with  pseudolobes,  six  or 
seven  subequal  serrate  pairs;  insects  producing  galls 
upon  leaves  of  plants. — Type,  Chionaspis  fodiens  Green.- _ 

Nudachaspis  MacG. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  distinctly  caudad  of  middle  of 
pygidium;  three  pairs  of  lobe-like  projections  with  setae  at 
their  distal  end;  lobe-like  projections  and  lateres  distinctly 
continuously  crenulate;  insects  living  exposed,  never  pro- 
ducing galls.  Xanthopthalmus  Ckll.  &  Parr. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDIN1  313 

bb.  Scale  of  adult  female  never  with  a  second  exuvia;  body  always  en- 
closed in  a  puparium. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  single  pair  of  distinct  lobes. — 
Type,  Diaspis  (Cryptodiaspis)  limuloides  Lindgr 

Credodiaspis  MacG. 
cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes. -Adiscodiaspis  Marchal. 

SPECIES    OF    CARULASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  caudal  margin 
truncately  rounded;  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distal  end  rounded, 
entire  or  slightly  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  much  larger  than  lateral,  entire;  plates  stout,  slightly  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-2-3;  lata- 
dentes  of  each  second  incisura  triangular  and  as  long  as  lobes,  two 
adjacent  to  plate  at  cephalic  margin  of  second  pair  of  lobes,  round- 
ed, with  oraceratubae;  genacerores  5-8(10-16)7-9;  mesospiracerores 
usually  two. — Diaspis  carueli  Targ.,  Diaspis  juniperi  Bouche. — Italy, 
England,  New  York,  Massachusetts,  District  of  Columbia  on  Juni- 

perus,  arbor-vitae. juniperi  Bouche. 

i.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes, 
b.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

c.  Pygidium  with  lobes  all  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes  broader 
than  long,  indistinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  bluntly  point- 
ed between  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
lobelets  subequal  in  size  and  similar  in  form  to  lobelets  of 
second  pair;  plates  slender,  arranged  2,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-1-1-1;  lateres  irregularly  broadly  indented, 
crenulate;  latadentes  bearing  oraceratubae  in  second  and  third 
incisurae;  genacerores  in  four  groups. — Pseudoparlatoria 

cristata  Lindgr. — Brazil  on  Gnetum cristata  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  minutely  serrate,  wide 
apart,  striated,  produced,  but  not  conspicuously  beyond  margin; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised;  plates  spine-like,  ar- 
ranged 2,  1-2,  1-2,  5,  those  of  lateres  arranged  1-1-1-1-1;  lata- 
dentes caudad  of  each  second  and  third  lobe  and  two  cephalad 
of  third  pair  of  lobes  representing  fourth  pair  of  lobes;  gena- 
cerores 11-11(18-18)8-8. — Diaspis  miranda  Ckll. — Mexico  on 

"Cherimoya,"  "Zapote."  miranda  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  rounded;  lateral 
margin  oblique,  intermediate  in  size  between  lobelets  of  second 
pair  of  lobes;  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair  of  lobes  nearly  twice 
as  large  as  lateral,  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  irregularly  rounded; 
median  pair  of  lobes  slightly  larger  than  mesal  lobelet  of  second 
pair,  bluntly  rounded;  lobes  all  entire;  plates  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  2,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  0-1-2-1;  lateres 
crenulate  and  irregularly  finely  notched;  latadentes  large  in  sec- 
ond incisurae,  smaller  in  third;  anus  superimposed  over  vulva; 
genacerores  5-7(14-21)20-25;  mesospiracerores  2-1,  metaspiracerores 
2— Pseudoparlatoria  chilina  Lindgr.— Chile  on  Saxegothaea, 
Podocarpus.  chilina  Lindgr. 


314  THE   COCCIDAE 

SPECIES    OF    DIASPIDISTIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  crenulate; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  subequal,  crenulate; 
fourth  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised  into  five  subequal  crenulate  lobe- 
lets;  each  lateris  with  seven  or  eight  subequal  projections  or  lata- 
dentes;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  0;  second,  third,  and  fourth  incisurae 
with  broad  lobe-like  latadentis  bearing  oraceratuba;  genacerores  (15- 
28)28-27.— Brazil  on  Myrtaceae multilobia  Hemp. 

SPECIES    OF    PSEUDOPARLATORIA 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded, 
minutely  serrate,  not  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  divided  into 
three  lobelets;  plates  of  median  incisura  hardly  projecting  beyond 

lobes;  genacerores  2-2(12-15)11-15. — Mexico  on  Myrtus 

serrulata  Towns.  &  Ckll. 
aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  serrulate. 

b.  Pygidium  with  five  groups  of  genacerores,  7-7(20-20)16-18;  median 
pair  of  lobes  rounded  at  distal  end,  sides  sloping,  subbasal 
notches  wanting;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised;  plates 
of  median  incisura  subparallel,  longer  than  lobes. — Brazil  on 

Nectandra. noacki  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  usually  with  four  groups  of  genacerores,  0-2(9-15)7-10; 
median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  deep  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  largest,  lobelets  triangular,  bluntly  pointed,  often  with 
lateral  notch;  plates  arranged  2,  1,  1,  0,  those  of  median  incisura 
subequal  to  lobes,  those  of  other  incisurae  longer  than  lobes; 
each  lateris  with  four  slight  projections,  arranged  in  pairs, 
caudal  pair  distant  from  third  lobe;  anus  midway  between  vulva 
and  caudal  margin,  about  three  times  its  width  from  each. — 
Florida,  Mexico,  Brazil  on  Persea,  Drimys,  Psidium,  Oncidium, 
Magnolia,  peach. parlatoroides  Comst. 

SPECIES    OF    PSEUDAULACASPIS 

a.    Pygidium  always  with  two  or  more  pairs  of  distinct  lobes,  median 
pair  large  and  prominent,   second  pair  always  small, 
b.    Pygidium  with  more  than  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  radiately 
striate,  moderately  large,  margins  irregularly  crenulate;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  consisting  of  two  large  subequal  lobelets; 
third  pair  of  lobes  consisting  of  two  lobelets,  mesal  small- 
est; fourth  pair  of  lobes  consisting  of  two  very  broad,  low 
lobelets,  mesal  low  and  conical,  lateral  gently  convex  and 
serrate  with  five  teeth;  fifth  pair  of  lobes  represented  by 
two  broad  low  processes;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  1,  0,  0; 
most  of  described  lobes  probably  latadentes;  latadentes  of 
each  second  and  third  incisurae  as  large  as  mesal  lobelet,  of 
each  third  incisura  smaller;  genacerores  29-30(49-58)21-31  — 
China,  Japan  on  Eleagnus. crawii  Ckll. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  315 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  margins 
long  and  straight  near  proximal  end,  broadly  rounded, 
finely  crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
larger  than  lateral,  distal  end  of  mesal  lobelet  rounded,  of 
lateral  lobelet  pointed;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  sec- 
ond, smaller;  plates  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  8,  those  of  second  incisurae  furca- 
pectinae,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-7;  genacerores 

27-31(55-57)31-39.— Natal  on  Melia,  Ricinus fulleri  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  none  of  lobes  incised;  median  pair  of  lobes 
distant,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of 
lobes  subquadrangular,  margins  substraight,  distal  ends  ser- 
rate; fourth  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  subquadrangular,  angles  of 
distal  end  prolonged,  spine-like;  plates  slightly  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  0,  0,  0,  3,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  3-3; 
anus  located  caudad  of  vulva  near  caudal  margin;  setae  as 
long  as  lobes;  genacerores  8-8(17-20)9-10. — Greece  on  Pistacia... 

gennadii  Leon, 
bb.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  proximal  end  dis- 
tinctly wider  than  distal,  never  constricted  on  proximal  portion. 

d.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  short,  distinct,  incised, 
e.    Pygidium  with  genacerores   6-25(14-46)12-38. 

f.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  twice  or  more  as  long  as  lateral  lobelet; 
median  pair  of  lobes  much  larger,  subtriangular,  both 
margins  crenulate,  distal  end  entire  or  margins  rarely 
subentire  and  notched;  each  lateris  with  two  groups 
of  bluntly  rounded  or  toothed  latadentes,  each  with  an 
oraceratuba;  minute  latadentis  in  each  second  incisura; 
plates  of  furcapectinae  arranged  0,  1,  10-12,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  1  or  2-3-6 ;  anus  and  vulva  super- 
imposed; genacerores  6-25(14-46)12-38;  mesospiracerores 
15-17. — Europe,  south  eastern  United  States,  West 
Indies,  Mexico,  South  America,  China,  Japan,  India, 
south  Africa,  Ceylon,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  etc.  on 
peach,  plum,  prune,  cherry,  apricot,  walnut,  grape,  per- 
simmon, geranium,  etc.  pentagona  Targ. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  doubly  incised,  me- 
dian lobelet  much  longer  than  mesal  or  lateral;  plates 
long,  one  in  each  second  incisura,  two  cephalad  of  each 
second  lobe,  about  fourteen  on  each  lateris;  genacerores 

9-9(26-26)16-19. — Japan,  California  on  Osmanthus 

pentagona  auranticolor  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  76-76(51-51)40-50;  median  pair 
of  lobes  well  developed,  triangular,  rounded  at  distal  end, 
slightly  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  only  slightly  de- 
veloped; plates  strong,  arranged  0,  1,  12-14,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-2-4-6-6-7;  brevaceratubae  arranged  in 


316  THE    COCCIDAE 

two  transverse  interrupted  rows;   latadentes  small;   meso- 
spiracerores  present,  metaspiracerores  wanting. — Ceylon  on 

Flacourtia. flacourtiae  Ruth. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  obscure,  rounded,  not 
incised;  median  pair  of  lobes  extremely  large,  widely  sepa- 
rated, strongly  divergent,  rounded,  finely  crenulate;  plates 
arranged  0,  0,  12,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-1-1-2-1-2- 
(1-1-1);  anus  five  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and 
over  six  times  from  vulva;  genacerores  24-24(36-36)25-25. — 

Arizona  on  Holocantha. toumeyi  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  divergent, 
broadly  flabelliform,  constricted  on  proximal  portion,  broadly 
rounded  and  slightly  and  irregularly  notched;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  prominent,  slightly  dilated  toward 
extremity,  truncately  rounded,  lateral  lobelet  triangular,  much 
shorter  than  mesal;  plates  short  on  caudal  and  long  on 
cephalic  portion  of  pygidium,  arranged  0,  1,  10,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-2-2- ( 2-2 );  anus  and  vulva  probably  near 
together;  genacerores  6-9(18-23)19-23;  dorsal  oraceratubae 

large,  numerous,  conspicuous. — India  on  Loranthus 

barberi  Green. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  distinct,  not  particularly  large  lobes, 
edges  slightly  crenulate,  lobes  almost  adjacent  at  proximal  end; 
second  pair  of  lobes  represented  by  pair  of  minute  tubercles;  three 
furcapectinae  in  each  second  incisura  and  about  twelve  on  each 

lateris;  genacerores  25-25(15-15)7-12. — Mexico  on  "Chico  Sapote." 

persimilis  Ckll. 

SPECIES    OF    AULACASPIS 

a.    Body  oval  or  trigonal  in  outline,  cephalic  and  lateral  margins  form- 
ing continuous  broadly  rounded  curve. 
b.    Pygidium  with  vulva  and  anus  superimposed. 

c.    Pygidium  with   plates   or   furcapectinae   of   second   and    third 
incisurae    projecting    almost    their    entire    length    caudad    of 
caudal  ends  of  median  pair  of  lobes, 
d.    Pygidium  with  seven  pairs  of  altaceratubae. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  serrate  and  with 
plates  in  incisurae  cephalad  of  median  pair  of  lobes, 
f.  Pygidium  with  three  continuous  series  of  brevacerat- 
ubae;  median  pair  of  lobes  long,  widely  divergent, 
finely  serrate,  proximal  ends  almost  adjacent;  second 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal,  incised;  plates  large 
and  spine-like,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  1-1-1-1;  genacerores  11-33(17-40)14-40;  meso- 
spiracerores  8-12,  metaspiracerores  4-6. — Europe,  Aus- 
tralia, Japan,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Chile,  West  Indies, 
eastern  United  States,  Canada,  California  on  rose,  rasp- 
berry, strawberry,  blackberry,  pear,  myrtle,  Ailanthus, 
Cycas,  mango,  etc.  rosae  Bouche. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  317 

ff.  Pygidium  with  single  irregular  series  of  brevaceratubae, 
consisting  of  about  four  oraceratubae  on  each  side;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  strongly  divergent,  free  margins  ser- 
rate; second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets 
subequal  in  length,  distal  ends  truncate  or  slightly 
oblique,  slightly  serrate;  plates  long  and  slender,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-1; 
genacerores  15-15(16-19)16-17;  body  with  prominent 
tubercle  at  each  cephalo-lateral  angle. — Aulacaspis  cin- 

namomi  Newst. — Java  on  Cinnamomum 

tubercularis  Newst. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire  and  with  fur- 
capectinae  in  incisurae;  median  pair  of  lobes  oblique, 
distant,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  entire,  incised,  lobelets  similar  in  form,  entire, 
broadly  rounded,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  plates 
and  furcapectinae  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  incisurae 
and  one  adjacent  to  each  third  lobe  furcapectinae,  cephalic 
ones  much  longer  than  caudal,  plates  of  lateris  long,  they 
and  furcapectinae  arranged  1-1-1-1;  genacerores  15-15(26- 
29)16-17. — Diaspis  (Aulacaspis)  cinnamomi  mangiferae 

Newst. — Ceylon,  Egypt  on  mango mangiferae  Newst. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  nine  pairs  of  altaceratubae,  sometimes  eight, 
extra  ones  located  on  cephalic  part;  median  pair  of  lobes 
widely  divergent,  free  margins  convex  and  finely  serrate; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  of  each  pair 
subequal,  those  of  second  larger  than  those  of  third,  distal 
margins  truncate,  margins  entire;  plates  stout,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-l-2or3;  caudal 
segment  of  preabdomen  with  4-5  plates  on  each  side;  meso- 
genacerores  15-16,  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores  forming 

continuous  group  on  each  side  of  18-22  cerores. — Java 

javanensis  Newst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  plates  of  second  and  third  incisurae  not  pro- 
jecting caudad  beyond  caudal  end  of  median  pair  of  lobes  or 
at  most  projecting  only  slightly;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
long,  projecting  strongly,  distant,  distal  end  broadly  rounded, 
margins  minutely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  twice  as  long  as  lateral,  elongate,  narrow,  rounded, 
both  lobelets  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
long,  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  broader  lateral  lobelet,  margin 
of  mesal  lobelet  serrate;  plates  long,  slightly  longer  than  mesal 
lobelet  of  second  pair  of  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5-6,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  l-l-l-3or4;  genacerores  8-16(14-25)11-26; 
anus  and  vulva  superimposed;  thoracic  and  cephalic  abdominal 
segments  with  one  and  sometimes  two  pairs  of  conspicuous 
depressed  dorsal  areas. — Ceylon  on  Loranthus.__ZoranMi  Green, 
"bb.  Pygidium  with  vulva  located  some  distance  caudad  of  anus. 

c.    Pygidium   with   genacerores   8-10(15-18)20-30;    median   pair   of 
lobes  comparatively  long,  divergent,  minutely  crenulate,  fused 


318  THE   COCCIDAE 

at  proximal  end;  second  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  incised,  lobe- 
lets  spatulate,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  plates  long, 
particularly  those  of  lateres,  arranged  0,  1,  11,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-2-2-6;  altaceratubae  about  seven,  their  ora- 
ceratubae  located  in  latadentes,  those  of  second  and  third  in- 
cisura  elongate,  bluntly  pointed,  none  of  the  oraceratubae 
adjacent;  each  lateris  with  three  pairs  of  adjacent,  short, 
broad,  serrate  latadentes;  rows  of  oraceratubae  of  brevacera- 
tubae  interrupted  on  meson  and  divided  into  mesal  and  lateral 
groups;  mesospiracerores  forming  large  cluster. — Ceylon  on 

Fagraea. fagraeae  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  14-17(28-37)26-56;  median  pair  of 
lobes  narrowed  at  proximal  end,  expanded  at  disto-lateral 
angles  and  broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
lateral  lobelet  conspicuous,  distinctly  rounded  at  distal  end, 
similar  in  shape  to  mesal  lobelet;  brevaceratubae  in  two  rows; 
mesospiracerores  19-20,  metaspiracerores  wanting;  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  11,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2-5-3;  latadentes 

distinct. — Ceylon   on    Myristica myristicae   Ruth. 

aa.  Body  pentagonal  in  outline,  never  oval  or  trigonal,  cephalic  margin 
consisting  of  three  subequal  portions,  mesal  transverse  portion  and 
on  each  side  an  oblique  portion  which  joins  straight  lateral  thorac- 
ic margin  at  an  angle;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  oblique, 
not  or  slightly  projecting  beyond  pygidial  incision,  lateral  margins 
not  free,  mesal  margin  slightly  convex  and  serrate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  lobelet  slightly 
longer  than  lateral;  plates  of  incisurae  short,  longer  than  lobes, 
distinctly  shorter  than  long  plates  of  lateres,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1- (1-1) ;  latadentes  in  second  and 
third  incisurae  nearly  as  large  as  lateral  lobelets;  genacerores  in 
five  groups. — Java  on  Ilex penzigi  Leon. 

SPECIES    OF    EPIDIASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  broad,  rounded,  faint  lateral 
notch;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  small,  rudimentary, 
incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  all  probably  latadentes;  dorsal  setae 
cephalad  of  second  pair  of  lobes  surrounded  by  densaria-like  thicken- 
ings; brevaceratubae  few  in  number,  elongate,  irregularly  arranged; 
plates  short,  broad,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 1-1-1-2-1;  anus  eight  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and 
once  caudad  of  vulva;  genacerores  (12-16)9-10. — Diaspis  leperii  Sign., 
Epidiaspis  piricola  Del  Guer. — Italy,  France,  Portugal,  Germany,  Eng- 
land, California,  New  York  on  apple,  plum,  peach,  pear,  currant 

pyri  Colvee. 
SPECIES  OF  COCKERELLASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  rounded,  very  low,  not 
oblique  or  divergent,  height  above  margin  less  than  half  their  breadth ; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small,  rounded,  nearly  obsolete;  plates 
small,  spine-like,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
l-(l-l)-l-3;  anus  longer  than  broad,  located  sixteen  times  its  width 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  319 

from   caudal    margin   and   about   five   times   from   vulva;    genacerores 
5-7(13-14)8-8. — New  Mexico  on  Quercus montanus  Ckll. 

SPECIES    OF    DIASPIS 

a.     Body  of  adult   female   with   large,  blunt,  button-like   projection   or 
tubercle  on  each  side  on  level  with  rostrum. 

b.  Pygidium  with  an  altaceratubae  opening  in  mesal  latadentis,  with 
four  marginal  altaceratubae  opening  in  latadentes  on  each  side 
and  two  submarginal  altaceratubae;  median  pair  of  lobes  strong- 
ly divergent,  oblique,  proximal  ends  not  fused,  finely  serrate; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small,  short,  incised,  lateral 
lobelet  usually  larger  than  mesal;  plates  comparatively  long,  spine- 
like,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-3-1, 
cephalic  four  much  broader  at  proximal  end  than  others;  gena- 
cerores 8-12(6-25)7-20;  mesospiracerores  about  18,  subdivided  into 
groups. — Diaspis  cattleyae  Ckll. — Europe,  Australia,  Hawaiian 
Islands,  America  on  Acacia,  Cattleya,  palms,  wattle,  various  hot- 
house plants.  boisduvalii  Sign. 

bb.  Pygidium  not  with  an  altaceratuba  opening  in  mesal  latadentis, 
with  five  marginal  altaceratubae  opening  in  latadentes  on  each 
side  and  two  submarginal  latadentes,  two  large  adjacent  breva- 
ceratubae  located  cephalad  of  median  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subtriangular,  unsymmetrical,  divergent,  mesal  margins 
serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  sub- 
equal  with  truncated  ends  with  rounded  angles,  entire,  mesal 
lobelet  slightly  larger  than  lateral;  cephalad  of  each  third  lobe 
a  lobe-like  latadentis  and  cephalad  of  this  a  triangular  projection, 
long  oblique  side,  serrate;  plates  caudad  of  serrate  projection 
much  shorter  and  narrower  on  proximal  portion  than  those 
cephalad,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arrangedl-(l-l)- 
l-(  1-1-1);  genacerores  0-8(5-12)4-8.— South  Africa  on  Connarum, 

Syzygium.  africana  Lindgr. 

aa.    Body  of  adult  female  not  with  large,  blunt,  projection  on  each  side 
on  level  with  rostrum. 

b.    Pygidium   with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  larger  than  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  or  at  least  than  second  lobelet,  if  incised, 
c.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire  or  at  most  only 

slightly  crenulate,  never  with  mesal  margins  serrate, 
d.    Pygidium   with   plates   in   second   and  third   incisurae. 

e.    Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  wholly 
entire. 

f.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  9-15(12-23)10-24; 
median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  margins  free,  mesal 
and  lateral  margins  entire,  not  strongly  oblique;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  always  much  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets  point- 
ed, rounded,  entire;  plates  short,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  8, 
those  on  each  side  of  third  pair  of  lobes  longest,  those 
on  each  lateris  short  and  broad  at  proximal  end,  all 


320  THE    COCCIDAE 

distant;  oraceratubae  of  lataceratubae  located  in  lata- 
dentes;  brevaceratubae  small  and  numerous;  anus  lo- 
cated nearly  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin, 
nearer  vulva;  mesospiracerores  about  6.  —  Diaspis 
echinocacti  Bouche,  Diaspis  echinocacti  cacti  Comst., 
Diaspis  echinocacti  opuntiae  Ckll. — Europe,  northern 
Africa,  India,  eastern  United  States,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Brazil  on  Opuntia, 
Echinocactus,  Cereus.  calyptroides  Costa. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  11-11(10-10)3-4; 
median  pair  of  lobes  close  together,  low,  evenly  round- 
ed, entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  represented 
by  extremely  small,  colorless,  pointed  prominences; 
plates  large,  two  on  each  side  especially  large  and 
broad  with  fimbriated  ends,  pectinae;  anus  distant  from 
vulva;  latadentes  bearing  oraceratubae  at  proximal 
ends  of  lobes,  closely  adjacent  pair  beneath  median  pair 
of  lobes,  and  three  or  four  other  pairs  at  intervals  along 
margin. — Mexico  on  mistletoe phoradendri  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  lateral  margin  of  median  pair  of  lobes 
and  margin  of  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair  serrate;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  margins  straight,  entire, 
lateral  margins  feebly  rounded,  oblique,  only  small  por- 
tion free,  finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  broader  than  long,  strongly  rounded,  very 
finely  serrate,  lateral  lobelet  elongate,  rounded,  rudimen- 
tary; third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  large, 
unsymmetrical,  straight  inner  and  oblique  outer  mar- 
gins, lateral  lobelet  similar,  small,  rudimentary;  plates 
of  second  and  third  incisurae  only  slightly  longer 
than  lobes,  others  larger,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-2-3,  distal  portion  of  plates  suddenly 
reduced  in  size;  genacerores  10-20(14-19)8-9. — Syria  on 
Pistacia. syriaca  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  furcapectinae  in  second  and  third  incisurae; 
median  pair  of  lobes  wide  apart,  large,  mesal  margins  oblique, 
entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  lateral  margins  only  partly 
free;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  short;  third  pair  of  lobes 
incised;  latadentis  cephalad  of  each  second  and  third  lobe 
and  two  caudad  of  third  lobe;  plates  and  pectinae  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  22,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-3  and  others 
uniformly  distributed  cone-like  plates,  furcapectinae  adja- 
cent to  each  third  lobe  and  about  twenty  plates  cephalad  of  fur- 
capectinae; caudal  segment  of  preabdomen  with  twenty-two 
plates  on  each  side;  oraceratubae  numerous;  mesospira- 
cerores and  metaspiracerores  20-25;  genacerores  15-28(17-45) 
17-32. — Brazil  on  Myrtaceae australis  Hemp. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  margins  serrate, 
d.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINT  321 

e.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  represented  by  long 
bluntly  pointed  projections;  median  pair  of  lobes  distant, 
strongly  divergent,  mesal  margins  serrate,  caudal  end 
projecting  far  beyond  caudal  margin,  lateral  margin  free 
and  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  wanting  or  represented 
by  two  low  rounded  protuberances;  pointed  projection 
between  median  and  second  lobe  probably  latadentis; 
plates  shown  arranged  0,  0,  1,  1;  anus  located  distinctly 
caudad  of  vulva;  genacerores  10-10(20-20)9-9. — Mexico  on 

Prosopis.  townsendi  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  subround,  each  rather 
less  than  one-half  width  and  length  of  median  lobe,  dis- 
tant by  about  its  own  width  from  median  lobe;  median 
pair  of  lobes  largest,  almost  imperceptibly  excavated  on 
distal  portion  of  lateral  margin,  very  slightly  notched  on 
distal  portion  of  mesal  margin;  third  pair  of  lobes  about 
one-half  size  of  second  pair,  appearing  as  tubercles  on 
margin,  each  distant  from  second  lobe  rather  more  than 
twice  its  width;  with  projections  identified  as  fourth  and 
fifth  pairs  of  lobes;  plates  not  large,  not  long,  equaling 
in  length  median  pair  of  lobes;  anus  distant  from  vulva; 

genacerores  15-15(30-30)20-20. — Mexico   on   Baccharis 

baccharidis  Towns.  &  Ckll. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  always  deeply  incised, 
e.    Pygidium  with   one   plate   in   each  second   incisura,   each 
side  with  eight  plates, 
f.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  third   incisura. 

g.  Pygidium  with  five  marginal,  one  mesal,  and  two 
submarginal  oraceratubae  of  altaceratubae  on  each 
side;  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  margins  not 
free,  mesal  margins  serrate,  oblique;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal,  incised,  entire,  distal 
ends  of  lobelets  broadly  rounded;  plates  short,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  distant,  ar- 
ranged l-(  1-1) -1-1-1,  cephalic  plates  much  broader 
than  caudal;  marginal  oraceratubae  of  altaceratubae 
located  in  latadentes,  two  latadentes  on  each  lateris, 
located  between  groups  of  plates;  genacerores 
8-10(14-20)13-17.  —  Europe,  eastern  United  States, 
California,  Mexico  on  Bromelia,  Hibiscus,  Canna, 

Bilbergia,  Olea,,  pineapple,  ivy bromeliae  Kern. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  three  or  four  marginal  and  sub- 
marginal  rows  of  oraceratubae  of  altaceratubae  on 
each  side,  two  caudal  longitudinally  elongate  and 
three  cephalic  small  and  round;  median  pair  of 
lobes  distant,  oblique,  mesal  margin  long  and  con- 
vex, with  five  distinct  serrations  including  caudal 
one,  lateral  margin  with  single  serration;  second 
pair  of  lobes  very  small  and  low,  incised;  third  pair 
of  lobes  low,  broad,  trifid,  similar  to  three  mar- 


322  THE    COCCIDAE 

ginal  serrations;  plates  of  second  incisurae  sub- 
equal  in  length  to  median  pair  of  lobes,  others  larger, 
arranged  0,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-1- (1-1-1);  genacerores  8-8(16-16)10-10.— Texas  on 

Sophora.   texensis  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  each  third  incisurae,  plates 
arranged  0,  1,  0,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-(1-1)-1,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes;  latadentes  lo- 
cated in  median,  second,  and  third  incisurae,  and  three 
on  each  lateris;  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad, 
serrate,  mesal  margin  oblique;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  entire,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral,  distal  end  of  mesal  round,  of  lateral  sub- 
truncate;  anus  located  nearly  midway  between  vulva 
and  caudal  margin;  each  lateris  with  lobe-like  projec- 
tions, caudal  one  serrate;  genacerores  (18-23)16-20. — 

Senegal,  Africa  on  Khaya senegalensis  Vays. 

ee.  Pygidium  not  with  plate  in  each  second  incisura,  plates 
short,  hardly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  9-13,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  !-3or4-6or9;  median  pair  of 
lobes  largest,  oblique,  serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of 
lobes  subequal  and  subsimilar,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  three 
or  more  times  as  large  as  lateral;  five  altaceratubae  on 
each  side  and  similar  mesal  one;  lateris  irregular  and 
lobe-like  opposite  cephalic  oraceratubae  of  fourth  and 
fifth  altaceratubae;  anus  about  midway  between  caudal 
margin  and  vulva,  over  six  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin;  genacerores  6-10(9-16)6-10. — California  on  Man- 

zanita,  Acrostaphylos.  manzanitae  Whitney. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  smaller  than  mesal 
lobelet  of  second  pair  of  lobes  or  of  second  pair  if  not  incised, 
if  apparently  subequal,  cephalic  end  of  body  with  blunt  mesal 
plate-like  structure. 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  as  broad  as 
long,  broadly  rounded,  entire,  projecting  farther  caudad  than 
median  pair;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  subtriangular,  distal 
portion  notched;  third  pair  of  lobes  wanting;  plates  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  8,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
2-1-1-4;  oraceratubae  in  three  groups,  located  between  groups 
of  plates  of  each  lateris;  dorsal  setae  large;  genacerores  8-8 

(12-13)8-8. — Canary  Islands  on  Juniperus. atlantica  Lindgr. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised. 

d.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  with  single,  short,  conical,  trun- 
cate, plate-like,  mesal  projection;  median  pair  of  lobes  dis- 
tant, divergent,  lateral  margin  straight,  mesal  margin 
oblique  and  serrate,  subequal  to  or  slightly  larger  than 
mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
entire,  truncate  with  rounded  angles,  mesal  lobelet  slightly 
larger  than  lateral;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  similar  in 
form  to  second  pair,  smaller,  lateral  lobelet  sometimes  with 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  323 

lateral  notch;  plates  and  pectinae  arranged  0,  1,  1,  7,  each 
lateris  with  caudal  and  cephalic  projections,  plates,  others 
furcapectinae,  arranged  1-1-1-1-1-1-1;  marginal  altaceratubae 
four,  opening  in  latadentes,  located  in  second  and  third  in- 
cisurae  and  cephalad  of  caudal  plate  and  between  third  and 
fourth  from  caudal  end;  margin  where  fourth  pair  of  lobes 
would  be  located,  not  produced  but  serrate;  genacerores 
4-4(10-10)8-8;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  similar  to 

adult. — South  Africa  on  Strychnos stilosa  Lindgr. 

dd.  Body  with  meson  of  cephalic  margin  never  with  mesal  plate- 
like  projection;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  minute, 
subtriangular,  divergent,  mesal  margin  sometimes  notched; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lat- 
eral, both  broadly  rounded,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  simi- 
lar in  form  and  size,  incised,  entire;  plates  stout,  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  broader 
at  proximal  end,  arranged  l-(  1-1) -1-1-1;  anus  located  caudad 
of  vulva;  altaceratuba  opening  in  mesal  latadentis,  four 
marginal  altaceratubae  opening  in  latadentes;  mesospira- 
cerores  0-1;  genacerores  7-9(13-16)11-14;  pygidium  of  second 
nymphal  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  plate- 
like,  strongly  divergent. — German  East  Africa  on  Loranthus.__ 

parva  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF   UMBASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  circular,  yellowish  or  creamy  white  in  color, 
exuviae  tilted;  body  pyriform;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
distant,  small,  projecting,  meso-distal  angles  rounded,  entire;  second 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  small,  truncately  rounded, 
subequal,  entire;  one  lobe-like  projection  in  each  second  incisura  and 
three  in  third;  single  plate  in  third  incisurae  adjacent  to  third  lobe 
and  two  cephalad  of  it;  prominent  spine-like  projection  just  cephalad 
of  cephalic  plates,  two  plates  adjacent  to  its  cephalic  margin  and 
three  others  equidistant  from  each  other  and  two  plates  adjacent  to 
spine-like  projection;  altaceratubae  arranged,  one  in  median  and  each 
second  incisura,  two  in  each  third  incisura,  and  two  associated  with 
each  third  pair  of  lobes,  and  one  with  each  spine-like  projection;  meso- 

spiracerores  0-1;  genacerores  8-11(16-19)13-16. — Uganda,  Africa 

regularis  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    RUTHERFORDIA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused,  forming  single  lobe,  promi- 
ment,  broader  than  long,  sides  parallel  on  proximal  portion,  converg- 
ing on  distal  portion,  rounded  at  distal  end;  incisura  cephalad  of  me- 
dian lobe  short,  heavily  chitinized,  two  sides  fused;  plates  numerous, 
long,  those  of  each  lateris  in  three  groups,  separated  by  minute,  point- 
ed, hyaline,  lobe-like  projections,  arranged  11-12-11,  cephalad  of  these 
plates,  four  groups  of  similar  plates,  decreasing  in  size  toward  cephalic 
end;  genacerores  in  five  groups,  very  numerous,  100  mesogenacerores ; 
mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores  present;  brevaceratubae  nu- 
merous.— Ceylon  on  Mallotus malloti  Ruth. 


324  THE    COCCIDAE 

SPECIES    OF    PROTARGIONIA 

Scale  of  adult  female  oval,  exuviae  located  on  one  side  near  periphery; 
pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  projecting  only  slightly, 
bluntly  pointed,  faint  notches  or  few  crenulations ;  second  pair  of  lobes 
hardly  projecting,  lateral  margin  oblique;  described  third  pair  of  lobes 
not  projecting,  bearing  seta;  altaceratubae  large,  their  oraceratubae 
one  in  each  second  incisura,  two  in  third,  and  two,  more  distant, 
cephalad  of  rudimentary  lobes;  plates  wanting;  spiracerores  wanting; 
genacerores  2-2(9-12)7-11;  anus  three  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  distant  from  vulva. — Argentina  on  Larrea larreae  Leon. 

SPECIES    OF    ESSIGASPIS 

Pygidium  with  lobes,  pectinae,  and  plates  wanting;  margin  broadly 
undulate;  oraceratubae  of  brevaceratubae  very  small,  numerous,  par- 
ticularly near  caudal  margin,  promiscuously  arranged;  anus  twelve 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  four  times  cephalad  of  vulva; 
genacerores  arranged  in  almost  continuous  U-shaped  arch,  consisting 
of  20-30  cerores. — California  on  Quercus agrifoliae  Essig. 

SPECIES    OF    SCLOPETASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised;  median  pair  of 
lobes  short,  projecting,  notched,  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  simi- 
lar in  form,  broader  than  median  pair;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
lateral  lobelet  broader  than  mesal,  lateral  margin  oblique,  dentate, 
disto-mesal  angle  prolonged;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  incised,  similar  to 
third  pair,  broader,  distal  margin  dentate;  plates  small,  inconspic- 
uous, arranged  0,  1,  2,  2,  3;  brevaceratubae  in  broad  interrupted 
bands;  oraceratubae  numerous  on  preabdomen;  anus  longer  than 
broad,  about  twenty-four  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin,  seven 
times  cephalad  of  vulva,  vulva  located  on  the  line  drawn  between  pre- 
genacerores  and  postgenacerores;  genacerores  15-15(30-30)60-60;  meso- 
spiracerores  10,  metaspiracerores  4-5;  scale  covered  with  white  felt- 
ed woolly  wax. — Uganda,  Africa  on  Loranthus laniger  Newst. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  subequal  in  size, 
prominent,  projecting,  distal  ends  rounded,  entire;  median  pair  of 
lobes  prominent,  distant,  similar  to  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair, 
larger;  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  similar  to  each 
other  and  to  second  pair,  entire;  plates  small,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  1,  5, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-4;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspira- 
cerores numerous,  about  twenty;  brevaceratubae  arranged  in  three 
prominent  interrupted  rows;  margin  with  three  large  altaceratubae 
on  each  side;  genacerores  arranged  in  five  large  groups;  anus  oppo- 
site vulva,  vulva  located  slightly  caudad  of  middle  of  pygidium; 
lateral  margin  of  body  dilated,  forming  tubular  extension,  bearing 
eye-like  spot;  cephalic  portion  of  body  with  numerous  chitinized 

patches. — Java,  Uganda,  Africa  on  sugar-cane 

madiunensis  Zehntner. 

SPECIES    OF    CHIONASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised. 

b.    Pygidium  with   second   pair   of  lobes   not   incised,   broader   than 
long,  with  or  without  slight  notches,  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  325 

broad,  broader  than  long,  entire,  distant;  third  pair  of  lobes  tri- 
angular, almost  obsolete,  lateral  margin  long,  oblique,  entire; 
plates  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  3,  11,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  (2-2-2) -4-1;  setae  small;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in 
three  broad  uninterrupted  bands;  latadentes  in  second  and  third 
incisurae;  genacerores  16-19(17-33)13-29. — Algeria  on  Nerium, 

Oleander.  nerii  Newst. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  elongate, 
broadly  bluntly  rounded,  one-half  width  of  median  lobe,  lateral 
lobelet  shorter  and  narrower  than  mesal;  median  pair  of  lobes 
adjacent  at  proximal  end,  divergent  caudad,  longer  than  broad, 
distal  end  bluntly  rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  simi- 
lar in  form  to  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair;  plates  about  as  long 
as  or  shorter  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  2,  8-9, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2-4to5;  anus  located  between  pre- 
genacerores;  each  lateris  with  seven  altaceratubae ;  dorsal  ora- 
ceratubae small,  arranged  in  rows;  genacerores  12-13(20-29)18-22. 

— China  on  Populus. micropori  Marl. 

i.     Pygidium  with  both  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
b.    Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura,   only   rarely 
with  one,  if  so,  each  lateris  with  plates  arranged  in  two  groups, 
c.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  15-20(30-40)25-30;  median 
pair  of  lobes  triangular,  pointed,  not  adjacent,  divergent,  en- 
tire;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  smaller  than  median,  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  bluntly  rounded;   third  pair 
of  lobes  small,  rudimentary;   plates  twice  as  long  as  median 
pair   of   lobes,   mesal   plate   of   each   group   shortest,   arranged 
0,  2,   2,   6,  those   of  each  lateris   arranged   2-2-2;    submarginal 
setae  distinct,  marginal  setae  prominent;   anus  and  vulva  su- 
perimposed, seven  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Massa- 
chusetts, California  on  Spartina spartinae  Comst. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  always  much  less  in  number  than 

15-20(30-40)25-30. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  finely  serrate,  large, 
longer  than  broad,  bluntly  pointed,  proximal  ends  adjacent, 
divergent  caudad;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  largest,  distal  ends  bluntly  rounded  and 
toothed;  latadentes  in  second  and  third  incisurae;  plates 
slender,  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  not  twice  as  long, 
arranged  0,  2,  2,  8-9,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2or3-4; 
caudal  preabdominal  segment  with  four  or  five  plates  on 
each  side;  anus  located  distinctly  cephalad  of  vulva;  gena- 
cerores 4-6(5-8)2-7.— New  York,  Virginia,  Georgia,  Ohio,  Eng- 
land, France  on  Euonymus euonymi  Comst. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  divergent,  dis- 
tance between  them  nearly  equal  to  width  of  median  lobe, 
broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets 
large,  mesal  larger  than  lateral,  slightly  longer  than  broad, 
entire,  broadly  rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets 
subequal  in  width,  mesal  larger  than  lateral,  distinctly  long- 


•6  THE   COCCIDAE 

er  than  broad,  entire,  lateral  margin  oblique;  plates  much 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1-2,  1-2,  4-5,  those  of  each 
lateris  in  two  groups,  arranged  1  to  2,  3;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
numerous,  arranged  in  rows;  genacerores  7-12(18-24)15-17. — 

South  Africa  on  Stanotophrum stanotophri  Cooley. 

bb.    Pygidium  always  with  less  than  two  plates  in  each  second   in- 
cisura;   each  lateris  with  plates  arranged  in  two  groups, 
c.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 
d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  adjacent  at  proximal 
end. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  long, 
broadly  truncately  rounded,  entire,  separated  by  distance 
equal  to  about  one-fourth  width  of  median  lobe;  second 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelets  largest, 
lobelets  about  as  broad  as  long,  broadly  rounded,  entire; 
latadentes  in  second  and  third  incisurae;  plates  one-fourth 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4-7,  those  of  each  lat- 
eris arranged  l-l-lor2-lor3 ;  dorsal  oraceratubae  not 
numerous;  anus  located  slightly  cepahlad  of  vulva;  gena- 
cerores 7-13(12-21)14-19.— United  States,  Canada  on  Pinus, 
Pseudotsuga,  Abies,  Torreya pinifoliae  Fitch. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  longer  than 
broad. 

f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular, 
mesal  and  lateral  margins  subparallel,  distal  ends 
bluntly  pointed  at  middle  with  mesal  portion  minutely 
serrate  and  lateral  portion  notched;  second  and  third' 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  slightly  larger  than 
lateral,  entire,  bluntly  pointed;  plates  long,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-5;  lateres 
notched,  each  with  four  latadentes  bearing  oraceratubae; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows;  anus  its  own 
width  cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  12-19(35-40)27-35. 
— Ceylon  on  Polygonum polygoni  Cooley. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular  or  coni- 
cal, mesal  and  lateral  margins  convergent  caudad  and 
pointed. 

g.  Pygidium  with  seven  altaceratubae  on  each  side; 
lobes  crowded  onto  subtruncate  caudal  portion; 
median  pair  of  lobes  pointed,  distant,  not  oblique; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  sub- 
equal,  pointed,  nearly  as  large  as  median  pair  of 
lobes;  plates  stout,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  6-7,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  l-l-4or5,  plates  between  lobes 
much  shorter  and  smaller  than  others;  genacerores 
15-25(18-37)14-22;  mesospiracerores  crowded  groups; 
anus  superimposed  over  vulva  or  slightly  caudad. — 
Ceylon  on  Vitis,  Elaeagnus,  Loranthus vitis  Green. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  327 

gg.  Pygidium  with  eight  altaceratubae  on  each  side; 
lobes  normal  in  position,  not  crowded  onto  sub- 
truncate  caudal  portion;  median  pair  of  lobes 
slightly  divergent,  bluntly  pointed  or  rounded,  long; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  second  pair 
slightly  larger  than  third,  lobelets  all  similar  in 
form,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  lobelet  larg- 
er than  lateral;  plates  long,  much  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  0,  1,  1,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
l-l-3or4;  genacerores  14-16(22-28)15-20;  mesospira- 
cerores  and  metaspiracerores  present;  anus  superim- 
posed over  vulva  or  slightly  cephalad. — Ceylon  on 

Hedyotis. hedyotidis  Green. 

dd.    Pygidium   with   median   pair   of   lobes   adjacent   at   least   at 
proximal  end. 

e.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  broad. 

f.    Pygidium  with  four  to  nine  plates  on  each  lateris,  rare- 
ly with  only  three. 

g.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  median  pair  of 
lobes  straight,  parallel,  adjacent,  distal  margins 
rounded,  sides  obscurely  serrate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  of  each  lobe 
three  times  size  of  lateral  lobelet,  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate;  plates  not  long,  arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  7-9,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2-4-5;  anus  located  dis- 
tinctly cephalad  of  vulva;  dorsal  oraceratubae  ar- 
ranged in  transverse  rows;  genacerores  10-25(18-35) 
16-24. — Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska, New  Mexico,  southern  California  on  willow, 

cottonwood,  poplar,  honey-locust,  butternut 

ortholoHs  Comst. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  median  pair  of 
lobes  distinctly  divergent  distad. 

h.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  37-37(41-43) 
43-43;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  adjacent  at 
proximal  end,  strongly  divergent  caudad,  mesal 
and  lateral  margins  of  each  lobe  convergent,  meet- 
ing in  right  angle,  entire  or  slighly  notched;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
lets  of  third  pair  larger  than  lateral;  plates  of 
second  incisura  shorter  than  lobes,  others  longer, 
arranged  0,  1,  2-3,  11-12,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 3-4-4or5;  each  lateris  with  three  small 
pyramidal  projections  between  two  caudal  groups 
of  plates;  dorsal  oraceratubae  conspicuous,  ar- 
ranged in  rows. — Japan  on  Elaeagnus 

difficilis  Ckll. 

hh.    Pygidium    with    genacerores    never    more    than 
19(44)30. 


328  THE    COCCIDAE 


i.  Pygidium  with  brevaceratubae  of  first  and  sec- 
ond rows  wanting,  those  of  third  and  fourth 
rows  numerous;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate, 
tapering,  bluntly  pointed,  serrate;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  elongate,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  lateral,  lateral  margin 
oblique,  serrate,  lateral  lobelet  bluntly  round- 
ed; third  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary,  incised, 
lobelets  broader  than  long,  lateral  margins 
oblique,  serrate;  plates  stout,  arranged  0,  1,  1, 
5-6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-3or4; 
anus  located  slightly  cephalad  of  vulva;  gena- 

cerores  4-10(12-21)8-14.— Ohio  on  Gleditsia 

gleditsiae  Saunders. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  brevaceratubae  of  first  or  second 
rows  or  both  rows  present. 

j.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with 
distal  portion  bluntly  pointed  or  obscurely 
trilobed,  faintly  serrate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral,  bluntly  rounded,  faintly 
serrate;  plates  long,  slender,  arranged  0,  1, 
1-2,  9-14,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-1 
or3-6or9,  usually  with  one  plate  in  each 
third  incisura  and  two  on  lateris  adjacent 
each  third  lobe;  brevaceratubae  3-6  in  mesal 
group  of  second  row,  4-6  in  mesal  group  and 
5-7  in  lateral  group  of  third  row,  6-8  in  mesal 
group  and  8-10  in  lateral  group  of  fourth  row; 
anus  located  cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores 
11-19(25-42)19-28.  —  Canada,  Massachusetts. 
New  York  on  Alnus,  Salix,  Viburnum,  Cornus, 

Benzoin,  Amelanchier,  Betula,  Dirca,  etc 

lintneri  Comst. 

JJ-    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  dis- 
tal portion  broadly  bluntly  rounded. 

k.  Pygidium  with  brevaceratubae  with  mesal 
group  of  second  row  7,  third  row  in  two 
groups,  9  lateral  and  7  mesal,  fourth  row 
in  three  groups,  13  lateral,  4  median  and 
3  mesal,  fifth  row  in  two  groups,  11  lat- 
eral and  5  mesal;  median  pair  of  lobes 
prominent,  sides  subparallel,  distal  ends 
bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, mesal  lobelet  longer  and  broader 
than  lateral,  less  than  one-half  width  of 
median  lobe;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  distinct,  lateral  lobelet  small, 
obscure;  plates  slightly  longer  than  median 
pair  of  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  2,  9-10,  those 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  329 

of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2-5or6;  anus 
located  near  middle  of  length  of  pregena- 
cerores ;  genacerores  13-13(24-25)  16-22  — 
California  on  orange.— sassceri  Ckll.  &  Robs, 
kk.  Pygidium  with  brevaceratubae  with  first 
row  wanting,  second  row  with  one  group, 
mesal  2-6,  third  row  with  two  groups,  lat- 
eral 5-9  and  mesal  4-9,  fourth  row  in  two 
groups,  lateral  3-9  and  mesal  3-8;  median 
pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  long,  serrate,  dis- 
tal end  bluntly  rounded;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral,  serrate;  plates  long, 
slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  5-11,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  Ior2-lor2-3or7,  usually 
with  two  plates  in  each  third  incisura 
and  with  two  on  each  lateris  adjacent  to 
third  lobe;  anus  located  about  its  own 
width  cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  11-23 
(21-44)  18-33.— Europe  on  Salix,  Populus, 
Alnus,  Cornus,  Acer,  Vaccinium,  Tilia, 

Sorbus,  Fraxinus,  Sarcolthamnus 

salicis  Linn. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  two  to  three  plates  on  cephalic  part  of 
each  lateris. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  mar- 
gins divergent  from  proximal  end,  lobes  large, 
broadly  bluntly  rounded,  serrate;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  lobelets  broadly  bluntly  rounded, 
mesal  lobelet  more  than  twice  as  long  as  lateral, 
margins  serrate;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  much  longer  than  lateral,  oblique,  lateral 
lobelet  inconspicuous,  margins  serrate;  plates  long 
and  stout,  arranged  0,  1,  2,  4-7,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  Ior2-lor2-2or3,  cepahalic  plates  longer 
than  caudal;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows; 
genacerores  10-16(20-24)10-17. — Texas  on  cotton  wood. 

longiloba  Cooley. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  mar- 
gins contiguous  on  proximal  half  and  divergent  on 
distal  half,  large,  prominent,  distal  and  lateral  mar- 
gins broadly  rounded,  crenulate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  wedge-shaped,  broad 
end  directed  distad,  mesal  lobelets  larger  than  lateral, 
margins  crenulate;  plates  of  incisurae  only  slightly 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4-5,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  l-l-2or3 ;  anus  its  own  width  caudad  of 
vulva;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows;  alta- 
ceratubae  six  on  each  side;  genacerores  8-18(15-20)8- 
18. — Ceylon  on  Elaeagnus. elaeagni  Green. 


THE    COCCIDAE 

.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  broader  than 

long. 

f.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  18-36(31-47)  28-39. 
g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  strongly  oblique, 
adjacent  only  for  short  distance  at  proximal  end, 
divergent,  entire,  bluntly  pointed  at  caudal  end;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  each 
bluntly  pointed;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  sec- 
ond, incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest;  plates  about 
twice  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  0,  1-2,  1-2,  5-6,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1- (1-1-1-1) ;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  conspicuous,  arranged  in  rows;  altaceratubae 
opening  in  latadentes,  7  on  each  side;  anus  about  its 
width  cephalad  of  vulva;  spiracerores  conspicuous; 
genacerores  18-21(33-47)31-39. — Ceylon  on  Panicum, 
Ischaemum,  Ophismenus,  other  grasses,  herbae  Green. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  strongly 
oblique,  mesal  margins  adjacent  for  proximal  half  of 
length,  broad,  short,  broadly  rounded,  entire  or 
faintly  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  twice  as  large  as  lateral,  margins 
broadly  rounded,  entire  or  faintly  serrate;  third  pair 
of  lobes  distinct,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than 
lateral,  both  broader  than  long,  margins  broadly 
rounded,  entire  or  faintly  serrate;  plates  long  and 
slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  7-11,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  Ior2-lor3-5or6 ;  dorsal  oraceratubae  con- 
spicuous, arranged  in  rows;  genacerores  21-36(31- 
45)28-32. — United  States,  Canada  on  willow,  poplar, 

Cornus,  Amelanchier,  Ceanothus,  Liriodendron 

salicis-nigrae  Walsh. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  7-16(11-32)7-22. 
g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  2-7(7-11)6-13, 
usually  about  4-4(10-10)6-8;  median  pair  of  lobes 
spatuliform,  adjacent,  scarcely  divergent,  entire; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  like 
median,  lateral  smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  broad,  notched,  oblique,  margin  round- 
ed, rudimentary,  lateral  lobelet  similar,  small; 
plates  of  second  incisurae  one-half  length  of  median 
pair  of  lobes,  others  longer,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-3,  one  and  one-half  times 
length  of  caudal  plates;  lateres  with  prominent 
latadentes. — Austria  on  Pinus austriaca  Lindgr. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  at  least  some  of  groups  of  genacerores 
more  numerous  than  7(10)8. 

h.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae 
wanting,  lateral  group  sometimes  represented  by 
about  two  pores,  third  and  fourth  rows  repre- 
sented; median  pair  of  lobes  well  developed,  en- 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  331 

tire,  broadly  rounded,  mesal  margins  straight  and 
adjacent;  second  pair  of  lobes  entire,  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral,  lateral  mar- 
gin oblique,  lateral  lobelet  triangular;  third  pair 
of  lobes  entire,  incised,  lobelets  similar  in  shape, 
smaller  than  second  pair;  plates  long,  slender, 
arranged  0,  1,  1,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged l-l-3or4;  genacerores  7-9(11-16)7-20. — 
New  Zealand  on  Dysoxylon,  Hoheria,  Melicytus.__ 

dysoxyli  Mask. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae  pres- 
ent, lateral  group  with  2-5,  mesal  group  sometimes 
wanting. 

i.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  proxi- 
mal portion  of  mesal  margins  straight,  adja- 
cent, distal  portion  longer  than  proximal, 
straight  and  strongly  oblique,  lateral  margin 
rounded,  margins  entire  or  finely  serrate;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral,  more  than  twice  as  long, 
both  broadly  rounded,  entire;  third  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  similar  but  smaller  than  second 
pair;  plates  long,  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1, 
6-10,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  Ior2-lor 
2-4or6;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows; 
anus  located  about  its  own  width  cephalad  of 
vulva;  genacerores  9-15(17-28)9-17. — Massachu- 
setts, New  York,  Ohio  on  Cornus. corni  Cooley. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly 
rounded,  proximal  portion  of  mesal  margin  near 
but  not  adjacent  and  caudal  portion  strongly 
divergent  and  forming  with  distal  and  lateral 
margins  broad  curve;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, mesal  lobelet  three  times  as  long  as  lat- 
eral, both  broadly  rounded,  margins  entire  or 
finely  serrate;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  short, 
lobelets  much  broader  than  long,  distal  mar- 
gins truncate  or  roundly  truncate,  serrate; 
plates  long,  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  6-11,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-4or9,  plate  in 
each  second  incisura  small,  shorter  than  median 
.  lobe;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows; 
anus  located  its  own  width  cephalad  of  vulva; 
genacerores  7-16(22-32)16-22.  — United  States, 
Canada,  England  on  apple,  pear,  cherry, 
quince,  peach,  choke-cherry,  walnut,  mountain 

ash,  elm,  Pyrus,  currant,  hawthorn 

furfura  Fitch. 

cc.    Pygidium  without  plates  in  each  second  incisura,  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  0,  2,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2- (1-2) -(1-1), 


J32  THE   COCCIDAE 

plates  only  slightly  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes;  median 
pair  of  lobes  not  adjacent,  quadrangular,  entire;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  small,  lateral  lobelet  twice  or  more 
as  large  as  mesal;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  loblets  subequal, 
smaller  than  lateral  lobelets  of  second  pair;  anus  located 
slightly  caudad  of  vulva;  mesospiracerores  3,  metaspiracerores 

2;  genacerores  15-17(23-30)10-16.— Italy  on  Tamarix 

etrusca  Leon. 

SPECIES  OF  DUPLACHIONASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised. 

b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  divergent. 

c.  Pygidium  with  each  median  pair  of  lobes  twice  as  broad  as 
second  lobe,  caudal  portion  expanded,  malleiform,  appearing 
notched  on  middle  of  mesal  margin,  entire;  second  pair  of 
lobes  simple,  promient,  narrow,  bluntly  pointed,  entire; 
plates  well  developed,  plates  arranged  so  far  as  shown,  none  in 
median  incisura,  one  in  second,  one  cephalad  of  each  second 
lobe,  another  about  as  far  cephalad  as  distance  between  two 
caudal  plates;  anus  located  cephalad  of  vulva;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  arranged  in  conspicuous  rows;  genacerores  6-8(11-17)17- 

20. — Australia  on  Callistemon Candida  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  each  median  lobe  distinctly  narrower  than  sec- 
ond lobe;  median  pair  of  lobes  strongly  divergent,  twice  as 
long  as  wide,  mesal  and  lateral  margins  subparallel,  distal 
end  bluntly  rounded,  entire,  proximal  ends  distant;  second  pair 
of  lobes  large,  truncately  rounded,  as  long  as  median  pair; 
plates  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  3-lor2-l,  described  plates  of  each  second  incisura 
probably  a  latadentis;  genacerores  7-8(14-19)11-14. — Chionaspis 
berlesii  Leon.  (Lindgr.) — Canary  Islands  on  Plocama,  Micro- 

meria,  Ruta,  Salsola,  Cneorum,  Cytisus canariensis  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  not  divergent. 
c.    Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes  distinct. 
d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  crenulate  at  distal  end. 
e.    Pygidium     with     genacerores     arranged     6-10(8-12)10-14; 
median  pair  of  lobes   subquadrate,  short,  conspicuous  be- 
cause  of  their   dark   color,    distal   end    crenulate;    second 
pair  of  lobes  indicated  as  short  rounded  structures,  trian- 
gular;  plates  long  and  spine-like,  arranged  0,   1,  2,  those 
of  each  lateris  distant;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin; 
submarginal    region    with    transverse   elongate    groups    of 
oraceratubae ;    second   nymphal   female   with   median   pair 
of  lobes  large,  quadrate,  distant;   lateres  strongly  serrate; 

plates  long  and  spine-like. — Natal  on  Capparis 

retigera  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  1-7(8-13)23-30; 
median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  mesal  and  lateral 
margins  straight,  caudal  end  irregularly  and  coarsely  ser- 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  333 

rate;  second  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary,  sometimes  obso- 
lete, broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  plates 
long,  slender,  longer  tban  median  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  3, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-(l-l) ;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
in  large,  well  marked  groups  or  bands;  anus  between  pre- 
genacerores;  mesospiracerores  4-5;  lateres  with  irregular 

projections. — Southwest  Africa  on  Rhus 

mytilaspiformis  Newst. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distal 
margin  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  rounded  between 
notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  bluntly 
rounded,  one-half  width  of  median  lobe;  altaceratubae  in 
nine  pairs,  arranged  1-2-2-2-2,  their  oraceratubae  very  large; 
plates  arranged  0,  1,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2-2-2, 
placed  between  altaceratubae;  brevaceratubae  numerous, 
prominent;  genacerores  2-4(12-16)15-23;  anus  located  about 
eleven  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Australia  on 
Eucalyptus.  frenchi  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pair  of  lobes  small  and  in- 
conspicuous, delicate;  median  pair  of  lobes  with  sides  sub- 
parallel,  distal  end  rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  simi- 
lar in  form  to  median;  plates  longer  than  lobes,  sharply  point- 
ed, proximal  portion  broad,  arranged  0,  1,  2,  one  on  each  lat- 
eris adjacent  second  lobe,  other  short  distance  cephalad;  lat- 
eres irregular,  dentate;  brevaceratubae  apparently  few;  gena- 
cerores 8-14(13-18)6-14.— South  Africa  on  aloe exalUda  Ckll. 

i.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised. 

b.    Pygidium  with   median  pair  of  lobes  with  proximal   portion   of 
their  mesal  margins  contiguous,  sometimes  apparently  fused. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  mesal  lobe- 
let  of  second  pair,  broad,  not  prominent;  second  pair  of  lobes 
entire,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  large,  broadly  rounded,  broader 
than  long,  projecting,  three  times  as  large  as  lateral  lobelet; 
plates  on  caudal  portion  about  one-half  size  of  those  on  cephalic 
portion,  arranged  0,  2,  9,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2- (1-1) - 
1-2;  tooth-like  latadentis  near  middle  of  each  lateris;  anus 
distant  from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  10-10(14-14)10-15. — 

Algeria  on  Deverra bilobis  Newst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  larger  than 
mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair,  subtriangular  in  outline,  bluntly 
pointed,  crenulate,  fused  at  proximal  ends,  mesal  margins  di- 
vergent, lateral  margins  oblique;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets  triangular,  en- 
tire; plates  or  furcapectinae,  arranged  0,  0,  1;  genacerores 
5-7(8-14)19-25. — Transvaal,  Africa  on  Acacia caffra  Brain. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  with  proximal  portion  of 
mesal  margins  fused  for  short  distance. 
c.    Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura. 


334  THE    COCCIDAE 

d.  Pygidium  with  plates  short  and  slender,  arranged  0,  2,  7, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-2-1-2;  median  pair  of  lobes 
entire,  long,  narrow,  bluntly  pointed,  spatulate;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral, 
slightly  smaller  than  median  lobe,  similar  in  shape;  gena- 
cerores  13-13(18-24)14-17;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspira- 
cerores  present;  anus  and  vulva  superimposed. — Ceylon  on 

Andropogon. divergens  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  plates  slender,  arranged  0,  2,  10,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  2-2-l-5or6;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate, 
subparallel,  distal  ends  rounded  or  bluntly  pointed,  entire; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  entire,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger 
than  lateral,  nearly  as  wide  as  median  lobe,  rounded;  gena- 
cerores  14-16(30-43)20-27;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspira- 
cerores  present;  anus  superimposed  over  vulva. — Ceylon  on 

Andropogon.    graminis   Green. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 

d.  Pygidium  with  distance  between  median  pair  of  lobes  never 
more  than  width  of  median  lobe. 

e.  Pygidium  with  fifteen  to  sixteen  plates  on  each  lateris, 
plates  arranged  0,  1,  15-16,  those  of  each  second  incisura 
small,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  3-2or3-10;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  rounded,  broader  than  long,  distinct 
lateral  notch,  narrowly  separated;  second  pair  of  lobes 
incised,  lobelets  subequal,  triangular,  together  much  small- 
er than  median  lobes;  thorax,  preabdomen,  and  pygidium 
with  numerous  brevaceratubae ;  mesospiracerores  repre- 
sented by  large  compact  groups;  genacerores  2-8(23-35) 
42-65;  anus  located  near  mesogenacerores,  caudad  of  vulva. 

— British  East  Africa  on  wild  fig  tree fid  Newst. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  ten  or  eleven  plates  on  each  lateris. 
f.    Pygidium  with  two  or  three  plates  on  each  lateris. 

g.  Pygidium  with  postgenacerores  36-46;  median  pair 
of  lobes  as  broad  as  long,  broadly  rounded,  entire; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelets  nearly  as 
long  as  median  lobe,  longer  than  broad,  bluntly 
pointed,  entire,  lateral  lobelet  similar  in  form  but 
smaller;  plates  long,  much  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2; 
lateres  irregular;  genacerores  4-9(16-23)36-46. — 

South  Africa  on  Chaetachme chaetachmae  Brain. 

gg-    Pygidium  with  postgenacerores  8-22. 

h.  Pygidium  with  three  plates  on  each  lateris,  ar- 
ranged 1-1-1,  plates  long,  stout,  two  or  three  times 
as  long  as  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  subtriangu- 
lar,  pointed,  lateral  and  mesal  margins  convex 
at  middle,  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  subquadrangular,  distinct  mesal  and 
lateral  notches,  nearly  as  large  as  median  lobe, 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  335 

lateral  lobelet  small,  much  smaller  than  mesal, 
bluntly  pointed,  lateral  notch;  lateres  irregular; 
genacerores  3-4(4-9)8-13. — South  Africa  on  Cap- 
paris.  capparisi  Brain. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  two   plates  on  each  lateris. 

i.  Pygidium  with  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair  of 
lobes  distinct,  never  inconspicuous;  median  pair 
of  lobes  triangular,  pointed,  one  or  two  mesal 
notches,  lateral  margin  oblique;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  entire,  distal  end 
bluntly  rounded,  nearly  twice  as  large  as  lat- 
eral; plates  small,  slender,  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  0,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  distant; 
lateres  irregular;  genacerores  2-4(14-20)19-22. — 
South  Africa  on  Euphorbia.__ettp7iorbiae  Brain. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  mesal  lobelet  of  second  pair  of 
lobes  inconspicuous,  narrowed  toward  proximal 
end,  spatulate,  lateral  lobelet  smaller  than 
mesal,  tapering;  median  pair  of  lobes  conspicu- 
ous, short,  wide,  divergent,  truncate;  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
one  near  second  lobe  and  the  other  short  dis- 
tance cephalad;  genacerores  4-8(13-15)19-21. — 

West  Australia  on  Agonis agonis  Fuller. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  four  or  more  plates  on  each  lateris. 
g.    Pygidium  with  second   pair  of  lobes  small   and   in- 
conspicuous, mesal  lobelet  never  subequal  in  size  to  a 
median  lobe. 

h.    Pygidium   with    median   pair   of   lobes   large   and 
conspicuous. 

i.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
lobelets  subequal,  similar,  triangular,  or  slight- 
ly truncate;  median  pair  of  lobes  conspicuous, 
apparently  diverging,  wide  and  short,  distant, 
entire;  latadentes  present  cephalad  of  second 
pair  of  lobes,  three  groups  of  two  each  on  each 
lateris;  mesal  margin  of  median  pair  of  lobes 
and  median  incisura  thickened,  horse-shoe- 
shaped;  plates  long,  slender,  much  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 1-1-1  and  placed  adjacent  to  and  cephalad 
of  each  group  of  latadentes,  genacerores  5-5(11- 

15)15-21. — West  Australia  on  Eucalyptus 

ethelae  Fuller. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  three  or  four  times  size  of  lateral, 
subtriangular,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  projecting,  mesal 
margins  oblique,  undulate;  plates  large,  dagger- 


336  THE   COCCIDAE 

shaped,   arranged   0,   1,   6;    genacerores   in   five 
almost   contiguous   groups,   arranged   4-7(11-18) 

26-32. — South  Africa   on  Leucadendron 

leucadendri  Brain. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  conic- 
al, separated  by  slight  wedge-shaped  depression; 
second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  longer 
and  larger  than  lateral,  lateral  short,  wide,  round- 
ed at  caudal  end;  each  lateris  with  its  margin 
prolonged  and  thickened  in  three  places,  probably 
altaceratubae,  plates  tapering,  very  long,  situated 
caudad  of  lobes  and  prolongations  of  margin,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-1-1;  genacerores  4-4(19-20)25-30. — South  Aus- 
tralia on  Xanthorrhoea xanthorrhoeae  Fuller. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  often  approximating  a 
median  lobe  in  size;  median  pair  of  lobes  well  de- 
veloped, distant,  separted  by  distance  about  equal 
to  width  of  median  lobe;  plates  prominent,  arranged 
0,  1,  4-5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-lor2-2; 
latadentes  located  in  median  and  second  incisurae 
and  associated  with  plates  of  lateres;  lateres  cleft  at 
intervals,  margin  denticulate;  genacerores  5-7(9-14) 
7-14. — District  of  Columbia  on  East  Indian  bamboo.  __ 

howardi  Cooley. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  distance  between  median  pair  of  lobes  more 
than  twice  width  of  a  median  lobe. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular, 
mesal  and  lateral  margins  parallel,  caudal  margin  trans- 
verse, with  three  teeth;  second  pair  of  lobes  distinct,  in- 
cised, lobelets  long,  slender,  caudal  ends  rounded,  mesal 
larger  than  lateral;  plates  only  slightly  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  0,  1,  2,  those  of  lateris  placed  one  near  second 
lobe  and  other  distant  and  very  small,  other  plates  may 
be  present;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous  on  all  parts  of 
body,  arranged  in  regular  series  on  pygidium;  genacerores 

10-10(26-32)30-42.— Niger,  Africa  on  Xymenia 

nigerensis  Vayss. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  pointed, 
lateral  and  mesal  margins  oblique  and  concave,  shouldered 
on  proximal  portion,  about  as  broad  as  long;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  similar  in  form  to  median, 
as  large  or  larger  than  median,  lateral  lobelet  triangular, 
small,  one-third  size  of  mesal  lobelet;  plates  twice  as  long 
as  lobes,  proximal  portion  stout,  arranged  0,  1,  2,  those 
of  each  lateris  distant;  lateres  irregular;  genacerores  7-8 
(18-23)34-40.— South  Africa  on  aloe margaritae  Brain. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  337 

SPECIES    OF    UNACHIONASPIS 

i.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  distinct. 
b.    Pygidium  always  with  less  than  ten  plates  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  2-3(2-3)2-3;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  projecting,  constricted  at  proximal  end,  separate;  plates 
arranged  0,  5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-1-1;  anus 
located  near  middle  of  length  of  pygidium;  scale  of  adult  fe- 
male pyriform. — South  Australia  on  Eucalyptus 

assimilis  Mask. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  7-11(10-14)6-9;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  proximal  half  of  mesal  margins  parallel,  subadja- 
cent,  distal  portion  diverging,  distant,  lateral  margins  oblique, 
long,  crenulate;  plates,  except  one  adjacent  median  lobe,  long 
and  dagger-like,  arranged  0,  5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-2-2;  lateres  with  latadentes;  setae  slender,  about  as  long  as 
median  lobes;  spiracerores  wanting. — South  Africa  on  lilac.-- 

ambigua  Brain. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  eleven  to  fourteen  plates  on  each  lateris,  arranged 
3-3-5-8,  wanting  in  median  incisura;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
elongate,  crenate  on  both  margins,  adjacent  at  proximal  end,  di- 
vergent caudad;  each  lateris  with  two  shallow  notches,  one  be- 
tween each  two  groups  of  plates;  segments  of  preabdomen  and 
thorax,  beginning  at  caudal  end,  bear  plates  on  each  side,  as  fol- 
lows: 9-5-8-4  or  more — 4  or  more,  only  rudiments;  genacerores  in 

five  groups. — Antigua  on  Heliotrope major  Ckll. 

i.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small  and  inconspicuous. 
b.  Pygidium  with  six  or  more  large  plates;  median  pair  of  lobes 
pointed,  triangular,  almost  invisible,  other  lobes  represented  by 
angular  projections,  distant,  twice  width  of  one  of  them  apart; 
plates  several  times  length  of  lobes,  large,  prominent,  arranged 
0,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-2- ( 1-1-1 ),  cephalic  plate 
forked;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous  near  caudal  margin;  anus 
located  between  pregenacerores ;  genacerores  7-10(12-16)9-15. — 

Japan   on  bamboo colemani   Knw. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  two  short,  stout  plates  on  each  lateris,  distant 
from  each  other  and  from  cephalic  plate,  smaller  than  caudal; 
median  pair  of  lobes  small,  identified  as  plates  by  Brain,  short, 
notched  at  distal  end,  broad  as  long;  lateres  irregular,  with 
indentations;  mesospiracerores  4-5;  genacerores  3-5(4-6)4-7. — South 
Africa  on  Euphorbia globosus  Brain. 

SPECIES  OF  FUNDASPIS 

i.     Pygidium  with  distinct  mesal  indentation,  marking  division  between 
two  median  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distinct  lateral  notch, 
otherwise  entire,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  each  lobe  longer  than 
broad;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  with  its  lateral 
margin  oblique  with  two  notches,  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
lateral  lobelet,  lateral  lobelet  small  and  inconspicuous,  entire  or 


18  THE   COCCIDAE 

with  single  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  small,  inconspicu- 
ous; plates  and  pectinae  long,  slender,  those  of  each  side  of  each 
third  lobe  often  furcapectinae,  arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  9-13,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  2-2to4-5to7;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few  in 
number,  arranged  in  rows;  anus  located  about  its  own  width 
cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  20-30(18-42)20-30. — Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas, Oklahoma,  Texas  on  Ulmus americana  Johns. 

bb.    Pygidium   with   median   pair   of  lobes   not   with   distinct   lateral 
notch. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  not  notched,  large, 
each  broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes 
incised,  mesal  lobelet  oblique,  much  longer  than  broad  and 
larger  than  lateral  lobelet,  their  lateral  margins  serrate;  third 
pair  of  lobes  not  well  marked,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral,  both  oblique  and  longer  than  broad,  lateral  mar- 
gins serrate;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  7-10,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  l-lto2-5to7;  dorsal  oraceratubae  present,  arranged 
in  rows;  genacerores  12-19(21-29)15-22. — District  of  Columbia  on 

hickory.    caryae    Cooley. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  serrate,  fused  on  proxi- 
mal two-thirds,  diverging  at  distal  ends,  forming  deep  notch, 
lateral  margins  oblique;  second  pair  of  lobes  deeply  notched, 
mesal  lobelet  triangular,  larger  than  lateral,  lateral  margin 
oblique,  serrate,  lateral  lobelet  triangular,  entire;  third  pair 
of  lobes  broader  than  long,  oblique,  serrate;  plates  not  long, 
those  of  second  incisurae  not  as  long  as  median  lobe,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  1,  5-8,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-lto2-4to6; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  rows;  anus  located  slightly 
cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  7-10(15-26)14-18. — Ohio  on 

Nyssa.   sylvatica  Sand. 

t.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  completely  fused,  mesal  inden- 
tation wanting,  entire,  lobes  broader  than  long,  truncate  with  round- 
ed angles;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  not  incised,  each  caudad 
of  reniform  thickening,  not  prominent,  entire,  bluntly  pointed; 
plates  subequal  in  length  to  median  pair  of  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1, 
13-14,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2to3-5-6;  anus  located  thirteen 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  twice  its  width  cephalad 
of  vulva;  genacerores  10-10(17-20)10-18. — California,  New  Mexico, 
Mauritius  on  Quercus,  Pasania quercus  Comst. 

SPECIES     OF    AFRICASPIS 

i.  Pygidium  without  plates  adjacent  to  each  median  lobe;  median 
pair  of  lobes  fused,  three  deep  indentations  forming  four  subequal 
rounded  lobules,  mesal  indentation  marking  division  between  lobes; 
other  lobes  wanting;  plates  about  as  long  as  median  pair  of  lobes, 
arranged  0,  3-4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  0-l-2to3-0-0 ;  three 
adjacent  tooth-like  projections  between  each  median  lobe  and  caudal 
plate,  single  projection  between  caudal  plate  and  next  group;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous,  especially  on  thorax;  anus  located  near 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  339 

middle    of   groups    of   genacerores;    mesospiracerores    3-4;    altacera- 

tubae  present;  genacerores  6-8(23-28)28-36.— Uganda,  Africa 

chionaspiformis  Newst. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  adjacent  to  median  pair  of  lobes;  median 
pair  of  lobes  fused  for  half  their  length,  deep  lateral  notch  and 
mesal  indentation,  forming  two  prominent  rounded  lobules;  other 
lobes  wanting;  plates  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  7-8,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  2-l-2-l-lto2 ;  each  lateris  with  minute  tooth- 
like  projections  between  groups  of  plates;  group  of  5-7  setae  near 
spiracles;  dorsal  oraceratubae  in  rows;  altaceratubae  few  in  number; 

genacerores  6-11(17-26)20-32.— Uganda,  Africa  on  Cassia 

cassiae  Newst 
SPECIES    OF    GREENASPIS 

Body  of  adult  female  elongate,  six  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide,  head 
and  thorax  constituting  over  one-fourth  of  length  of  body,  sides  of 
caudal  segments  of  preabdomen  strongly  produced  and  bearing  two 
or  three  plates;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  di- 
vergent, mesal  margins  emarginate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  truncate,  much  larger  than  lateral;  plates  stout,  0,  1,  5-6, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-l-2to3;  genacerores  4-6(8-10)10-10; 
mesospiracerores  1-2;  anus  located  slightly  cephalad  of  vulva. — Ceylon 
on  Arundinaria.  elongata  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  TENUIASPIS 

Body  of  adult  female  small,  averaging  less  than  one  millimeter;  seg- 
ments of  preabdomen  without  plates;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  projecting,  minute,  narrow,  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  minute,  inconspicuous;  plates  comparatively  large,  twice 
as  long  as  the  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  7-8,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
l-l-l-4to5;  altaceratubae  four  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  located 
only  near  altaceratubae;  genacerores  4-6(9-12)8-8;  mesospiracerores 
represented  by  small  group  of  pores;  anus  located  twice  its  width 
cephalad  of  vulva. — Ceylon  on  Tetranthera minuta  Green. 

SPECIES    OF   UNASPIS 

Body  of  adult  female  long  and  narrow,  about  three  times  as  long  as 
wide,  caudal  portion  widest;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  pro- 
jecting, wedge-shaped,  lateral  margins  free,  distal  ends  truncately 
rounded,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets 
wedge-shaped,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  margins  entire;  plates 
short  and  stout,  arranged  0,  0,  0,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-2;  altaceratubae  six  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  numerous,  prom- 
iscuously arranged;  genacerores  4-4(6-7)4-5;  mesospiracerores  repre- 
sented by  small  group;  anus  and  vulva  superimposed. — Ceylon 

acuminata  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    LINEASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  plate-like  or  spine-like,  short,  dis- 
tance between  them  four  times  their  length ;  second  pair  of  lobes  normal 
in  form,  broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded;  other  lobes  wanting; 


340  THE    COCCIDAE 

plates  short,  spine-like,  subequal  in  length  to  median  pair  of  lobes,, 
arranged  0,  2,  3-4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged,  two  near  a  second 
lobe,  and  group  of  one  or  two  near  middle;  lobes  and  plates  all  some- 
times wanting;  genacerores  3-4(9-13)8-17.— Algeria  on  Cypress 

striata    Newst. 

SPECIES    OF   HEMICHIONASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  scarcely  projecting 
beyond  distal  end  of  second,  each  with  single  notch;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised;  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised;  plates  0,  1,  1,  6,  those 
of  incisurae  short,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-4;  altacera- 
tubae  seven  on  each  side;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few;  anus  located 
cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  1-12(20-23)20-23. — India  on  Thea.__ 

separata  Green. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  extending  slightly 
caudad  of  second  pair;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  feebly  chiti- 
nized,  distinct,  distal  portion  of  lobelets  expanded;  third  pair 
of  lobes  sometimes  developed,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  longer  than 
broad,  lateral  lobelet  broader  than  long,  margins  of  lobelets 
serrate;  latadentes  of  second  incisurae  very  prominent,  longer 
than  broad;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  l-lto2-3;  brevaceratubae  few  in  number,  large  and  oval; 

genacerores  8-10(20-23)17-23. — Ceylon  on  Carsia alatae  Ruth. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes, 
b.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  each  second  incisura;  distance 
between  median  lobe  and  second  lobe  greater  than  width  of  a 
median  lobe;  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  prominent,  mi- 
nutely serrate  or  crenulate,  hardly  projecting;  second  pair 
of  lobes  small,  incised,  narrow,  inconspicuous,  scarcely  pro- 
jecting; plates  moderately  long,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  each  lateris 
probably  with  more;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few,  large  and  con- 
spicuous; mesospiracerores  represented  by  small  group;  gena- 
cerores 1-10(13-23)17-25. — Bengal,  India  on  Ficus fici  Green. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  second  incisurae,  if  wanting,  median 
and  second  pair  of  lobes  not  the  width  of  a  median  lobe  apart, 
d.    Pygidium  with  two  median  lobes  together  not  as  broad  as 
long  or  at  most  subequal. 

e.  Plygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  projecting  beyond  smaller  lateral  lobelet;  median  pair 
of  lobes  long,  projecting  distinctly  beyond  distal  ends 
of  second  pair,  lateral  margins  with  two  notches  or  irreg- 
ularly crenulate;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  6,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-1-1-3;  prominent  latadentis  in  each  sec- 
ond incisura  between  plate  and  third  lobe;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae few  in  number;  genacerores  6-7(11-12)9-11. — Socotia 

Island  on  Dracaena. dracaenae  Cooley. 

ee.    Pygidium   with   second   pair  of  lobes   not   incised,   longer 
than  broad,  hatchet-shaped,  distal  margin  oblique;  median 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  341 

pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  margins  straight  or  slightly  di- 
vergent, not  adjacent,  hatchet-shaped,  longer  than  second 
lobe,  lateral  margin  with  two  notches;  plates  small, 
arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1; 
margin  with  six  altaceratubae  on  each  side;  brevacera- 
tubae  few  in  number,  not  in  crescentic  transverse  rows; 
genacerores  2-4(8-13)8-15. — This  species  is  given  this  place 
only  because  of  its  original  reference. — North  Australia  on 

Pandanus.   pseudaspidistrae  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  two  median  lobes  together  broader  than  long, 
e.  Pygidium  with  anus  and  vulva  superimposed;  median  pair 
of  lobes  moderately  produced,  lateral  margins  oblique,  two 
notches,  forming  three  subequal  crenulations;  plates  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-2-2-2;  genacerores  12-18(15-19)13-17.— Natal,  Africa  on 

Altermanthera.   cyanogena  Ckll. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  anus  and  vulva  not  superimposed, 
f.    Pygidium  with  anus  located  cephalad  of  vulva. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than 
long,  margin  strongly  crenulate,  with  three  depres- 
sions; second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
enlarged  and  subtruncate  at  distal  end;  third  pair 
of  lobes  wanting;  plates  large;  vulva  located  between 
postgenacerores  and  caudad  of  anus;  genacerores  8-8 

(23-23)12-15. — French  Guinea,  Africa  on  Eleis 

marchali  Ckll. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting  dis- 
tinctly beyond  distal  end  of  second  pair, 
h.  Pygidium  with  three  rows  of  brevaceratubae, 
about  four  oraceratubae  in  each  half  of  each  row; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  crenulate,  broader 
than  long;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  incised; 
plates  long,  arranged  0,  2,  7,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  2-1-1-3;  altaceratubae  five  on  each  side; 
genacerores  11-20(20-27)16-22;  oblong  chitinous 
thickening  laterad  of  genacerores;  mesospira- 
cerores  represented  by  conspicuous  groups;  in- 
sects living  in  small  pits  at  base  of  veins  on  under- 
side of  leaves. — Ceylon  on  Elaeocarpus 

scrobicularum  Green. 

hh.    Pygidium    never    with    three    rows   of    brevacera- 
tubae, rarely  with  two  partial  rows, 
i.     Pygidium     with     genacerores     6-8(11-15)10-15; 
median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  crenulate;  sec- 
ond  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised;    plates  stout, 
longer   than   lobes,   arranged   0,   1,   6,   those   of 
each  lateris  arranged   1-1-1-3;   altaceratubae  six 
on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  one  on  each  side 
of  fourth  and  three  on  each  side  of  fifth  row; 


342  THE   COCCIDAE 

mesospiracerores  3-4,  metasplracerores  wanting; 
anus    and    vulva   rarely    superimposed. — Ceylon 

on  Rhododendron rhododendri  Green. 

il.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-4(8-10)8-10;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  dark  colored,  semicir- 
cular, margins  dentate  or  crenulate  with  six 
small  teeth,  outer  two  very  minute;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  longer  than  broad, 
distal  end  of  mesal  lobelet  rounded  and  of  lat- 
eral pointed;  large  plate  cephalad  of  each  sec- 
ond lobe  and  prominent  latadentis  bearing  ora- 
ceratuba  on  each  side  of  plate;  two  obliquely 
truncated  lobe-like  projections  with  rounded 
angles  adjacent  to  and  cephalad  of  cephalic 
latadentis;  plate  adjacent  to  cephalic  lobe-like 
projection  and  another  at  cephalic  end  of  each 
lateris;  dorsal  brevaceratubae  not  described. — 

Philippine    Islands    on    Uvaria 

uvariae  Ckll.  &  Robs, 
ff.    Pygidium  with  anus  located  caudad  of  vulva. 

g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  not  16-16(19-20)25-25. 
h.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  each  second  incisura; 
scale  of  adult  female  long  and  narrow  with  sides 
subparallel,  four  to  six  times  as  long  as  wide; 
median  pair  of  lobes  indistinctly  separated,  broad- 
er than  long,  crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  incised;  plates  short  on  caudal  portion  and 
long  on  cephalic,  arranged  0,  0,  5,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-1-1-2;  altaceratubae  six  on  each 
side;  brevaceratubae  one  on  each  fourth  and 
three  on  each  fifth  row;  genacerores  8-8(18-25) 
16-18;  pregenacerores  generally  with  largest  num- 
ber; mesospiracerores  distinct  and  one  metaspira- 
ceroris.  —  India,  Ceylon  on  Thea,  Psychotria, 

Eurya. theae  Mask. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 
i.    Pygidium  with  12-28  postgenacerores. 

j-  Pygidium  with  cephalic  altaceratubae  of  each 
side  always  distant  from  lateral  brevacera- 
tubae of  fifth  row;  median  pair  of  lobes  in- 
distinctly separated,  broader  than  long, 
crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  prominent,  truncate;  third  pair  of 
lobes  obsolete;  plates  short  on  caudal  and 
long  on  cephalic  portion,  arranged  0,  1,  5-6, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-l-2or3; 
altaceratubae  six  on  each  side,  brevacera- 
tubae one  to  two  on  each  side  of  fourth  and 
three  to  four  on  each  side  of  fifth  row;  gena- 
cerores 4-16(11-22)12-28,  postgenacerores  al- 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  343 

ways  with  largest  number;  mesospiracerores 
forming  distinct  group,  sometimes  with  in- 
conspicuous group  of  metaspiracerores. — Asia, 
Australia,  France,  England,  eastern  Canada 
and  United  States,  California,  West  Indies, 
Brazil  on  Aspidistra,  Acacia,  Davallia,  Cocoa, 
Cyanotus,  Areaca,  orchids,  ferns,  orange,  fig, 

mango,  pepper-tree,  etc aspidistrae  Sign. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  cephalic  altaceratubae  of  each 
side  adjacent  to  lateral  brevaceratubae  of 
fifth  row. 

k.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  promi- 
nent, longer  than  broad,  crenulate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  minute,  prominent;  third  pair 
of  lobes  obsolete;  plates  comparatively 
short,  arranged  0,  1,  5-6,  those  of  each  lat- 
eris  arranged  l-l-l-2or3;  altaceratubae  six 
in  number;  brevaceratubae  one  on  each 
fourth  and  one  on  each  fifth  row  near  an 
altaceratuba  and  double  row  of  five  or  six 
cephalad  of  fifth  row;  genacerores  6-11(14- 
17)12-17;  mesospiracerores  represented  by 
small  group. — Chionaspis  albizziae  Green. — 
New  Zealand,  Japan,  Ceylon,  Florida,  West 
Indies,  Panama,  Brazil  on  Parsonia,  Rhipo- 
gonium,  Hibiscus,  Capsicum,  Melia,  Azed- 
arch,  Cycas,  Pelargonium,  Albizzia,  Agave, 
fig,  cocoa-palm,  cotton,  pepper,  orange,  etc.__ 
minor  Mask. 

kk.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad- 
er  than   long;    scale   with   exuviae   darker 

than  in  type. — West   Africa 

minor  strachani  Cooley. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  7-12(10-13)10-12; 
median  pair  of  lobes  scarcely  projecting,  two 
lobes  together  broader  than  long,  strongly  den- 
ticulate; second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets 
narrow,  equal  in  width,  mesal  longest;  plates 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1-1,  others 
probably  present  on  each  lateris;  anus  approxi- 
mately central  in  location;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
few;  scale  whitish,  almost  colorless,  more  or 

less  translucent. — Bengal,  India  on  Ficus 

minima  Green. 

Pygidium  with  genacerores  16-16(19-20)25-25;  anus 
about  nine  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin; 
median  pair  of  lobes  together  broader  than  long,  with 
four  crenulations,  first  two  very  deep  and  strong; 
second  pair  of  lobes  quite  rudimentary,  not  or  hardly 
extending  beyond  general  margin;  plates  arranged 


344  THE   COCCIDAE 

0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  second  incisura  small,  those  of 
each  lateris  very  large  and  long,  placed  at  long  inter- 
vals; caudal  segment  of  preabdomen  with  three 
plates  on  each  side;  dorsal  oraceratubae  not  numer- 
ous; scale  pyriform,  broad,  varying  to  nearly  circu- 
lar, light  grayish  or  yellowish. — This  species  may  be 
wrongly  associated,  placed  here  because  compared 
with  theae  and  aspidistrae. — Philippine  Islands  on 

Gossypium.    townsendi    Ck.ll. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  one  pair  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  plate  adjacent  to  each  median  lobe, 
d.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  19-24(30-38)27-35;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  prominent,  broader  than  long,  crenulate;  other 
pairs  of  lobes  obsolete;  plates  long  and  slender  on  cephalic 
part  of  each  lateris,  short  on  caudal  part,  arranged  0,  10-12, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-l-2-5or7 ;  caudal  preabdomi- 
nal  segment  with  5-7  plates  on  each  side;  altaceratubae  five 
on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  two  on  each  fourth  and  five  on 
each  fifth  row;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores  pres- 
ent.— Ceylon  on  Mussaenda,  Loranthus,  Debregeasia 

mussaendae  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  3-3(13-13)11-13;  median  pair  of 
lobes  together  broader  than  long,  not  fused,  each  with  about 
three  notches  or  crenulations ;  plates  all  long,  much  longer 
than  median  lobes,  arranged  0,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged, one  adjacent  to  a  median  lobe,  one  in  what  would 
be  a  third  incisura,  one  near  middle  of  each  lateris,  and 
one  at  its  cephalic  end;  caudal  preabdominal  segment  with 
two  plates  on  each  side;  spiracerores  wanting;  prominent 
latadentes  bearing  oraceratubae  located  on  each  side  between 
two  caudal  plates;  anus  located  slightly  cephalad  of  vulva. 
Brazil.  orlando  Leon. 

SPECIES    OF    PHENACASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  three  or  more  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  short,  broadly 
rounded,  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  oblique,  diverg- 
ing, not  confluent,  crenulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  slight 
extension  of  margin,  rounded,  entire;  plates  large,  dagger-shaped, 
arranged  0,  1,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  distant,  altaceratubae 
large,  five  on  each  side;  spiracerores  wanting;  genacerores  12-12 
(8-9)14-16. — Turkey  on  Arthrocnemum arthrocnemi  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  always  incised. 

c.    Pygidium  always  with  plates  in  each  second  incisura. 
d.    Pygidium  always   with  plates  of  lateres  arranged   in   three 
groups. 

e.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  median  group  of  each  lateris. 
f.    Pygidium  with    (25-34)    pregenacerores   present. 


TRIBE  DIASPIDINI  345 

g.  Pygidium  with  cephalic  group  of  each  lateris  with 
two  plates,  plates  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-2;  median  pair  of  lobes 
moderately  large,  divergent,  not  confluent,  entire; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  truncate  and  larger  than  lateral,  lateral  lobelets 
pointed,  all  entire;  mesospiracerores  present;  breva- 
ceratubae  few  in  number;  anus  located  less  than  its 
own  width  caudad  of  vulva,  nine  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  16-16(25-33)16-23. — 

Ceylon  on  Litzea.  litzeae  Green. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  cephalic  group  of  each  lateris  with 
three  plates,  plates  stout,  dagger-shaped,  arranged  0,  1, 
1,  5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-3;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  divergent,  confluent,  distal  ends  scarcely 
projecting,  minutely  serrate;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelets  larger  than  lateral,  all 
lobelets  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  mesospiracerores  and 
metaspiracerores  present;  brevaceratubae  well  devel- 
oped; anus  located  seven  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  about  its  own  width  cephalad  of  vulva; 
genacerores  12-16(28-34)18-24. — Ceylon  on  Psidium, 

Actinodaphne.    megalo'ba    Green. 

ff.    Pygidium  with    (10-23)    pregenaceixires  present. 

g.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  small  or  wanting, 
incised,  broad  and  short;  median  pair  of  lobes  con- 
fluent at  proximal  end,  serrate,  large;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral, 
extends  caudad  about  as  far  as  median  pair;  plates 
arranged  0,  1,  1,  5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-3;  altaceratubae  three  on  each  side,  opening  in 
latadentes;  genacerores  7-9(17-23)23-34. — China,  Cal- 
ifornia at  quarantine  on  palm cockerelli  Cooley. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  large  and  well 
developed. 

h.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  distinctly  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets 
well  developed,  mesal  lobelet  broadly  rounded 
and  lateral  bluntly  pointed,  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate;  third  pair  of  lobes  large  and  well  devel- 
oped, incised,  mesal  lobelet  distinct,  lateral  lobe- 
let  obscure  or  wanting;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  well  developed,  divergent,  confluent,  scarce- 
ly projecting,  serrate;  plates  dagger-shaped,  those 
of  second  incisurae  very  short,  arranged  0,  1,  1, 
4-6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-2or4;  ora- 
ceratubae  of  brevaceratubae  with  2-3  in  mesal 
group  of  second  row,  third  row  4-6  in  mesal  group 
and  2-4  in  lateral,  fourth  row  4-8  mesal  and  4-6 
lateral;  genacerores  6-13(10-17)10-16.  —  Kansas, 
Japan  on  Rhus,  sycamore platani  Cooley. 


346  THE   COCCIDAE 

hh.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
and  lateral  lobelets  subequal  in  size,  constricted 
at  proximal  end,  distal  end  broadly  rounded,  en- 
tire; third  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
distinctly  larger  than  lateral,  constricted  at  prox- 
imal end,  distal  end  broadly  rounded,  entire; 
median  pair  of  lobes  long,  strongly  divergent,  not 
confluent,  serrate;  plates  longer  than  lobes,  spine- 
like,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 1-1-1;  altaceratubae  apparently  seven  on 
each  side;  latadentes  with  oraceratubae  in  sec- 
ond and  third  incisurae;  lateres  irregularly  den- 
tate with  four  marginal  oraceratubae;  genacerores 
8-9(16-17)16-17,  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores 
of  each  side  almost  confluent. — Philippine  Islands 

on  Mischocarpus. mischocarpi  Ckll.  &  Robs. 

ee.    Pygidium   always   with   more   than   one   plate    in   median 
group  of  each  lateris. 

f.    Pygidium   with   three   plates   in   median   group   of  each 
lateris. 

g.  Pygidium  with  four  plates  in  cephalic  group  of  each 
lateris,  plates  long,  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  8,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-3-4;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  divergent,  confluent,  serrate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  prominent,  mesal 
larger  than  lateral,  constricted  at  proximal  end,  dis- 
tal end  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  brevaceratubae  nu- 
merous; mesospiracerores  present;  anus  ten  times  its 
width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  its  own  width 
cephalad  of  vulva;  genacerores  10-16(23-27)27-60. — 

Ceylon  on  Gelonium varicosa  Green. 

Eg-  Pygidium  with  five  plates  in  cephalic  group  of  each 
lateris,  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  9-11,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  lto3-3-5;  median  pair  of  lobes  mod- 
erate in  size,  divergent,  confluent,  serrate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lat- 
eral, projects  farther  caudad,  sometimes  exceeding 
median  lobe;  third  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  some- 
times rudimentary;  altaceratubae  four  on  each  side, 
opening  in  latadentes;  genacerores  8-14(19-28)19-33. 

— Japan  on  Aucuba. aucubae  Cooley. 

ft.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  median  group  of  each  lat- 
eris, plates  long,  dagger-shaped,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  7,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2-4;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  confluent,  divergent,  crenulate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  subequal,  rounded,  en- 
tire; brevaceratubae  numerous;  anus  about  seven  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  twice  cephalad 
of  vulva;  genacerores  4-6(15-15)30-30. — Samoa  on  palm. 
samoana  Doane  &  Ferris, 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  347 

dd.    Pygidium  with  plates  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  less  than 
three  groups. 

e.    Pygidium   with    plates    of   each    lateris    arranged    in   two 
groups. 

f.  Pygidium  with  plates  of  incisurae  and  lateres  at  least 
twice  as  long  as  lobes. 

g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-8(12-18)14-16;  median 
pair  of  lobes  rather  small,  divergent,  distal  ends 
broadly  rounded,  hardly  projecting,  confluent;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  greatly  reduced  in  size, 
incised,  lobelets  distinctly  separated,  broadly  rounded, 
entire,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  plates  long, 
stout,  three  or  more  times  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1;  altacera- 
tubae  four  on  each  side. — Chionaspis  pinifoliae 
heterophyllae  Cooley. — Florida,  Rhode  Island  on 
Pinus.  heterophyllae  Cooley. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  genacerores  5-8(20-25)21-21;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent,  divergent,  confluent  at 
proximal  end,  distal  portions  broad,  broadly  rounded, 
serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  much  larger  than  lateral,  truncate,  en- 
tire; plates  long  and  slender,  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2; 
altaceratubae  at  least  four  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin,  probably  cephalad  of  vulva. — Japan  on 
Quercus.  kinshinensis  Knw. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  plates  of  incisurae  and  lateres  distinctly 
shorter  than  lobes,  lobe-like,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  2,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1;  cephalic  one  very  broad 
with  margin  serrate;  median  pair  of  lobes  long,  deeply 
recessed,  divergent,  not  confluent,  coarsely  serrate; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  constricted  at 
proximal  end,  distal  portion  dilated,  broadly  bluntly 
rounded,  subequal  in  size,  entire;  latadentes  in  second 
and  third  incisurae  and  between  plates  of  lateres,  bear- 
ing large  oraceratubae ;  vulva  located  between  postgena- 
cerores;  altaceratubae  apparently  three  on  each  side; 
brevaceratubae  small  and  few  in  number;  genacerores 
7-8(10-14)8-11. — German  East  Africa  on  forest  tree  under 
fungus. lutea  Newst. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  plates  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  a  single 
group. 

f.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  10-10(22-26)19-26;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  widely  divergent,  broader  than  long, 
confluent,  serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  in- 
cised, distal  ends  broadly  rounded,  subequal  in  size,  en- 
tire; latadentes  in  second  and  third  incisurae,  bearing 


348  THE   COCCIDAE 

oraceratubae;  plates  distinctly  longer  than  lobes,  spine- 
like,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  1. — Natal  on  mango,  palm 

natalensis  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  5-5(20-21)38-39;  median 
pair  of  lobes  divergent,  not  confluent,  hardly  projecting; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  prominent,  incised, 
mesal  lobelets  larger  than  lateral,  projecting  caudad  of 
median  lobes,  broadly  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  plates 
dagger-shaped,  twice  or  more  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  1;  altaceratubae  apparently  three  on  each  side. — 

Dutch  East  Africa  on  Dracaena tangana  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  always  without  plates  in  second  incisurae,  plates 
spine-like,  much  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  1;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  divergent,  not  confluent,  broadly  rounded, 
serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobelets  broadly 
truncately  rounded,  entire,  mesal  lobelets  larger  than  lateral, 
mesal  lobelets  of  second  pair  projecting  farther  caudad  than 
median  lobes;  setae  of  median  incisura  prominent,  nearly  as 
long  as  median  lobes;  anus  located  just  cephalad  of  mesogena- 
cerores,  evidently  cephalad  of  vulva;  spiracerores  apparently 
wanting;  altaceratubae  prominent,  five  on  each  side;  gena- 
cerores 1-2(6-7)3-4. — French  Guinea  on  Macrolobium 

bussi  Newst. 

aa.    Pygidium  always  with  less  than   three  pairs   of  lobes. 
b.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura,  plates  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
2-1-1;  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  narrow,  divergent,  lat- 
eral margin  convex,  mesal  margin  concave  on  distal  portion, 
distal  end  rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  promi- 
nent, mesal  lobelet  longer  than  lateral,  slightly  broader,  proxi- 
mal portion  constricted,  distal  portion  expanded,  faintly 
notched,  lateral  lobelet  not  constricted  or  expanded  or  notched; 
altaceratubae  large,  five  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  con- 
spicuous; anus  and  vulva  superimposed,  anus  four  times  its 
width  from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  7-8(11-14)10-12. — India 

on  Oryza. decurvata  Green. 

cc.    Pygidium   always   with   less   than   two   plates   in    each   second 

incisura. 
d.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 

e.  Pygidium  with  postgenacerores  always  more  than  twenty, 
f.  Pygidium  with  pregenacerores  always  sixty  or  more, 
genacerores  arranged  30-30(63-63)60-70;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  prominent,  oblique,  confluent  at  proximal 
end,  serrate,  distal  end  broadly  rounded,  entire;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  prominent,  narrow,  mesal 
lobelet  largest,  distal  ends  bluntly  pointed,  entire;  pro- 
thorax  with  ventral  transverse  row  of  conspicuous  oval 
scars;  plates  small,  hardly  longer  than  median  pair  of 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  349 

lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-4;  mesogenacerores  present;  anus  located  near  pre- 
genacerores,  apparently  cephalad  of  vulva;  dorsal  ora- 
ceratubae  very  numerous. — India  on  Ficus,  Solanum, 

Thea.  manni  Green. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  pregenacerores  always  less  than  thirty, 
g.    Pygidium  never  with  more  than  three  plates  on  each 
lateris. 

h.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-7(11-15)20-26;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  low,  broad,  divergent,  distant  at 
proximal  end,  broadly  rounded,  serrate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  twice  or  more 
size  of  lateral,  bluntly  rounded,  entire,  lateral 
lobelet  triangular,  pointed,  entire;  plates  long, 
stout,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 1-1-1;  mesospiracerores  3-5. — South  Africa 

on  Rhus. lounsburyi  Cooley. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  6-9(11-20)29-46;  meso- 
spiracerores 5-6;  plates  slender,  much  longer  than 

lobes. — South  Africa  on  Ekebergia 

lounsburyi  ekebergiae  Brain. 

gg-    Pygidium   always    with   more   than   three   plates    on 
each  lateris. 

h.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae  al- 
ways with  oraceratubae  present, 
i.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae 
with  2-3  oraceratubae  present?,  third  row  with 
3-4  mesal  and  4-5  lateral,  fourth  row  with  3-4 
mesal  and  4-6  lateral;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  oblique,  confluent  at  proximal  end,  dis- 
tal end  broadly  rounded  and  entire,  mesal  mar- 
gin faintly  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  large, 
prominent,  entire,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral,  bluntly  pointed;  plates  stout,  par- 
ticularly those  of  lateres,  arranged  0,  1,  5-9, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-lor2-2or4 ; 
genacerores  8-15(19-31)13-23.— California,  Japan 

on  Wistaria,  Alnus,  Salix wistariae  Cooley. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae 
always  with  more  than  three  oraceratubae. 
j.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae 
with  nine  oraceratubae  present,  other  rows 
with  numerous  irregularly  arranged  oracera- 
tubae; median  pair  of  lobes  distinct,  dis- 
tant, oblique,  divergent,  margins  undulate 
or  toothed;  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  three  times  size  of  lateral, 
margins  broadly  rounded,  entire;  plates  not 
prominent,  arranged  0,  1,  5,  those  of  each 


350  THE    COCCIDAE 

lateris  arranged  1-1-1-2;  spiracerores  well 
developed,  4-5  cerores  in  each,  group;  anus 
about  ten  times  its  width  from  caudal  mar- 
gin and  about  twice  cephalad  of  vulva;  alta- 
ceratubae  numerous,  thirteen  or  more  on 
each  side,  apparently  not  large;  genacerores 

11-14(16-20)23-31.— Algeria   on   Ceratonia 

ceratoniae  Marchal. 

jj-  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae 
with  four  or  five  oraceratubae  present,  other 
rows  distinct;  median  pair  of  lobes  contigu- 
ous or  confluent,  divergent;  second  pair  of 
lobes  distinct,  not  incised;  plates  apparently 
0,  1,  5,  not  well  developed;  spiracerores  dis- 
tinct, 2-3  cerores  in  each  group;  altacera- 
tubae  not  numerous  and  not  arranged  in 
groups;  genacerores  8-10(15-21)15-22.  —  Al- 
geria on  Bupleurum bupleuri  Marchal. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  second  row  of  brevaceratubae  with 
oraceratubae  wanting,  third  row  with  5  mesal 
and  4  lateral  pores,  fourth  row  with  3-4  mesal 
and  5-6  lateral  pores;  median  pair  of  lobes  con- 
fluent, oblique,  large,  divergent,  minutely  ser- 
rate, not  projecting  strongly;  second  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  incised,  inconspicuous;  plates  stout,  larg- 
er on  cephalic  part  of  lateres,  arranged  0,  1,  6,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-3;  abdomen  and 
thorax  with  many  conspicuous  oval  pores;  anus 
near  to,  probably  cephalad  of  vulva,  eight  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin;  mesospiracerores 
present;  genacerores  10-10(18-20)22-22. — Ceylon  on 
Strobilanthus.  strobilanthi  Green. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  postgenacerores  always  less  than  twenty, 
f.     Species  found,  so  far  as  known,  only  in  Africa. 

g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  3-4(5-12)13-18;  median 
pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  distant,  not  oblique, 
not  confluent,  distal  margin  crenulate;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  triangular,  small;  plates  long,  slen- 
der, arranged  0,  1,  2,  probably  three  distant  plates 
on  lateres;  altaceratubae  small;  brevaceratubae  pres- 
ent.— South  Africa  on  mistletoe visci  Brain. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  8-12(14-17)12-15;  median 
pair  of  lobes  divergent,  confluent  at  proximal  end, 
not  large,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  prominent, 
incised,  mesal  lobelet  large,  projecting  farther 
caudad  than  median  lobe,  bluntly  rounded,  much 
larger  than  lateral  lobelet;  plates  dagger-shaped,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  singly  and 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  351 

distant;  altaceratubae  not  prominent;  brevaceratubae 

not  numerous. — South  Africa  on  aloe,  grass 

humilis  Brain, 
ff.    Species  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 

g.    Pygidium  with  anus  located  cephalad  of  vulva. 

h.  Pygidium  with  four  plates  on  each  lateris,  plates 
stout,  arranged  0,  1,  5-6,  caudal  plates  much  short- 
er than  cephalic,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
l-l-lor2-2or3;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  di- 
vergent, serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  entire,  rounded, 
spatulate;  brevaceratubae  with  two  oraceratubae 
in  each  second  row,  third  row  with  4  in  mesal 
and  3  in  lateral  group,  fourth  row  with  5  mesal 
and  4  lateral;  anus  nine  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin  and  less  than  once  cephalad  of 
vulva;  mesospiracerores  present;  genacerores  4-8 
(9-16)11-18.  —  Ceylon  on  Eurycles,  Myristica, 

mango.   dilata   Green. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  three  plates  on  each  lateris,  plates 
dagger-like,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  1-1-1;  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  not 
prominent,  confluent  at  proximal  end,  divergent, 
slightly  constricted  at  middle,  distal  end  truncate, 
entire  or  faintly  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, small,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  triangular; 
anus  located  eleven  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  four  times  cephalad  of  vulva;  breva- 
ceratubae with  three  mesal  oraceratubae  and  five 
lateral;  genacerores  4-5(11-13)15-17.— Australia  on 

Leptospermum. angusta  Green. 

gg.    Pygidium  with   anus   and  vulva   superimposed. 

h.  Pygidium  with  seven  or  more  plates  on  each  lat- 
eris. 

i.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  6-8(10-12)8-12;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  oblique,  confluent  at 
proximal  end,  mesal  margin  serrate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  three  times 
size  of  lateral;  plates  slender,  arranged  0,  1, 
7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-4;  anus 
and  vulva  superimposed,  anus  five  times  its 
width  from  caudal  margin. — North  Carolina  on 

Nyssa nyssae  Comst. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  7-8(14-19)14-16; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  oblique,  confluent 
at  proximal  end,  mesal  margins  serrate;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger 
than  lateral,  margins  entire;  plates  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  8,  those  of  each  lat- 


352  THE   COCCIDAE 

eris  arranged  1-1-1-6;  anus  and  vulva  probably 
superimposed,  anus  eight  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin,  located  on  line  between  pre- 
genacerores  and  postgenacerores ;  brevacera- 
tubae  with  oraceratubae  prominent,  second 
row  with  1  oraceratuba,  third  row  with  4 
mesal  and  5  lateral,  fourth  row  with  4  mesal 
and  4  lateral,  and  fifth  row  with  4  mesal  and 
6  lateral;  altaceratubae  large,  prominent,  six 
on  each  side;  mesospiracerores  present. — 
Chionaspis  Candida  Banks. — Philippine  Islands 

on  Cocos. inday  Banks. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  four  plates  on  each  lateris,  plates 
dagger-shaped,  arranged  0,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lat- 
eris arranged  1-1-1-1;  median  pair  of  lobes  promi- 
nent, oblique,  confluent  at  proximal  end;  second 
pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  larger 
than  lateral,  distal  portion  bluntly  rounded,  en- 
tire; altaceratubae  prominent,  six  on  each  side; 
genacerores  6-6(14-15)10-11. — Italy  on  asparagus.— 

berlesii  Leon. 

dd.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  second  incisurae,  plates  slender, 
increasing  in  size  toward  cephalic  end  of  lateres,  arranged 
0,  0,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-4;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  prominent,  projecting,  bluntly  rounded,  broad- 
er than  long,  minutely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, small,  triangular,  entire,  mesal  lobelet  slightly  larger 
than  lateral;  brevaceratubae  with  oraceratubae  of  third  row 
with  4  mesal  and  5  lateral  oraceratubae;  altaceratubae  five 
on  each  side;  anus  located  near  mesogenacerores,  evidently 
cephalad  of  vulva,  about  twelve  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin;  genacerores  10-12(25-26)20-27. — Ceylon  on  Artocar- 

pus.   subcorticalis  Green. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  a  single  pair  of  lobes,  divergent,  forming  narrow 
margin  to  pygidial  incisura,  distal  ends  prominent  and  broadly 
truncate;  plates  dagger-shaped,  arranged  0,  4,  those  of  each  lat- 
eris arranged  1-1-1-1,  plate  adjacent  median  lobe  small;  breva- 
ceratubae with  oraceratubae  of  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  rows  ar- 
ranged 4  mesal  and  4-5  lateral;  anus  six  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin,  located  near  mesogenacerores,  evidently  cephalad 
of  vulva;  mesospiracerores  about  10;  dorsum  of  mesothorax  with 
transverse  row  of  sharply  pointed,  hooked  spines  with  dilated 
bases  and  three  or  four  similar  spines  on  ventral  aspect  caudad 
of  each  metaspiracle;  genacerores  4-6(10-16)24-28.— New  South 
Wales  on  Eucalyptus. formosa  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    CANASPIS 

Body  of  adult  female  ovate,  broadest  through  mesothorax;  lateral  mar- 
gins of  mesothorax  and  metathorax  with  one  or  two  conical  processes 
provided  with  ceratubae;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small, 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  353 

divergent,  pointed,  irregularly  dentate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
minute,  inconspicuous;  plates  stout,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-1-1-0-0;  genacerores  3-4(6-6)8-8;  spiracerores  want- 
ing; anus  located  slightly  cephalad  of  vulva. — Ceylon  on  Arundinaria.__ 

arundinariae  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    COOLEYASPIS 

Body  greatly  elongated,  length  four  times  its  width,  thorax  two  and 
one-half  times  as  long  as  wide;  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  not 
oblique,  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral,  prominent,  projecting  farther  caudad  than  median 
pair,  margin  of  lobelets  rounded  at  distal  end,  entire;  plates  spine- 
like,  arranged  0,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-1;  genacerores 
4-5(8-10)23-30;  mesospiracerores  4-5,  metaspiracerores  wanting; 
brevaceratubae  prominent  on  pygidium  and  preabdomen;  anus  eight 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  cephalad  of  anus  transverse 

group  of  14-15  genaceroris-like  pores. — Uganda,  Africa 

praelonga  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    SINISTRASPIS 

Body  with  sinistral  margin  of  preabdominal  segments  bearing  large 
spine-like  setae  on  prominent  tubercles,  each  with  brevaceratuba ;  pygi- 
dium with  deep  pygidial  incision;  median  pair  of  lobes  oblique,  mesal 
margins  oblique,  finely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal 
lobelet  longer  than  broad  and  projecting  caudad  of  median  pair  of 
lobes,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  entire,  lateral  lobelet  similar  in 
shape  to  mesal,  smaller;  plates  few  in  number,  arranged  0,  0,  3,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1;  altaceratubae  eight  on  each  side;  spira- 
cerores wanting;  anus  nearly  twelve  times  its  width  from  caudal  mar- 
gin; genacerores  0-2(5-6)5-8. — Barbados  on  palm  (?Thrinax) 

unilateralis  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    AUGULASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  deep  angular  pygidial  incision;  median 
pair  of  lobes  small,  each  forming  the  end  of  a  projection  limiting  one 
side  of  pygidial  incision,  longer  than  broad,  bluntly  pointedly  round- 
ed; other  pairs  of  lobes  wanting;  plates  arranged  0,  2-3,  those  of  each 
lateris  located  one  near  median  lobe  and  two  or  three  near  cephalic 
end,  plates  small,  blunt,  rudimentary;  brevaceratubae  forming  two 
distinct  broad  bands;  anus  located  near  mesogenacerores,  vulva  lo- 
cated slightly  caudad  of  anus;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores 
forming  more  or  less  crescentic  group  of  many  cerores;  marginal  and 
submarginal  altaceratubae  present;  genacerores  26-26(19-22)32-44. — 
German  East  Africa. nudata  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    GRAMENASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  low  and  broad,  broader  than  long, 
rounded,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  much  larger  than  lateral,  approximating  median  lobe  in  size,  all 
entire,  broadly  rounded;  plates  wanting  in  all  incisurae  and  on  lateres; 


354  THE   COCCIDAE 

anus  located  between  postgenacerores ;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged 
in  two  short  series;  mesospiracerores  4-5;  setae  longer  than  lobes; 
genacerores  14-14(18-19)16-18. — South  west  Africa  on  "grass-like 
plant."  africana  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    CONTIGASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  8-9(12-14)13-15;  median  pair  of  lobes 
short,  broad,  broader  than  long,  adjacent,  sometimes  appearing  as 
if  fused;  other  lobes  wanting;  plates  wanting;  setae  adjacent  each 
median  lobe  very  long,  others  on  lateres  shorter;  lateres  irregularly 
crenulate;  marginal  and  submarginal  altaceratubae  present;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous  and  extending  to  margin;  anus  located  be- 
tween postgenacerores;  mesospiracerores  4,  metaspiracerores  want- 
ing.— Southwest  Africa.  subnudata  Newst. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  2-4(9-12)14-22;  median  pair  of  lobes 
distinct,  fused  at  proximal  end,  lateral  margin  oblique,  longest,  dis- 
tinct lateral  notch,  mesal  margin  oblique;  setae  about  as  long  as 
lobes;  plates  wanting;  lateres  irreglarly  crenulate;  altaceratubae 
small,  seven  on  each  side,  arranged  2-2-3;  anus  and  vulva  not  de- 
scribed.— South  Africa  on  Scutia scutiae  Brain. 

SPECIE'S    OF    NATALASPIS 

Pygidium  without  lobes  or  plates,  margin  coarsely  corrugate  or  undu- 
late, mesal  portion  prolonged,  rounded;  setae  normal  in  size;  oracera- 
tubae not  abundant;  genacerores  18-25(24-32)48-60. — Adult  female  con- 
tains well  developed  embryos. — Chionaspis  simplex  Brain  (not  Green). — 
Natal,  Africa  on  bamboo simplex  Brain. 

SPECIES    OF    PARACHIONASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  conical  processes,  pro- 
jecting, mesal  margins  entire,  lateral  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes 
incised,  lobelets  serrate,  subequal,  each  subequal  to  a  median  lobe, 
mesal  margin  of  mesal  lobelets  entire,  lateral  margin  and  both  mar- 
gins of  lateral  lobelets  serrate;  plates  minute,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  short- 
er than  lobes,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1;  lateres  with  deep 
indentations;  genacerores  18-22(24-32)20-30;  mesospiracerores  and 
metaspiracerores  present;  altaceratubae  apparently  three  on  each  side; 
brevaceratubae  promiscuously  arranged;  anus  more  than  its  own  width 
cephalad  of  vulva;  forming  galls  on  young  stems,  petioles  and  mid- 
ribes  of  leaves. — Ceylon  on  Hedyotis. galliformens  Green. 

SPECIES   OF   PARLATOREOPSIS 

Antennae  with  single  strongly  curved  and  deeply  forked  spine;  pygidium 
with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  notches  want- 
ing, two  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  as  long  as 
broad,  not  incised,  mesal  margin  straight,  lateral  margin  obliquely 
rounded,  notched  or  dentate;  plates  arranged  0,  0,  2,  plates  located 
near  but  not  adjacent  to  second  pair  of  lobes,  appear  like  incised  third 
lobe,  not  longer  than  lobes,  bluntly  pointed;  setae  very  long,  particu- 
larly those  of  cephalic  half  of  each  lateris;  each  lateris  with  two 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  355 

prominent  latadentes;  vulva  located  near  middle  of  pygidium,  anus 
between  vulva  and  caudal  margin ;  genacerores  single,  transverse  curved 
row  of  three  or  four  cerores;  insects  insinuate  themselves  beneath 
cuticle  of  food-plant. — Egypt  on  Justicia longispina  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  POLIASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  nine  groups  of  genacerores,  arranged  1-1(18-21)25-35, 
four  other  groups  forming  cephalic  arch,  lateral  group  of  each  side 
8-12,  two  mesal  groups  1-2  cerores;  brevaceratubae  numerous;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  minute,  scarcely  perceptible;  apparently  without 
plates. — Australia  on  Exocarpus,  Santalum,  Leptospermum,  Ixylo- 

bium,   Dillwynia.   exocarpi  Mask. 

a.    Pygidium   with   less   than   nine   groups   of   genacerores. 
b.    Pygidium  with  eight  groups  of  genacerores. 
c.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

d.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  not  incised, 
lobes  similar  in  form,  second  pair  smaller  than  median  and 
larger  than  third  pair;  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  broadly 
rounded,  distant,  not  divergent  or  confluent,  entire;  plates 
apparently  wanting;  genacerores  in  eight  groups,  arranged 
10-10(10-12)12-12,  three  other  groups  in  cephalic  transverse 
arch,  mesal  group  of  about  10  and  lateral  groups  of  about  4 
cerores;  brevaceratubae  numerous. — Japan  on  Pinus,  Abies.— 

pini  Mask. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
lobelets  subequal,  all  minute,  blunt,  triangular,  second  pair 
of  lobes  represented  by  three  lobelets,  cephalic  lobelet  prob- 
ably latadentis;  median  pair  of  lobes  long,  projecting,  long- 
er than  broad,  blunt,  subtriangular,  mesal  and  lateral 
notches,  distant,  not  divergent,  not  confluent;  plates  long 
and  slender,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  1;  genacerores  in  eight  groups, 
arranged  3-5(9-14)20-25,  other  groups  in  transverse  row, 
mesal  group  of  2-4,  each  lateral  group  of  7-8. — West  Australia 

on  leguminous  plant intermedia  Fuller. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  less  than  tl.ree  pairs  of  lobes, 
d.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

e.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  confluent  at  proximal 
end. 

f.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  rounded, 
margins  entire,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  confluent,  at  proximal  end,  large, 
slightly  divergent,  finely  and  widely  serrate  or  entire; 
plates  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  8-10,  caudal  plates 
longer  and  more  slender  than  cephalic,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  l-l-l-5to7,  caudal  group  short  and 
broad  at  proximal  end;  genacerores  arranged  in  eight 
groups,  2-4(10-13)21-25,  other  three  groups  in  trans- 
verse row,  each  group  2-4;  mesospiracerores  about  12, 
metaspiracerores  4-6;  altaceratubae  seven  on  each  side; 


356  THE   COCCIDAE 

anus  located  on  line  drawn  through  cephalic  end  of 
postgenacerores. — District  of  Columbia,  England  on 
Cycas,  Dion,  palms cycadis  Comst. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  not  incised, 
long,  narrow,  finely  serrate;  median  pair  of  lobes  nar- 
row, divergent,  confluent  at  proximal  end,  serrate; 
plates  four  on  each  side  of  median  lobes,  simple,  spine- 
like,  caudal  three  situated  between  median  lobes  and 
third  row  of  brevaceratubae,  arranged  0,  0,  4;  breva- 
ceratubae  with  2  oraceratubae  in  second  row,  third  row 
with  4-6  mesal  and  5-7  lateral,  fourth  row  with  4-5  mesal 
and  6-7  lateral,  and  fifth  row  with  5  mesal  and  6  lateral 
oraceratubae;  anus  located  near  mesogenacerores,  seven 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  twice 
cephalad  of  vulva;  mesospiracerores  6-10,  metaspira- 
cerores  4-6;  genacerores  in  eight  groups,  2-4(14-20)21- 
25,  three  cephalic  groups  of  2-5  each. — New  South  Wales 
on  Coprosoma. argentosis  Brittin. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  as  far  apart  as  width 
of  a  median  lobe. 

f.  Pygidium  with  plate  in  each  second  incisura,  plates 
twice  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  2;  median  pair  of 
lobes  distant,  distal  margin  rounded,  serrate;  second  pair 
of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  twice  as  large  as  lateral, 
projecting  slightly  beyond  median,  distal  end  blunt, 
lateral  lobelet  triangular;  brevaceratubae  prominent; 
genacerores  in  eight  groups,  2-5(11-17)17-27,  three 
groups  cephalad  of  mesogenacerores,  distant,  in  trans- 
verse row,  3-4  cerores. — Natal  on  Carissa 

carissae  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  second  incisurae,  plates 
small,  inconspicuous,  arranged  0,  0,  2;  median  pair  of 
lobes  rounded,  broad,  distant,  angles  rounded,  margins 
entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  mesal  lobe- 
let  slightly  larger  than  lateral,  triangular,  entire;  each 
lateris  with  triangular  lobe-like  projections,  arranged  in 
pairs;  mesospiracerores  6-10;  genacerores  in  eight 
groups,  arranged  1-10(14-20)23-36,  three  cephalic  groups 
of  4-9,  1-6,  and  5-8  cerores. — Natal,  Africa  on  Kiggelaria, 
willow.  kiggelariae  Brain. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
long,  broad,  divergent,  not  confluent,  apparently  entire; 
plates  apparently  wanting;  three  or  four  large  setae  on 
each  side  may  be  plates;  brevaceratubae  represented  by  three 
distinct  rows,  third  to  fifth,  on  each  side;  anus  about  six 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  nearly  twice 
cephalad  of  vulva;  lateres  irregular;  genacerores  in  eight 
groups,  arranged  4-6(20-30)20-30,  three  other  groups  in  trans- 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  357 

verse  row,  mesal  group  of  row  3-5,  each  lateral  group  8-10. 
—New  Zealand  on  Veronica,  Leucopogon,  Cyanthodes,  ferns.. I 

media  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  seven  groups  of  genacerores,  arranged  3-4(15-17) 
16-20,  and  a  group  cephalad  and  in  line  with  pregenacerores,  7-8; 
median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  divergent,  confluent,  short,  wide, 
entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  triangular,  entire;  plates 
much  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1;  lateres  serrate. — West 
Australia  on  Daviesia nitens  Fuller. 

SPECIES   OF  POLIASPOIDES 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes  or  plates;  margin  with  three 
indentations,  limited  on  cephalic  side  by  latadentes;  lataceratubae  ap- 
parently wanting;  brevaceratubae  irregularly  arranged:  ventral  sur- 
face with  numerous  small  pores  adjacent  to  margin;  dorsal  and  ven- 
tral surfaces  coarsely  carinated;  genacerores  19-22(30-35)50-55,  two 
groups  caudad  of  postgenacerores,  each  consisting  of  1-3  cerores;  anus 
located  cephalad  of  vulva,  near  cephalic  margin  of  mesogenacerores 
and  vulva  between  postgenacerores;  scale  of  adult  female  mussel- 
shaped. — Ceylon  on  bamboo simplex  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    CRYPTASPIDUS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  lobes  short  and  broad,  broader 
than  long,  distal  margin  with  notches  and  roundly  produced  between 
them;  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  two 
notches  on  distal  margin,  lateral  lobelet  entire;  plates  large,  twice  as 
long  as  lobes,  arranged  2,  1,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  located  one  near 
second  lobe  and  one  near  middle,  remainder  of  each  lateris  not  figured 
or  described;  8  long  dorsal  setae  and  6  much  shorter  ventral  setae; 
latadentes  with  oraceratubae  in  each  second  incisura  between  plate 
and  second  lobe  and  cephalad  of  caudal  plate  of  lateres;  mesospira- 
cerores  4-7;  lateres  dentate,  irregular;  genacerores  6-8(14-17)9-13. — 
Madagascar  on  Cocos.  nucum  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF    CRYPTODIASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  plates,  never  with  pectinae,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  6-7,  those  of  each  second  and  third  incisura  large, 
much  longer  than  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  narrow,  bluntly  point- 
ed, serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lateral  lobelets 
smaller  than  mesal,  all  lobelets  notched;  two  altaceratubae  on  each 
side  opening  in  prominent  latadentes  in  second  and  third  incisurae; 
genacerores  4-4(8-10)6-8;  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs 
of  lobes  and  deep  pygidial  incision;  median  pair  of  lobes  oblique, 
mesal  margins  serrate,  not  projecting;  second  and  third  pairs  of 
lobes  incised,  broadly  truncate;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  2-3;  altacera- 
tubae four  on  each  side  opening  in  latadentes. — Kamerun,  Africa 

on    Euphorbiaceae.    conservans    Lindgr. 

aa.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  furcapectinae  in  second  and  third 
incisurae;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  bluntly  rounded,  faintly 
notched  on  mesal  margin;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  deeply 


358  THE    COCCIDAE 

incised,  mesal  lobelet  much  longer  and  broader  than  lateral  and 
truncate;  furcapectinae  and  plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  5,  furcapectinae 
adjacent  to  lobes  and  two  or  three  times  as  long;  altaceratubae 
wanting;  genacerores  4-4(10-10)8-10;  second  nymphal  female  with 
four  pairs  of  lobes  and  deep  pygidial  incision;  median  pair  of  lobes 
located  in  pygidial  incision,  oblique,  mesal  margins  serrate;  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral,  entire,  truncate;  plates  only  present,  arranged 
0,  1,  1,  1,  1,  0,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes;  altaceratubae  four  on 
each  side,  large,  opening  in  latadentes  in  second,  third,  and  fourth 
incisurae  and  beyond  fourth  lobes;  latadentes  nearly  as  large  as 
mesal  lobelets. — Kamerun  on  Macrolobium hamata  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF    FURCHADASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  circular;  pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median 
pair  of  lobes  distant,  divergent,  subprojecting,  finely  and  widely  ser- 
rate; second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal,  incised,  lobelets  with 
broadly  rounded  margins,  entire  or  faintly  notched,  mesal  lobelet  larg- 
er than  lateral;  pectinae  and  plates  short  and  stout,  arranged  2,  1,  1, 
11-12,  those  of  insurae  and  cephalad  of  third  pair  of  lobes  bifurcate 
pectinae,  others  plates,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  l-l-2-3or4-2or 
3-1;  genacerores  wanting;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspifacerores  3-6, 
latter  fewer  in  number;  brevaceratubae  numerous,  irregularly  ar- 
ranged; anus  located  slightly  cephalad  of  middle  of  pygidium. — Eng- 
land, Portugal,  Italy,  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Bermuda  on  Zamia. 
Cycas.  zamiae  Morgan. 

SPECIES    OF    MITULASPIS 

Pygidium  small;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  distant,  not  divergent,  not 
confluent,  striate,  faintly  serrate,  mesal  and  lateral  margins  converg- 
ing, bluntly  pointed,  constricted  at  proximal  end;  second  pair  of  lobes 
incised,  mesal  loblet  three  or  more  times  as  broad  as  lateral,  similar 
to  median  in  form,  smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised;  plates 
spiniform,  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  1-1-1,  distant  from  third  lobe;  anus  twenty  or  more  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  once  cephalad  of  vulva;  meso- 
spiracerores 5-6,  metaspiracerores  2-3;  altaceratubae  not  clearly  in- 
dicated, 3  on  each  side. — Uganda,  Africa  on  Funtumia 

funtumiae  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    DENTACHIONASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  incised,  lobelets  subequal, 
pointed,  lobes  distant,  twice  width  of  lobes  apart;  second  pair  of 
lobes  lobe-like,  larger  than  median  pair,  not  incised,  notched,  bluntly 
rounded;  furcapectinae  sometimes  plates,  twice  as  long  as  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  5,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-2-2;  anus  located  near 
cephalic  end,  vulva  slightly  cephalad  of  middle;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
in  groups;  mesospiracerores  9-11,  generally  arranged  in  two  or  three 
groups,  metaspiracerores  2;  altaceratubae  three  on  each  side  in  two 
groups,  1-2. — Transvaal,  Africa  on  Acacia capensis  Newst. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  359 

SPECIES    OF    INCHOASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  minute  median  lobe  located  on  each 
side  of  pygidial  incision,  triangular,  entire,  with  a  prominent  oracera- 
tuba  at  its  proximo-mesal  angle;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  at  least  twice  as  large  as  lateral,  margin 
broadly  rounded,  lateral  lobelet  more  angular  with  an  irregular  mar- 
gin ;  plates  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  0,  2,  1,  those  of  each 
lateris  adjacent  to  a  fourth  lobe,  there  may  be  others;  second  and 
third  incisurae  with  two  minute  adjacent  triangular  projections,  prob- 
ably latadentes;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  in  rows;  spiracerores 
wanting;  altaceratubae  present;  second  exuvia  of  female  with  deep 

transverse  thoracic  constriction. — Southwest  Africa 

amaniensis  Lindgr. 
SPECIES  OF  GRAPHASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  fully  projecting,  curved,  divergent,  mesal  margin  finely  serrate, 
lateral  margin  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised,  lobe- 
lets  similar,  bluntly  pointed,  mesal  lobelets  of  second  pair  of  lobes 
projecting  farther  caudad  than  median  pair  of  lobes;  plates  small, 
not  much  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris 
arranged  1-1-2;  altaceratubae  seven  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae 
fairly  numerous,  irregularly  arranged;  genacerores  wanting;  anus  and 
vulva  superimposed;  scale  of  adult  female  pyriform. — Ceylon  on 
Antidesma.  permutans  Green. 

SPECIES    OF   AMETROCHASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  short,  pyriform;  pygidium  with  three  pairs  of 
lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  divergent,  not  projecting,  elongate,  placed 
in  pygidial  incision,  serrate;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  incised, 
lobelets  constricted  at  proximal  end,  distal  end  broadly  rounded,  mar- 
gins entire,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral;  plates  distinctly  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-2; 
altaceratubae  eight  on  each  side;  brevaceratubae  numerous,  irregular- 
ly arranged;  genacerores  wanting;  mesospiracerores  represented  by 
small  group  of  pores;  anus  and  vulva  superimposed. — Ceylon  on 
Antidesma.  flava  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    PRONTASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  and  mesal  mar- 
gins serrate,  divergent,  lateral  margins  subparallel;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  small,  subequal,  incised,  serrate;  setae  short;  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  3,  each  lateris  with  a  plate  near  a  third  lobe,  one  at 
cephalic  end,  and  one  midway  between  these  two;  preabdomen  with 
caudal  segment  with  5-6  plates;  anus  broader  than  long,  about  fifteen 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  twice  caudad  of  vulva; 
altaceratubae  about  four  on  each  side. — Southern  States,  West  Indies, 
Mexico,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  Japan,  Samoa  on  Euonymus,  Osman- 

thus,  orange,  palms. citri  Comst. 

aa.     Pygidium   of  adult   female   with   all   lobes  entire;    median   pair   of 
lobes  distant,  divergent,  distal  end  round;  second  and  third  pairs  of 


360  THE   COCCIDAE 

lobes  incised  lobelets  of  second  pair  larger  than  those  of  third,  mesal 
lobelet  of  both  pairs  larger  than  their  lateral  lobelets;  plates  slightly 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  10-11,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged l-l-3-5or6;  latadentes  bearing  oraceratubae  located  in  median, 
second,  and  third  incisurae,  one  just  cephalad  of  each  third  lobe  and 
near  middle  of  lateres;  spiracerores  wanting.— Canary  Islands  on 
Euphorbia. barrancorum  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF   REMOTASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  white,  highly  convex,  mytilaspif orm ;  exuviae 
orange-red;  cuticle  of  body,  including  pygidium,  soft  and  thin;  pygi- 
dium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  widely  separated,  as  broad  as  long, 
broadly  rounded,  entire  except  for  a  distal  notch;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  similar  in  form  but  larger  than  a  median 
lobe,  lateral  lobelet  much  smaller  than  mesal,  one  or  two  deep  notches, 
so  that  lobelet  appears  to  have  two  or  three  teeth;  third  pair  of  lobes 
deeply  notched,  mesal  lobelet  similar  in  size  and  form  to  a  median 
lobe,  lateral  lobelet  smaller,  dentate;  triangular  latadentis  caudad  of 
each  second  lobe  and  three  toothed  ones  cephalad  of  third  lobe;  alta- 
ceratubae  four  on  each  side;  plates  limited  to  one  in  each  second 
incisura,  arranged  0,  1,  0,  0;  dorsal  aspect  with  two  broad  bands  of 
oraceratubae;  anus  located  opposite  "distal  ends"  of  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae.— Uganda,  Africa  on  unknown  shrub dentilobis  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    ASYMMETRASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  nearly  as  large  as  median  pair, 
lateral  margin  oblique,  not  incised;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
broader  than  long,  mesal  margins  oblique,  divergent,  distant,  distal 
margins  sometimes  dentate,  subadjacent;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few, 
in  two  transverse  crescentic  rows;  plates  inconspicuous,  arranged 
0,  0,  2-3,  frequently  broken;  mesospiracerores  4-5;  body  with  ce- 
phalic half  strongly  chitinized,  caudal  half  including  pygidium  not 
strongly  chitinized,  line  between  two  areas  sharply  marked;  setae 
small,  arranged  two  in  median  incisura,  one  in  each  second,  and 
one  on  cephalic  part  of  each  lateris;  four  submarginal  setae  cephalad 
of  lobes;  anus  eleven  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and 

nearly  four  times  cephalad  of  vulva. — Transvaal,  Africa 

distorta  Newst. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  always  smaller  than  median  pair. 
b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  serrate,  broader  than  long, 
short,  very  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
larger  than  lateral,  longer  than  a  median  lobe,  much  narrower, 
bluntly  rounded,  entire,  lateral  lobelet  subtriangular,  generally 
notched  on  both  margins;  plates  long,  slender,  arranged  0,  1,  2, 
those  of  each  lateris  located  one  near  second  lobe,  other  at 
cephalic  end;  surface  with  several  large  clear  vacuole-like  oval 
areas;  mesospiracerores  1-3,  mesosperitreme  depressed;  surface  of 
cuticle  reticulate;  altaceratubae  apparently  five  on  each  side; 
brevaceratubae  distinct;  anus  over  twelve  times  its  width  from 

caudal  margin.— Uganda,  islands   of  Lake  Victoria,  Africa 

tenuidisculis  Newst. 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  361 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  about  as  broad  as 
long,  mesal  and  lateral  margins  subparallel,  distal  end  broadly 
rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  inconspicuous,  not  incised, 
distal  end  with  two  notches;  plates  not  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  0,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1- (2-2) ;  alta- 
ceratubae  apparently  not  prominent;  brevaceratubae  distinct; 
mesospiracerores  3-4,  metaspi(racerores  wanting;  anus  located 
about  eighteen  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about 
three  times  cephalad  of  vulva;  body  elongate;  caudad  of  and  in 
line  with  antennae,  on  each  side  a  row  of  two  or  three  blunt  spiny 
processes  and  pair  of  long  setae. — Uganda,  islands  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria, Africa  on  unknown  tree dura  Newst. 

SPECIES   OF  OBLUCTASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  minute,  inconspicuous,  distal  end 
concave,  mesal  angle  prolonged,  sides  parallel;  second  pair  of  lobes 
smaller  than  median,  triangular,  pointed,  lateral  margin  oblique; 
plates  small,  short,  broadened  at  proximal  end,  arranged  0,  1,  2,  those 
of  each  lateris  distant;  brevaceratubae  small,  smaller  than  lamacera- 
tubae,  promiscuously  arranged;  anus  eight  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin  and  three  times  cephalad  of  vulva. — New  Mexico  on 
Quercus. lobata  Ferris. 

SPECIES    OF    SITULASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent,  broader  than  long, 
distant,  broadly  rounded,  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  adjacent 
to  median  pair,  minute,  bluntly  rounded,  as  long  as  broad,  one-fifth 
width  of  median;  plates  slightly  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes, 
broadest  at  proximal  end,  arranged  0,  0,  1,  adjacent  second  lobe; 
altaceratubae  wanting;  brevaceratubae  promiscuously  arranged;  anus 
located  four  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  six  times  caudad 
of  vulva;  setae  small. — Arizona  on  Condalia condaliae  Ferris. 

SPECIES  OF  KUWANASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  very  long  and  slender,  sides  parallel  and  usually 
straight;  second  exuvia  distinct;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
short,  divergent,  slightly  notched  on  mesal  margin;  latadentes  round- 
ed, serrate;  plates  large,  much  longer  than  median  lobes,  arranged 
0,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  one  near  a  median  lobe,  one  near 
where  third  incisura  would  be  located,  and  one  midway  between  caudal 
and  cephalic  plates;  anus  located  cephalad  of  middle  of  pygidium; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous  on  caudal  portion;  latadentes  few  in 
number. — Japan  on  Phyllostachys. hikosani  Knw. 

SPECIES    OF    INCISASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  broadly  divergent,  project- 
ing, oblique  mesal  margin  with  four  to  six  notches;  plates  placed  near 
median  pair  of  lobes,  caudal  three  of  each  side  shorter  than  others, 
about  12  on  each  side,  stout,  blunt,  usually  curved;  setae  on  dorsal 

aspect  6,  minute;  mesospiracerores  2. — South  Africa  on  Mitragyne 

pugionifera  Lindgr. 


362  THE   COCCIDAE 

SPECIES    OF   CORONASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  not  tricuspid;  two 
or  three  pairs  of  minute  inconspicuous  bluntly  lanceolate  lobes, 
median  pair  simple,  second  pair  incised;  plates  prominent,  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  8,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  1-1-1-1-4;  dorsal  ora- 
ceratubae  large,  conspicuous,  arranged  in  more  or  less  definite 
rows;  anus  broader  than  long,  about  eight  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  body  after  gestation  reddish  and  densely  chitin- 
ous;  antennae  consisting  of  corona-like  area  bearing  four  to  six 
stout  spines  and  central  curved  seta;  caudad  of  each  antenna  and 
scattered  over  thoracic  region  oval  translucent  spaces;  margin  of 
preabdominal  and  caudal  thoracic  segments  with  numerous  ora- 
ceratubae,  obscure  in  densely  chitinous  individuals;  scale  of  adult 
female  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  ochreous,  exuviae  reddish, 
sides  of  scale  sloping  up  and  forming  median  longitudinal  rounded 

ridge. — Ceylon  on  undetermined  tree coronifcra  Green. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  mesal  and  lateral  mar- 
gins subparallel,  distal  end  tricuspid;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised, 
mesal  lobelet  large,  lobe-like,  much  larger  than  a  median  lobe,  mar- 
gin rounded,  entire,  lateral  lobelet  tricuspid,  similar  in  form  to  a 
median  lobe;  plates  slender,  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  2, 
those  of  each  lateris  located  one  near  second  lobe  and  other  at 
cephalic  end;  altaceratubae  5-6  on  each  side;  lateres  serrate  be- 
tween altaceratubae ;  antennae  adjacent  cephalad  of  head  skeleton, 
each  corona-like,  margin  with  long  spiny  process,  two  longer  than 
others,  and  two  long  setae;  mesospiracerores  3,  mesoperitreme 
very  large  and  depressed;  scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  strongly 
convex,  pure  glistening  white,  finely  laminate,  exuviae  orange  yellow 
to  orange  brown;  male  scale  strongly  carinate,  secretionary  portion 

dull  gold  color. — Uganda,  islands  of  Lake  Victoria,  Africa 

auratilis  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    DENTASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  satiny-white,  transversely  striate,  striae  equidis- 
tant and  distinct,  sides  subparallel;  body  with  cephalic  region  nar- 
rowed; pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  not  located  in 
pygidial  incision,  projecting,  distal  margin  deeply  serrate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  distant  from  median  pair  twice  its  width,  similar  in 
form,  smaller,  incised,  deeply  serrate;  third  pair  of  lobes  only  slight 
projection  on  margin,  serrate,  not  incised;  plates  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  0,  1,  1,  1-2,  those  of  each  lateris  near  third  lobe;  altacera- 
tubae with  tubes  about  as  long  as  wide,  arranged  two  cephalad  of 
plate  in  second  incisura,  one  associated  with  each  second  lobe  and 
one  near  each  third  lobe. — Uganda,  Africa  on  palms.__ substriata  Newst. 

SPECIES    OF    HOWARDIA 

Scale  of  adult  female  broadly  oval,  caudal  end  narrowed,  often  almost 
circular,  exuviae  terminal;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
prominent,  mesal  angle  roundly  protuberant,  lateral  margin  finely  ser- 
rate, mesal  margin  substraight,  not  adjacent;  second  pair  of  lobes 
not  incised,  small,  bluntly  pointed,  entire;  lateres  with  serrate  pro« 


TRIBE   DIASPIDIXI  363 

Jections;  plates  stout,  arranged  2,  2,  18-20,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 3-3or4-4or5-6 ;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores  pres- 
ent; brevaceratubae  numerous,  irregularly  arranged;  paraphyses  club- 
shaped,  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  median  pair  of  lobes,  cephalic 
end  of  each  enlarged,  knob-like,  extending  from  median  incisura;  anus 
located  its  own  width  cephalad  of  vulva. — Eastern  United  States,  Cali- 
fornia, West  Indies,  Mexico,  England,  Ireland,  Hawaiian  Is'lands, 
Ceylon,  Mauritius,  Japan,  Tahiti  on  orange,  lime,  tea,  tamarind,  Fla- 

courtia,  Cinchona,  Ochrea,  Ficus,  Anona,  Hibiscus,  Microglossa 

biclavis  Comst. 
SPECIES    OF    PROCERASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  narrow,  flat,  more  or  less  distinct  me- 
dian carina;  body  of  adult  female  elongate,  thorax  occupying  nearly 
three-fourths  of  length  of  body,  metathoracic  spiracles  located  near 
middle  of  caudal  half;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  contigu- 
ous, two  lobes  together  much  broader  than  long,  lateral  margins 
oblique,  minutely  serrate;  plates  near  median  lobes  smaller  than  those 
near  cephalic  end,  arranged  0,  7,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
1-1-1-1-3;  latadentis  on  each  side  between  caudal  first  and  second  plates 
and  two  between  second  and  third;  paraphyses  club-shaped,  short,  ex- 
tending to  margin  near  lateral  proximal  angle  of  each  median  lobe; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  wanting;  lateres  irregularly  indented;  anus  ap- 
proximately central  in  position. — Ceylon  on  Cinnamomum 

cinnamomi  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    MARCHALASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinct,  entire,  proximal  portion 
strongly  constricted,  distal  portion  broadly  rounded;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  incised,  entire,  lobelets  subequal  in  size,  similar  in  form, 
proximal  portion  strongly  constricted,  distal  portion  truncately  round- 
ed; median,  second,  and  third  incisurae  each  with  triangular  projection 
about  as  long  as  lobes,  each  identified  as  a  plate;  each  lateris  with 
six  or  more  lobe-like  serrate  projections;  altaceratubae  9  on  each 
side;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few,  poorly  developed  and  indistinct;  anus 
located  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin. — Guinea  on  Copai- 
fera.  vuilleti  Marchal. 

SPECIES  OF  CUPIDASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  mere  prominences,  broadly 
rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  large,  not  project- 
ing strongly,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  pectinae  or  plates  wanting; 
lateres  with  angular  projections;  altaceratubae  prominent,  five  or  six 
on  each  side,  one  in  each  second  incisura;  anus  large,  six  times  its 
width  from  caudal  margin  and  over  twice  cephalad  of  vulva;  breva- 
ceratubae distinct,  apparently  third  row  with  4  oraceratubae,  fourth 
row  with  5  mesal  and  2  lateral  oraceratubae. — California  on  Cupressus. 

cupressi  Colem. 

SPECIES  OF  PSEUDODIASPIS 

a.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  distal 
end  squared,  "resembling  human  incisor  teeth,"  distinctly  separated; 


364  THE   COCCIDAE 

second  pair  of  lobes  hardly  half  length  of  first,  much  narrower;  each 
lateris  with  angular  prominence  like  third  lobe,  cephalad  of  this  irreg- 
ularly crenulate;  setae  large;  plates  cephalad  of  second  and  third 
lobes  quite  large,  broad ;  scale  of  adult  female  convex,  exuviae  lateral, 
within  margin,  first  exuvia  at  margin  of  second. — Mexico  on  Mimosa, 

?Acacia.   dentilobia   Ckll. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  one  pair  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  low,  broader  than 
long,  close  together,  not  adjacent,  hardly  projecting;  plates  want- 
ing; lateres  irregularly  dentate,  crenulate  between  dentations; 
apparently  with  three  or  four  altaceratubae ;  scale  of  adult  female 
flat,  irregular,  round  to  suboval,  exuviae  lateral  to  sublateral; 

scale  of  male  mytiliform,  exuvia  at  end. — Arizona  on  Larrea 

larreae  Ckll. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median   pair  of  lobes  large  and   prominent,   not 
broader  than  long. 

c.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  near  vulva,  five  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin  and  eighteen  times  its  width  caudad  of 
vulva;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent,  mesal  margins 
parallel,  near  together,  prominent  lateral  notch,  distal  end 
rounded;  setae  as  long  as  lobes;  plates  short,  dagger-shaped, 
arranged  0,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  distant  and  located  on 
caudal  one-fourth  of  pygidium;  altaceratubae  apparently  want- 
ing; dorsal  oraceratubae  few  in  number,  promiscuously  ar- 
ranged; mesal  calles  present  and  fused,  lateral  calles  short 
and  distant  from  mesal. — Apparently  not  congeneric. — California 

on  Atriplex.  atriplicis  Ferris. 

-cc,  Pygidium  with  anus  and  vulva  superimposed,  about  eleven 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  widely  separated,  prominent,  broader  than  long,  mar- 
gins broadly  rounded,  crenulate;  lateres  broadly  irregularly 
crenulate,  caudal  crenulation  in  position  of  second  pair  of 
lobes;  plates  wanting;  altaceratubae  apparently  wanting;  dor- 
sal oraceratubae  fairly  numerous,  small,  irregularly  arranged. 

— Apparently  not  congeneric. — California  on  Phoradendron 

multipora  Ferris. 

SPECIES    OF    VERSICULASPIS 

Pygidium  with  deep  angular  pygidial  incision;  median  pair  of  lobes 
located  in  pygidial  incision,  not  projecting  beyond  its  margin,  dis- 
tant, suboblique,  divergent,  not  confluent,  margin  serrate,  subtruncate; 
second  pair  of  lobes  apparently  incised,  triangular,  bluntly  pointed; 
plates  apparently  wanting;  altaceratubae  small,  slender,  apparently 
numerous;  brevaceratubae  apparently  few  in  number. — South  Africa 
on  Diosma. diosmae  Brain. 

SPECIES    OF    PROTODIASPIS 
JSL.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  four  very  low,  broad,  rounded,  colorless  lobes, 
distant,  margins  inclined  to  be  crenulate;  plates  wanting;  setae 


TRIBE   DIASPIDINI  365 

very  small;  cuticle  with  numerous  oraceratubae ;  mesogenacerores 
about  11;  anus  distinct,  fair  distance  from  caudal  margin,  cuticle 

around  anus  strongly  concentrically  striate. — Mexico  on  oak 

parvula  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  lobe-like  projections;  median 
pair  of  lobes  near  together,  broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded, 
entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  largest,  mar- 
gins rounded,  entire;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  small,  irreg- 
ularly arranged;  anus  large,  about  fourteen  times  its  width 
cephalad  of  caudal  margin  and  about  once  cephalad  of  vulva; 
setae  minute;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  four 
minute  distant  subequal  lobes,  distance  betweetn  lobes  about 
three  times  width  of  lobe;  setae  few  and  minute;  anus  prominent, 
about  five  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  plates  wanting. — 

Arizona  on  Quercus. pulchra  Ferris. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  lobes  or  lobe-like  projections. 

b.    Pygidium   as   broad   as    or   broader    than    long,    margin    broadly 

rounded,  not  pointed. 

c.  Pygidium  with  margin  coarsely  irregularly  crenulate,  without 
lobes  or  plates;  setae  four  in  number,  moderate  in  length; 
anus  located  distant  from  caudal  margin,  around  anus  a  num- 
ber of  conspicuous  thin  spots  in  cuticle,  appearing  as  perfora- 
tions; pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  plates 
on  each  side;  spiracerores  wanting;  surface  of  body  finely 

carinate. — South   Africa   on   Euclea imbricata   Brain. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  margin  entire,  smooth,  broadly  rounded,  bear- 
ing four  minute  distant  setae;  anus  small,  about  eighteen  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  four  times  caudad  of  vulva. — 
Resembles  species  of  Gymnaspis  or  Aonidia. — Arizona  on 

Acacia.    edentata   Ferris. 

bb.  Pygidium  longer  than  broad,  distal  portion  pointed,  never  broad- 
ly rounded;  body  of  adult  female  more  or  less  globose;  pygidium 
flattened,  cordate,  acuminate;  lobes  and  plates  wanting;  margin 
with  two  irregular  teeth-like  projections  at  caudal  end;  anus 
small,  near  cephalic  end,  twenty  or  more  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  setae  minute,  one  on  each  side  near  cephalic  end 
of  margin,  few  on  disk;  many  linear  thickenings  radiating  in- 
wards from  margin;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  broad, 
rounded,  hinged,  semicircular  plate;  setae,  lobes,  plates,  wanting; 

similar  to  preceding  species. — Australia  on  Acacia 

anomala  Green. 

SPECIES    OF    NUDACHASPIS 

Insects  forming  galls  upon  leaves  and  stem  of  host-plant,  external  open- 
ing to  gall  typically  closed  by  first  exuvia,  second  exuvia  thin,  enclos- 
ing adult  puparium-like  in  early  adult,  ruptured  later  and  insect  ex- 
truded; body  of  insect  "comma-shaped,"  enlarged  cephalic  portion  bent 
at  right  angles  to  caudal  portion;  pygidium  of  adult  female  without 
lobes,  plates,  or  setae;  with  seven  serrate  lobe-like  projections  on  each 
side,  probably  pseudolobes,  projections  disappear  with  age;  altacera- 


366  THE    COCCIDAE 

tubae  and  brevaceratubae  wanting;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspira- 
cerores  present;  anus  and  vulva  located  near  cephalic  end  of  pygidium; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pair  of  median  lobes,  project- 
ing, lateral  margins  free,  triangular  in  outline,  confluent  at  proximal 
end,  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  much  smaller,  distal  margin 
notched  at  middle. — Ceylon  on  Loranthus fodiens  Green. 

SPECIES    OF  XANTHOPTHALMA 

Insects  with  body  nearly  circular,  less  than  one-half  millimeter  in 
length;  caudal  end  of  abdomen  minutely  serrate  with  three  pairs  of 
serrate  triangular  lobe-like  projections  with  setae  at  their  distal  ends, 
arranged  like  lobes;  anus  located  over  three  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  female  probably  transforms  in  a  puparium. — Mexico 
on  "laureltree."  continuum  Ckll.  &  Parr. 

SPECIES    OF    CREDODIASPIS 

Pygidium  with  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  longer  than 
broad,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  sides  parallel;  other  lobes  obsolete; 
each  lateris  with  three  long  dagger-shaped  plates,  largest  adjacent  to 
each  third  lobe,  smallest  near  middle  of  each  lateris,  other  plate  nearly 
midway  between  cephalic  and  caudal  plates,  slightly  nearer  caudal; 
spiracerores  and  genacerores  wanting;  two  minute  latadentes  bearing 
oraceratubae  located  between  median  pair  of  lobes  and  an  oracera- 
tuba  on  each  side  between  two  caudal  plates;  pygidium  of  second 
nymphal  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  oblique,  mesal 
margins  with  two  or  three  indentations;  second,  third,  and  fourth 
pairs  of  lobes  quadrangular,  subequal,  entire;  plates  arranged  0,  1, 
1,  1,  5,  cephalic  plate  of  each  lateris  similar  in  form  to  those  of  in- 
cisurae,  others  broad,  pointed,  sides  crenulate;  oraceratubae  located 
in  second,  third,  fourth  incisurae  and  between  two  caudal  plates  of 
each  lateris. — South  Africa  on  Cynometra limuloides  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF    ADISCODIASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes,  setae,  plates,  or  genacerores; 
ceratubae  short,  numerous,  arranged  in  a  series  or  in  a  mass  on  the 
pygidium  and  on  the  border  of  the  segments  of  preabdomen;  scale 
rounded,  ostreiform,  white  with  yellow  first  exuvia,  placed  near  per- 
iphery, ventral  scale  thick  and  flat. — France  on  Erica 

ericicola  Marchal. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 

TRIBE  FIORINIINI 

The  Uhlerian  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  always  distinctly  longer  than  broad 
with  the  cephalic  end  bluntly  rounded  and  the  caudal  end  bluntly  pointed. 
The  lateral  margins  are  usually  parallel  or  subparallel  with  the  inden- 
tations marking  the  position  of  the  sutures  between  the  thoracic  and 
abdominal  segments  generally  more  or  less  distinct.  The  lateral  mar- 
gins of  the  segments  of  the  preabdomen  are  sometimes  provided  with 
bracteae  in  the  adult  female  or  second  nymphal  female.  Lobes  are 
usually  present  in  the  adult  female,  usually  about  two  pairs,  more  or 
less  than  this  number  may  be  present.  Plates  although  frequently  pres- 
ent, may  be  absent;  furcapectinae  are  never  present.  The  incisurae  are 
narrow  and  the  spaces  may  be  filled  or  not  with  plates.  Densariae  and 
paraphyses  are  never  present.  Altaceratubae  are  rarely  absent  and  are 
not  arranged  in  pairs,  their  oraceratubae  are  ovate  in  outline,  always 
longer  than  broad.  Brevaceratubae  are  rarely  if  ever  present,  never  ar- 
ranged in  rows.  Genacerores  are  frequently  present,  usually  arranged 
in  five  or  three  groups.  The  mesogenacerores,  when  present,  usually 
consist  of  about  five  cerores.  The  scale  of  the  adult  female  is  thin, 
brownish  or  yellowish  in  color.  It  is  much  longer  than  broad,  two  or 
more  times,  usually  with  the  sides  parallel,  not  enlarged  at  one  end, 
never  transversely  ridged,  sometimes  with  a  mesal  carina.  The  first 
exuvia  projects  beyond  the  cephalic  end  of  the  secretionary  portion  and 
bears  the  porrect  remains  of  the  antennae.  The  wax  is  limited  to  the 
periphery  and  is  small  in  amount.  The  female  always  transforms  in  a 
puparium  and  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  female  may  be  provided  with 
pseudolobes.  The  scales  are  usually  exposed  upon  the  host-plant,  but 
may  be  concealed  in  pits  in  the  leaf  or  in  galls.  The  scales  produced  in 
galls  are  frequently  opaque  white,  consisting  in  great  part  of  wax  and 
the  exuvia  is  one-fourth  or  less  the  length  of  the  scale.  The  surface  may 
be  flat,  slightly  convex,  or  slightly  carinate. 

The  first  species  of  this  tribe  was  described  by  Targioni 
Tozzetti  in  1867  as  Diaspis  fioriniae.  The  following  year  he  erected 
a  new  genus,  Fiorinia,  for  this  species  and  renamed  the  insect 
Fiorinia  pellucida.  This  latter  name  was  used  by  Signoret  and  by 
Comstock  who  described  a  second  species,  Fiorinia  camelliae,  which 
was  a  serious  pest  in  the  conservatories  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  Washington.  In  1883  Comstock 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  Targioni  Tozzetti  had  no  authority 

367 


368  THE    COCCIDAE 

for  changing  the  name  of  his  species  and  restored  the  original  name 
of  the  insect,  Fiorinia  fioriniae.  There  was  at  this  time  a  rule  of 
the  British  Association  code,  which  was  generally  followed  in  mat- 
ters of  nomenclature,  prohibiting  the  use  of  the  same  word  for  both 
generic  and  specific  names.  Comstock  consequently  renamed  the 
genus  after  one  of  the  early  American  entomologists  who  had 
made  a  special  study  of  the  Hemiptera,  Philip  Uhler,  designating 
the  genus  Uhleria.  This  rule  regarding  the  use  of  the  same  word 
for  both  names  of  an  animal  was  afterwards  rescinded  and  the 
species  of  Targioni  Tozzetti  is  now  known  as  Fiorinia  fioriniae. 
The  camelliae  of  Comstock  has  also  been  shown  to  be  the  same  as 
the  fioriniae  of  Targioni  Tozzetti.  The  selection  of  a  vernacular 
name  for  the  insects  of  this  tribe  has  been  a  difficult  one.  It  was 
finally  decided  to  form  a  name  out  of  the  generic  name  of  Com- 
stock and  call  them  The  Uhlerian  Scales. 

Leonardi  included  the  genus  Fiorinia  together  with  the  genera 
Mytilaspis  and  Ischnaspis  in  the  tribe  Mytilaspides  in  his  original 
subdivision  of  the  subfamily  Diaspidinae  published  in  1898.  In 
the  same  volume,  where  there  is  given  the  first  statement  of  his 
monograph  of  the  Mytilaspides,  he  states  that  the  following  table, 
one  to  genera  and  subgenera,  relates  only  to  the  genus  Mytilaspis, 
because  he  combines  Ischnaspis  with  this  genus,  rather  than  to  the 
Mytilaspides  and  that  the  lacking  genus  Fiorinia  will  be  considered 
a  little  later.  The  Mytilaspides  was  published  in  1903  in  which 
he  states,  to  translate  the  thought  rather  than  the  words,  the 
group  Mytilaspides  is  conveniently  distinguished  as  two  sections, 
one  formed  from  the  species  of  the  genus  Mytilaspis  and  the  other 
from  the  species  of  the  genus  Fiorinia.  The  essay  on  the  classifi- 
cation of  the  Fioriniini,  "Generic  e  Specie  di  Diaspiti.  Saggio  di 
sistematica  delle  Fioriniae"  was  published  in  1906.  In  this  re- 
vision four  genera  and  twenty-two  species  are  recognized,  while 
ten  unidentified  species  are  referred  to  the  tribe. 

The  scale  of  the  adult  female  is  elongate,  two  or  more  times 
as  long  as  wide,  and  usually  narrow.  The  two  sides  are  usually 
parallel  or  subparallel,  but  in  certain  species  the  caudal  end  is 
widened  so  that  the  scale  is  distinctly  pyriform.  The  scales  are 
generally  some  shade  of  brown  or  yellow,  but  in  some  species  are 
opaque  white.  The  surface  of  the  scale  is  generally  flat  or  slightly 
convex  externally,  but  may  be  slightly  carinate.  The  exuvia 
of  the  first  nymph  is  always  placed  at  the  cephalic  end  so  that 
it  projects  beyond  the  scale  for  at  least  one-half  the  length  of 


TRIBE   FIORINIINI  369 

the  exuvia.  This  exuvia  retains  the  antennae  of  this  stage  as 
minute  rigid  structures  at  its  cephalic  end.  The  caudal  part  of 
the  first  exuvia  is  placed  over  the  cephalic  part  of  the  second, 
which  in  all  species  of  this  tribe  serves  as  a  puparium  for  enclosing 
the  adult  female.  The  skin  of  the  second  nymphal  female  is  very 
large  and  in  most  species  is  almost  as  large  as  the  entire  scale. 
The  wax  is  represented  in  addition  to  what  covers  the  second 
exuvia  by  a  narrow  peripheral  band  and  the  puparium  seems  to 
constitute  the  entire  scale.  The  puparium  is  fastened  to  the  first 
exuvia  and  is  covered  by  a  thin  sheet  of  wax  to  which  it  adheres. 
The  wax  of  the  scale  is  very  thin,  a  transparent  colorless  layer, 
and  the  color  of  the  adult  scale  is  due  to  the  color  of  the  exuvia 
and  not  to  the  color  of  the  secretionary  part  of  the  scale  as  in 
most  other  Diaspidinae.  The  ventral  scale  like  the  dorsal  scale 
is  very  thin  and  colorless.  It  forms  a  continuous  sheet  of  wax 
completely  closing  the  scale  in  some  species  and  is  interrupted 
on  the  meson  or  discontinuous  in  others. 

The  exuvia  of  the  females  of  the  second  nymphal  stage  or  the 
puparium  is  much  larger  than  the  body  of  the  adult  female  which 
it  encloses.  The  cuticle  is  tough  and  the  pygidium  and  its  caudal 
end  is  well  developed.  The  body  of  the  adult  female  occupies  the 
caudal  two-thirds  or  one-half  of  the  puparium,  but  when  the  female 
begins  to  deposit  eggs,  which  from  the  necessity  of  the  case  are 
placed  in  the  caudal  end  of  the  puparium,  her  body  is  forced  into 
the  cephalic  part  of  the  puparium.  The  absence  of  genacerores 
in  the  species  forming  galls  would  suggest  that  they  are  probably 
ovoviviparous,  but  nothing  is  known  as  to  their  development. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  elongate,  about  three  times  as  long 
as  the  broadest  part.  The  sides  are  parallel  or  subparallel  or 
sometimes  they  very  gradually  diverge  caudad  and  near  the  caudal 
end  after  reaching  their  greatest  divergence  they  converge  sud- 
denly and  form  a  bluntly  rounded  caudal  end,  producing  a  scale 
similar  in  general  form  to  those  of  many  male  Diaspidini.  The 
dorsal  surface  of  the  scale  may  be  flat  or  slightly  convex  externally, 
sometimes  with  a  slight  mesal  carina  or  slightly  tricarinate.  The 
scale  is  frequently  white  or  opaque  white  and  the  single  exposed 
exuvia  is  yellowish.  The  males,  as  in  the  males  of  certain  species 
of  Diaspidini,  are  gregarious  and  several  may  be  found  collected 
together  in  a  small  area.  They  are  sometimes  more  or  less  con- 
cealed by  a  filamentous  or  flocculent  excretion  of  wax  or  the 
portion  of  the  leaf  to  which  they  are  attached  may  be  coated  with 
a  mass  of  whitish  powdery  wax. 


370  THE    COCCIDAE 

A  few  of  the  species  live  in  depressions  or  pockets  in  the 
leaves  of  the  host-plant  or  produce  abnormal  growths  or  galls 
upon  their  surface.  In  the  case  of  Adiscofiorinia  secreta  described 
by  Green,  the  enclosing  gall  is  minute  and  conical.  The  puparium 
and  the  body  of  the  adult  female  is  peculiar  in  form,  having  the 
cephalic  portion  greatly  swollen,  so  that  it  resembles  the  pupa  of 
a  syrphid-fly  according  to  Green.  The  galls  are  confined  to  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaf  with  an  opening  to  the  exterior  extending 
into  the  gall  from  the  under  surface  which  is  always  closed  by  the 
first  exuvia.  The  puparium  rests  in  the  gall  in  an  erect  position 
with  its  pygidium  directed  toward  the  opening  and  the  first  exuvia. 
"The  male  scales  are  sunk  in  shallow  depressions  on  the  under 
surface." 

The  species  are  found  in  great  part,  at  least  so  far  as  described 
species  are  concerned,  in  Asia  and  Australia.  Of  the  twenty-five 
species  listed  in  Fernald's  Catalogue,  nine  are  reported  from 
Australia,  five  from  New  Zealand,  three  from  Mauritius,  five  from 
Ceylon,  one  from  India,  two  from  China,  three  from  Japan,  one 
from  Kew  Gardens,  England  on  Howea,  a  palm  from  the  Australian 
region,  and  one  species  of  common  occurrence  on  many  species  of 
plants  grown  under  glass  in  Europe  and  America  which  is  also 
found  commonly  in  Brazil,  Australia,  Ceylon,  and  Japan  upon 
plants  in  the  open  air.  This  species  is  probably  also  a  native  of 
the  Indian  or  Australian  region. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  usually  elongate.  The  seg- 
mentation of  the  thorax  is  usually  obscure,  but  that  of  the  preab- 
domen  is  frequently  distinct.  The  cephalic  end  of  the  body  is 
truncate  or  broadly  rounded.  The  antennae  are  rudimentary  and 
usually  do  not  differ  in  form  from  those  of  other  adult  female 
Diaspidinae,  except  that  they  are  frequently  larger.  They  differ 
in  certain  species  as  to  their  location  on  the  ventral  aspect,  being 
very  distant  in  some  and  close  together  in  others.  The  ventral 
surface  of  the  head  is  sometimes  elevated  horn-like  between  them. 

The  pygidium  is  generally  distinctly  separated  from  the  pre- 
abdomen,  frequently  somewhat  five-sided.  The  mesal  portion  of 
the  caudal  end  is  more  or  less  truncate  and  frequently  also  more  or 
less  hollowed  out  forming  a  pygidial  incision.  The  lobes  in  the 
generalized  species  are  represented  by  three  pairs,  but  there  is 
usually  less  than  this  number  of  pairs,  frequently  reduced  to  a 
single  pair,  and  sometimes  wanting.  The  lateres  are  without 
projections  of  any  sort  or  with  pseudolobes.  The  median  pair  of 
lobes  is  generally  the  largest,  they  are  frequently  oblique  with 


TRIBE   FIORINIINI  371 

their  margins  more  or  less  serrate.  The  second  pair  of  lobes  are 
small  and  are  frequently  deeply  incised.  The  plates  are  usually 
small  and  inconspicuous  and  greatly  reduced  in  number.  The 
maximum  number  appears  to  be  2,  2,  3,  3,  but  the  usual  number  is 
0,  1,  1  or  2,  3  or  none.  Pectinae,  even  furcapectinae,  are  so  far  as 
known,  always  wanting.  The  plates  of  the  median  incisura  are 
very  variable  in  their  presence  or  absence.  The  oraceratubae  of 
the  altaceratubae  are  usually  placed  singly,  about  four  on  each 
side  of  the  meson  or  lateral  half  of  the  pygidium.  They  gen- 
erally open  in  latadentes  or  lobe-like  projections  in  the  incisurae. 
The  altaceratubae  are  comparatively  long  broad  tubes  in  the  gen- 
eralized species,  but  Green  in  his  figures  of  the  pygidium  of 
saprosomae  and  similis  shows  the  altaceratubae  as  slender  tubes  like 
the  clavaceratubae  or  lamaceratubae  of  other  Diaspidinae.  This 
observation  is  of  interest  as  indicating  the  form  of  the  primitive 
ceratubae  and  the  way  in  which  they  are  modified.  The  absence 
of  plates  and  the  proven  accuracy  of  Green's  work  leaves  slight 
chance  for  these  to  be  lamaceratubae.  The  brevaceratubae  are 
apparently  always  wanting. 

The  vulva  is  usually  located  near  or  slightly  eephalad  of  the 
middle  of  the  pygidium.  The  anus  is  located  at  nearly  the  same 
level  as  the  vulva,  usually  less  than  its  own  width  or  diameter 
eephalad  of  the  vulva.  This  is  different  from  the  condition  found 
in  most  Mytilaspini  where  the  anus  is  typically  located  near  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  pygidium  distant  from  the  position  or  level 
of  the  vulva.  Although  the  Fioriniini  have  been  more  generally 
associated  with  the  Mytilaspini,  this  arrangement  is  much  more 
like  that  of  typical  Diaspidini.  Genacerores  are  present  in  all  the 
genera  but  one  which  contains  only  six  species.  There  are  usually 
five  groups,  the  mesogenacerores  are  only  rarely  wanting  and  the 
cerores  of  the  mesogenacerores  and  pregenacerores  or  even  of  all 
five  groups  are  sometimes  contiguous  so  that  the  pygidium  appears 
to  bear  a  single  inverted  U-shaped  group  or  omnogenaceroris. 

The  most  comprehensive  published  account  of  the  species  of 
this  tribe  is  that  of  Leonardi  to  which  reference  has  already  been 
made.  The  fact  that  the  females  of  all  the  species  become  mature 
in  a  puparium,  if  judgment  may  be  formed  of  the  pygidial  struc- 
tures found  in  the  females  of  other  tribes  with  a  similar  develop- 
ment, leads  to  the  conclusion  that  a  perfect  understanding  of  the 
pygidial  structures  of  the  adult  female  must  be  secured  through  a 
study  of  the  pygidium  of  the  second  and  first  nymphal  stages. 
Leonardi  has  unfortunately  figured  and  described  only  the  margin 


372  THE   COCCIDAE 

of  the  pygidium  of  the  adult  female  and  even  these  figures  are  not 
every  thing  to  be  desired.  The  custom  of  Green,  Newstead,  and 
Lindinger  of  figuring  the  pygidial  fringe  of  one  or  both  of  the 
nymphal  stages  is  an  excellent  one  and  will  need  to  be  done  for 
all  of  the  species  of  this  tribe  before  an  accurate  classification  of 
the  species  can  be  made. 

Leonardi  recognized  three  new  generic  names :  Trullifiorinia, 
for  which  acaciae  Mask,  may  be  taken  as  the  type,  Anamefiorinia, 
for  which  casuarinae  Mask,  may  be  taken  as  type,  and  Adisco- 
fiorinia,  for  which  secreta  Green  may  be  taken  as  type.  Lindinger 
in  1911  proposed  the  name  Crypthemichionaspis.  While  he  does 
not  describe  this  genus,  he  states  Anamefiorinia  Leon,  and  Trulli- 
fiorinia Leon,  are  synonyms.  There  are  three  species  included 
under  the  genus  Crypthemichionaspis,  acacia  Mask.,  which  may  be 
taken  as  the  type,  lidgetti  Green,  and  nigra  Lingr.  The  description 
of  alaeodendri  Charm,  was  not  available  and  could  not  be  placed. 
The  following  synopsis,  based  in  the  main  upon  that  of  Leonardi, 
will  aid  in  the  identification  of  the  species : — 

GENERA  OF   FIORINIINI 
a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  genacerores. 

b.    Pygidum  of  adult  female  with  plates  and  usually  with  one  to  three 

pairs  of  lobes,  rarely  without  lobes Fiorinia  Targ. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  entirely  without  plates. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  or  five  groups  of  gena- 
cerores,   if  with   three   groups,   mesogenacerores   and    pregena- 
cerores  confluent, 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  at  least  one  pair  of  lobes; 

pygidial  margin  with  projections. Trullifiorinia  Leon. 

dd.    Pygidium   of   adult   female   without   lobes;    pygidial   margin 

without  projections,  entire  or  serrate.  .—Anamefiorinia  Leon. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  groups  of  genacerores. — 

Type,  Fiorinia  bambusae  Maskell Ischnafiorinia  MacG. 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  genacerores. 

b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  single  median  pair  of  lobes. — Type, 

Fiorinia  rubra  Mask.  Parafiorinia  MacG. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  lobes. 

Adiscofiorinia   Leon. 

SPECIES  OF  FIORINIA 
a.    Pygidium  always  with  at  least  one  pair  of  lobes. 

b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  separated, 
c.    Pygidium  with  pair  of  plates  between  median  pair  of  lobes. 


TRIBE   FIORINHNI  373 

d.  Pygidium  narrow,  caudal  end  convex,  not  hollowed  out;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  prominent,  longer  than  broad,  sides  paral- 
lel, distal  end  bluntly  rounded;  plates  long  and  slender,  much 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  adja- 
cent to  median  lobe;  lateres  cephalad  of  cephalic  plates  finely 
serrate  and  without  projections;  setae  minute,  not  one-half 
length  of  plates;  genacerores  3-3(3-4)3-3;  mesospiracerores 

obsolete.— Ceylon.  Mdens  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  comparatively  broad,  caudal  end  deeply  hollowed 
out;  median  pair  of  lobes  widely  divergent,  strongly  oblique, 
located  in  concavity,  mesal  margins  with  four  to  six  teeth, 
other  lobes  wanting;  plates  arranged  2,  4,  those  of  median 
incisura  short,  much  shorter  than  median  lobes,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  in  two  groups  of  two  each,  one  group  near 
median  lobe;  each  lateris  with  angular  projections;  gena- 
cerores 5-6(10-10)10-13. — Philippine  Islands  on  Machilus 

phantosura  Ckll.  &  Rob. 

cc.  Pygidium  without  plates  between  the  median  pair  of  lobes, 
d.  Pygidium  with  five  groups  of  genacerores  combined  into  a 
single  omnagenaceroris,  total  number  of  cerores  25-29;  median 
pair  of  lobes  small,  short  and  narrow,  deeply  angularly 
notched  at  middle  of  distal  margin;  second  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  hardly  produced;  plates  long,  broad  at  base,  much 
longer  than  the  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  6  to  7,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-1-4  or  1-3-3;  genacerores  5-5(7-10)10-14; 

spiracerores  obsolete. — Ceylon  on  Odina odinae  Leon. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  combined  into  a  single  large 
omnaceroris,  total  number  of  cerores  86-91. — India  on  Taxus. 

odinae  multipora  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  at  proximal  end. 
c.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

d.  Pygidium  with  each  second  lobe  doubly  incised,  three  lobe- 
lets  subequal,  entire,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  median  pair 
of  lobes  strongly  oblique,  inserted  in  deep  concavity,  mesal 
margin  of  each  finely  serrate;  third  pair  of  lobes  about  as 
large  and  similar  in  shape  to  lateral  lobelet  of  second  lobe; 
plates  arranged  0,  1,  1,  0,  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than 
lobes;  genacerores  7-7(13-14)17-17;  mesospiracerores  2-3. — 

Ceylon  on  Juniperus.  juniperi  Leon. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  each  second  lobe  not  incised. 

e.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  10-11(22-28)16-27;  median  pair 
of  lobes  small,  adjacent,  margins  strongly  dentate;  second 
pair  of  lobes  elongate,  sometimes  spatulate,  distal  end 
truncate;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  length  to  the  sec- 
ond pair,  long  and  narrow,  distal  end  rounded;  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  1,  1,  2,  plates  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
lobes,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged,  one  short  distance 
cephalad  of  third  lobe  and  one  at  cephalic  end;  second 
and  third  incisurae  with  projections  as  large  or  larger  than 


374  THE    COCCIDAE 

adjacent  lobes,  bearing  oraceratubae;  brevaceratubae  in 
three  continuous  series;  mesospiracerores  arranged  in  com- 
pact group;  antennae  close  together;  anus  located  some 
distance  cephalad  of  vulva. — Java  on  Piper 

diaspiformis  Newst. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-4(4-6)5-7;  median  pair  of 
lobes  small;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small;  margin 
of  pygidium  serrate  and  bearing  several  plates  arranged  in 

pairs  along  serrate  edge. — New  Zealand  on  Ribes 

grossulariae  Mask. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes. 
d.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

e.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised. 

f.  Head  with  dorsal  aspect  with  prominent  proboscis-like 
projection  which  extends  cephalad  and  has  distal  end 
slightly  globularly  enlarged;  pygidium  with  median  pair 
of  lobes  fused  at  proximal  end,  strongly  oblique,  placed 
in  concavity,  margins  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  in- 
cised, mound-like,  inconspicuous,  lobelets  subequal  and 
similar;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged, one  adjacent  to  third  lobe  and  two  near  middle; 
genacerores  6-6(13-16)21-23;  mesospiracerores  1. — Cey- 
lon on  Gelonium proboscidaria  Green. 

ff.  Head  never  with  dorsal  proboscis-like  projection,  anten- 
nae situated  in  median  depression  and  adjacent, 
g.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  5-7(11-12)12-17;  median 
pair  of  lobes  fused  at  proximal  end,  strongly  oblique, 
placed  in  concavity,  margins  serrate;  second  pair  of 
lobes  incised,  mesal  lobelet  longest  and  sometimes 
notched  on  mesal  and  lateral  margins,  lateral  lobelet 
bluntly  rounded,  entire;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  3,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  two,  longest,  near  a  second 
lobe,  and  one  near  cephalic  end;  mesogenacerores  and 
pregenacerores  confluent,  forming  a  solagenaceroris ; 
mesospiracerores  4-5. — Fiorinia  fioriniae  minor  Mask. 
— America,  Europe,  Australia,  Ceylon,  China,  etc.  on 
Camellia,  Citrus,  Psidium,  Areca,  Cycas,  Anthurium, 
Phytelephas,  Kentia,  Hedera,  Leptospermum,  Ficus, 
Livistona,  Podocarpus,  Cupressus,  palms,  tea,  ferns, 

etc.   fioriniae  Targ. 

gg.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-4(16-22)24-27. — Japan  on 

Podocarpus,  Pinus. fioriniae  japonica  Kwn. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  not  incised,  distal  end 
bluntly  rounded,  faintly  notched  on  lateral  margin;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  fused  at  proximal  end,  strongly  oblique, 
placed  in  concavity,  margins  serrate;  plates  arranged  0,  1,  0, 
single  plate  of  each  second  incisura  much  longer  than 
lobes;  genacerores  2-2(6-9)15-15;  mesospiracerores  obsolete. 
— Ceylon  on  Grevia. .-.tumida  Leon. 


TRIBE   FIORINIINI  375 

dd.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes. 

e.  Head  with  antennae  located  on  ventral  aspect  near  ce- 
phalic margin,  adjacent,  cuticle  between  antennae  pro- 
longed beyond  margin  of  body  as  prominent  projection 
with  large  globular  end;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  fused  at  proximal  end,  oblique,  placed  in  concavity, 
distal  portions  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  represented 
by  slight  incised  serrate  thickening  of  margin;  plates  ar- 
ranged 0,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  one  cephalad  of 
serrate  thickening  representing  a  second  lobe  and  the  other 
caudad  of  it;  genacerores  4-5(10-13)15-18;  mesospiracerores 

2-3. — India  on  tea  plant. theae  Green. 

ee.  Head  with  cuticle  between  articulations  of  antennae  not 
prolonged  into  prominent  projection  with  globular  end ;  pygi- 
dium with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  fused  at  proximal  end, 
not  oblique,  placed  in  slight  concavity,  sides  parallel,  slight- 
ly longer  than  wide,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  entire; 
plates  arranged  0,  2;  oraceratubae  of  each  second  incisura 
located  in  latadentes,  cephalad  of  which  is  located  two 
plates  of  each  lateris;  lateres  indented  and  crenulate;  gen- 
acerores 3-3(4-5)8-9;  mesospiracerores  4. — New  Caledonia 

on  Baeckia. neo-caledonia  Ldgr. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  lobes. 

b.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  0-3(14-18)12-16;  pygidial  margin  semi- 
circular, broken  by  many  irregularities,  regular  or  conspicuous 
lobes  wanting;  margin  with  fourteen  to  eighteen  setae  on  each 
side,  about  one-half  of  them  short  and  fine,  remainder  long  and 
strong;  scale  of  adult  female  with  rather  strong  transverse  striae. 

— Japan  on  Bambusa. signata  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  5-8(5-8)5-8;  pygidial  margin  semi-cir- 
cular, regular  lobes  wanting,  bearing  numerous  rather  long  and 
thick  spine-like  projections,  eight  to  ten  pairs,  giving  pygidial  mar- 
gin deeply  serrated  appearance;  dorsal  surface  with  brevacera- 
tubae ;  scale  or  adult  female  not  with  transverse  striae. — Considered 
as  possible  species  of  Leucaspis  by  Leonardi. — Japan  on  Bambusa. 

tennis  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  TRULLIFIORINIA 

a.    Pygidium  with  the  mesal  portion  of  caudal  margin  not  deeply  in- 
cised with  median  pair  of  lobes  situated  in  incision. 

b.  Pygidium  with  margin,  at  least  adjacent  to  median  pair  of  lobes, 
with  two  or  more  tooth-like  projections. 

c.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  in  five  distinct  groups, 
d.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  3-6(6-8)6-8;  mesospira- 
cerores wanting;  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  bluntly  rounded 
at  distal  end,  contiguous  at  proximal  end,  sometimes  faintly 
notched,  mesal  margins  divergent,  mesal  margins  sometimes 
adjacent  and  two  lobes  forming  single  hemispherical  area, 
other  individuals  intermediate  between  these  two  types; 
plates  wanting;  each  lateris  with  about  three  indentations 


376  THE    COCCIDAE 

with  tooth-like  projections  between  them;  anus  and  vulva  lo- 
cated at  about  same  distance  from  caudal  margin. — Fiorinia 

acaciae  bilobis  Full. — Australia  on  Acacia acaciae  Mask. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  3-3(6-6)5-6;   mesospira- 
cerores  0-2;    median   pair   of  lobes   adjacent,   entire,   bluntly 
pointed,  hardly  projecting  beyond  general  contour  of  caudal 
margin;   plates  wanting;  pygidium  cephalad  of  each  median 
lobe  with  three  latadentes,  bearing  large  oraceratubae,  out- 
lets of  large  altaceratubae ;  setae  large  and  prominent;  pygid- 
ium  of   second    nymphal    female    with    median    lobes    large, 
mesal  margins   straight,  adjacent,  prominent  lateral   notch; 
second  pair  of  lobes  large,  deeply  incised,  mesal  lobelet  much 
larger  than  lateral;   third  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised,  lobe- 
lets  short  and  broad;   each  second  and  third   incisura  with 
long  triangular  plate  and  prominent  latadentis  and  plate  on 
each    lateris    near    third    lobe. — Crypthemichionaspis    nigra 
Lindgr. — South  Australia  on  Acacia,  Phyllodian.  nigra  Lindgr. 
cc.    Pygidium    with    five  groups    of    genacerores,    mesogenacerores 
and  pregenacerores  confluent  or  almost  so,  forming  solagena- 
ceroris  of  40  to  50  cerores,  postgenacerores  consisting  of  15-20 
cerores;   median  pair  of  lobes  short,  broad,   broadly  rounded, 
distant,  with  minute  tooth-like  projection  between  them;  each 
lateris  with  lobe-like  projections;    plates   apparently  wanting; 
anus  located  in  line  with  cephalic  portions  of  postgenaceroris. — 

New  Zealand  on  Brachyglottis. minima  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  margin  adjacent  to  median  pair  of  lobes  finely 
serrate,  not  with  tooth-like  projections;  median  pair  of  lobes  nar- 
row, much  longer  than  wide,  oblique,  distal  end  obliquely  trun- 
cated;— Leonardi  figures  them  as  triangular,  serrate,  and  contigu- 
ous at  proximal  end; — plates  wanting;  altaceratubae  long  and 
slender,  linaceratuba-like ;  each  lateris  with  indentations;  vulva 
on  line  drawn  between  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores,  anus 
little  farther  cephalad;  articulations  of  antennae  distant;  gena- 
cerores 3-5(13-18)13-18;  mesospiracerores  obsolete;  margin  of  body 

with  blunt  marginal  tubercles. — Ceylon.  simillis  Green. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  mesal  part  of  caudal  margin  deeply  incised,  median 
pair  of  lobes  situated  in  incision. 
b.    Pygidium  as  broad  as  long,  never  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

c.  Head  with  antennae  articulated  close  together  and  with  short 
cuticular  projection  bearing  number  of  small  spine-like  points 
between  them. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  strongly  oblique,  proxi- 
mal ends  fused,  mesal  margins  finely  serrate  on  distal  por- 
tion; plates  wanting;  altaceratubae  long  and  slender,  lina- 
ceratubae-like ;  each  lateris  with  tooth-like  projections  adja- 
cent to  median  pair  of  lobes  and  undulate  cephalad  of  them; 
anus  on  line  drawn  between  pregenacerores  and  postgena- 
cerores, vulva  slightly  farther  cephalad;  genacerores  8-8(15- 
29)14-19;  mesospiracerores  3;  margin  of  body  with  blunt 
marginal  tubercles. — Ceylon  on  Saprosma. saprosmae  Green. 


TRIBE   FIORINHNI  377 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  more  prominent  and  dis- 
tinctly serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  sometimes  present. — 

Ceylon  on  Gelonium. saprosmae  gelonii  Green. 

cc.    Head  with  articulations  of  antennae  distant,  never  with  circular 

projection  between  articulations. 

d.  Pygidium  with  vulva  situated  between  pregenacerores,  anus 
situated  on  line  with  mesogenacerores ;  median  pair  of  lobes 
strongly  oblique,  fused  at  proximal  ends,  mesal  margins  ser- 
rate, caudal  ends  pointed;  plates  wanting;  each  lateris  with 
rounded  projections  adjacent  to  median  lobes,  one  or  two  in- 
dentations cephalad  of  them,  margin  serrate;  genacerores 

4-4(9-12)12-12;    mesogenacerores  2. — Ceylon  on  Murraya 

rubrolineata  Leon. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  vulva  situated  between  cephalic  part  of  post- 
genacerores  and  anus  on  line  drawn  through  mesogenacerores; 
median  pair  of  lobes  small,  hardly  projecting,  strongly  oblique, 
not  adjacent  at  proximal  end,  mesal  margins  entire,  caudal 
ends  rounded;  plates  wanting;  each  lateris  with  two  or  three 
pointed  projections  adjacent  to  each  median  lobe  and  three 
equidistant  indentations  cephalad  of  them,  margin  entire; 
genacerores  4-6(7-11)7-13;  mesogenacerores  apparently  want- 
ing; living  in  glandular  pockets  in  angles  of  veins  of  under 
surface  of  leaves;  scale  of  male  longer  than  that  of  female. — 

Ceylon  on  Gaertnera. scrobicularum  Green. 

bb.  Pygidium  greatly  elongated,  lateral  margins  long,  slightly  con- 
vergent, subparallel,  length  over  three  times  width  of  narrowest 
part;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  inconspicuous,  oblique,  finely  ser- 
rate; plates  wanting,  each  lateris  long,  without  projections  or  in- 
dentations, undulate;  two  setae  between  median  lobes,  two  adja- 
cent to  lateral  margin  of  each  median  lobe,  and  three  subequidis- 
tant  groups  of  2-2-1,  one  dorsal  and  one  ventral,  cephalad  of  this 
later  group;  genacerores  present,  number  of  mesogenacerores  and 
pregenacerores  unknown  and  of  postgenacerores  8-9;  mesospira- 
cerores  obsolete. — Java  on  Rhaphis macroprocta  Leon. 

SPECIES  OF  ANAMEFIORINIA 

,.    Thorax  with  mesospiracerores  present. 

b.  Thorax  with  mesospiracerores  18-20;  pygidium  without  lobes, 
plates,  or  pseudolobes,  margin  crenulate,  apparently  without  setae; 
anus  located  between  pregenacerores;  caudal  portion  of  pygidium 
with  two  transverse  rows  of  irregular  chitinized  areas,  four  areas 
in  a  row;  genacerores  15-15(23-34)23-26,— Green  shows  3-3(17-18) 
8-9; — pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobe- 
like  projections,  caudal  pair  largest,  others  successively  smaller, 
triangular,  notched;  indentations  between  lobes  each  with  a  single 
short  blunt  projection,  not  extending  beyond  indentation. — Fiorinia 
maskelli  Brittin.—  New  Zealand  on  Plagianthus,  Veronica,  Pit- 
tosporum. maskelli  Brittin. 

bb.  Thorax  with  mesospiracerores  4-5;  pygidium  without  lobes,  plates, 
pectinae,  or  pseudolobes,  margin  entire,  only  slightly  undulate, 


378  THE   COCCIDAE 

several  setae,  some  distance  from  margin;  pygidium  broad,  broad- 
ly rounded;  anus  located  much  farther  caudad  than  vulva;  gena- 

cerores  10-10(6-9)6-7. — Australia  on  Casuarina casuarinae  Mask. 

aa.  Thorax  with  mesopsiracerores  wanting;  pygidium  without  lobes, 
plates,  pectinae,  or  pseudolobes,  margin  slightly  undulate  and  finely 
serrate;  dorsal  and  ventral  row  of  marginal  setae;  pygidium  with 
sides  converging  rapidly  caudad,  subtriangular,  not  broad,  broadly 
rounded;  anus  located  cephalad  of  vulva  in  line  with  mesogena- 
cerores  and  vulva  in  line  with  postgenacerores ;  genacerores  2-2(5-5) 
4-4. — Australia  on  Acacia lidgetti  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  ISCHNAFIORINIA 

Scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  twenty-five  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide, 
excessively  slender,  sides  straight  and  parallel,  wax  thin  and  trans- 
parent, color  white,  appears  yellow  from  puparium  showing  through; 
body  elongate,  several  times  longer  than  broad;  pygidium  with  two 
median  trifoliate  lobes,  sometimes  apparently  wanting,  figured  as 
slender  knobbed  spatulate  structures;  pygidial  margin  finely  serrate 
with  few  "spiny  hairs"  between  and  near  median  lobes;  genacerores 

arranged  in  two  groups  of  three  cerores  each. — China  on  Bambusa 

bambusae  Mask. 
SPECIES   OF   PARAFIORINIA 
a.    Insect  living  free,  not  producing  galls. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  short,  broad,  broad- 
er than  long,  mesal  angle  prominent,  lateral  margin  broadly 
roundly  oblique,  minutely  serrate;  caudal  end  of  pygidium  not 
hollowed  out,  lobe-like  angular  projection  at  lateral  margin  of  each 
lobe;  each  lateris  serrate  with  about  nine  "spines"  on  each  side; 
brevaceratubae  apparently  present. — Fiorinia  rubra  propinqua 

Mask. — Australia  on  Acacia. rubra  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent  only  at  proximal 
end,  strongly  oblique,  placed  in  a  deep  pygidial  incision,  distal 
ends  bluntly  pointed,  mesal  margin  finely  serrate;  each  lateris 
distinctly  dentate,  with  few  short  thick  "spines." — China,  Formosa, 

Queensland  on  Nephelium. nephelii  Mask. 

aa.  Insects  producing  galls,  arranged  in  series  around  margin  of  leaf; 
pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting,  ex- 
ceeding in  length  adjacent  setae;  other  lobes  wanting;  dorsal  and 

ventral   oraceratubae   wanting. — Algeria   on   Nephelium 

hirsuta  Marchal. 

SPECIES  OF  ADISCOFIORINIA 

a.  Pygidium  with  irregular  arched  group  of  "circumgenital  glands"  on 
ventral  aspect  at  cephalic  end  adjacent  to  preabdomen;  margin  semi- 
circular, without  projections  or  indentations,  with  few  short  setae 
just  within  margin;  anus  central  in  position;  pygidium  of  second 
nymphal  female  with  distinct  quadrangular  lobes,  longer  than  wide, 
deeply  notched  for  at  least  one-half  their  length,  with  four  angular 
adjacent  lobe-like  projections  cephalad  of  each  median  lobe. — Egypt 
on  Poplar.  africana  Newst. 


TRIBE   FIORINIINI  379 

i.     Pygidium  not  with  transverse  band  of  oraceratubae  or  cerores  at 
cephalic  end  of  ventral  aspect  adjacent  to  preabdomen. 
b.    Pygidium  short  and  broad,  never  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

c.    Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  not  truncate  and  lateral  margins 

straight. 

d.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  little  cephalad  of  vulva;  spir- 
acles with  spiracerores ;  pygidium  with  sides  converging 
caudad  and  caudal  end  transverse  and  indented  to  form  four 
rounded  lobules ;  pygidial  margin  with  band  of  seven  or  eight 

setae. — Ceylon  on  Atalantia. atalantiae  Leon. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  near  middle  of  its  length  and 
vulva  little  farther  caudad;  spiracles  encircled  by  minute 
spiracerores;  pygidium  with  sides  converging  or  broadly 
rounded,  distinctly  broader  than  long,  margin  with  about 
eight  long  slender  setae  arranged  in  three  groups,  group  of 
three  on  middle  of  each  side  and  group  of  two  at  caudal 
end,  latter  longer  than  others,  and  two  rows  on  disk  of 
pygidium,  row  of  six  on  line  drawn  through  anus  and  row 
of  two  on  line  between  anus  and  margin. — England,  Kew 

Gardens  on  Howea. kewensis  Newst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  truncate  and  each  side  straight 
and  not  converging  caudad,  caudal  margin  coarsely  crenulate; 
cephalic  end  of  body  narrow,  cylindrical,  and  truncate;  margin 
of  pygidium  with  minute  median  depression  on  each  side  with 
two  or  three  short  setae. — Fiorinia  expansa  Mask. — Australia 

on   Melaleuca.    expansa   Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  twice  as  long  as  broad,  meson  of  caudal  end  with 
asymmetrical  lobe-like  projection,  sides  with  asymmetrical  pseudo- 
lobes,  surface  longitudinally  striate;  vulva  located  near  cephalic 
end  of  pygidium  and  anus  located  near  caudal  end;  spiracles  ele- 
vated on  small  round  tubercles;  insects  living  in  galls  formed  upon 
upper  surface  of  leaf,  body  swollen,  pupa-like. — Ceylon  on  Grewia. 

secreta  Green, 


CHAPTER  XXVII 

TRIBE    ASPIDIOTINI 

The  Deltoid  Scales 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  broader  than  long,  rarely  slightly 
longer  than  broad.  The  cephalic  end  is  usually  broadest,  broadly 
rounded,  and  the  two  lateral  margins  converge  caudad  to  a  bluntly 
rounded  point.  The  body  has  a  distinct  triangular  or  deltoid  outline. 
The  indentations  in  the  lateral  margin  of  the  thorax  and  preabdomen 
marking  the  position  of  the  coriae  may  be  distinct,  but  are  frequently 
obscure.  The  segmentation  of  the  preabdomen  is  always  more  distinct  than 
that  of  the  other  parts  of  the  body.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  segments 
of  the  preabdomen  are  never  provided  with  bracteae  in  either  the 
adult  or  second  nymphal  female.  Lobes  are  usually  present  in  the 
adult  female,  typically  three  pairs,  although  more  or  less  than  this 
number  may  be  present,  or  they  may  be  absent,  or  absent  and  repre- 
sented by  pseudolobes.  Pectinae  and  plates  are  usually  present, 
pectinae  may  be  of  any  type,  only  rarely  distapectinae.  The  incisurae 
are  usually  narrow  and  filled  with  pectinae  or  plates,  sometimes  small. 
Densariae  and  paraphyses  are  frequently  present.  Altaceratubae  are 
never  present  or  at  least  very  rarely.  Brevaceratubae  at  most  only 
rarely  present,  are  never  arranged  in  crescentic  transverse  rows,  and 
are  replaced  by  clavaceratubae  and  linaceratubae.  Genacerores  are 
frequently  present,  arranged  in  five,  four,  or  two  groups.  The  meso- 
genacerores,  when  present,  usually  consist  of  only  a  few  pores,  about 
six  or  less,  frequently  wanting.  Scale  of  the  adult  female  coriaceous 
or  thin  and  usually  brownish,  reddish,  blackish,  or  grayish  in  color, 
rarely  white.  Typical  in  form,  round  with  the  exuviae  at  the  center, 
one  exuvia  superimposed  over  the  middle  of  the  other,  scale  rarely 
oval  in  outline  with  the  exuviae  slightly  eccentric,  but  never  at  or 
projecting  beyond  the  margin,  never  pyriform  or  mussel-shaped,  rarely 
two  or  three  times  as  long  as  broad  with  subparallel  sides.  The 
female  sometimes  transforms  in  a  puparium  so  that  the  scale  of  the 
adult  female  may  contain  only  the  first  exuvia  and  the  pygidium  is 
usually  provided  with  pseudolobes.  The  scale  of  the  male  is  similar 
in  shape  and  color  to  that  of  the  female  but  differs  in  having  a  single 
exuvia.  It  is  never  provided  with  a  mesal  carina  and  is  rarely  chalky 
white  in  color. 

A  considerable  number  of  the  injurious  species  of  the  Diaspi- 
dinae  belong  to  the  tribe  Aspidiotini.  In  fact  not  only  some  of 
the  most  injurious  but  some  of  the  best  known  species  of  coccids, 

380 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  381 

as  the  San  Jose  Scale,  belong  to  this  tribe.  The  general  form  of 
the  scale  and  of  the  body  makes  it  an  easily  identified  group  and, 
since  there  is  but  slight  variation  in  their  general  structure,  there 
is  but  slight  reason  for  misplacing  the  species  of  this  tribe  in  any 
systematic  scheme.  The  species  show  a  wide  range  of  variation 
in  many  of  the  characters  peculiar  to  them.  This  is  particularly 
true  when  they  are  compared  as  to  the  serial  modification  of  their 
lobes,  pectinae,  plates,  genacerores,  transformation  in  a  puparium, 
and  the  development  of  pseudolobes.  Because  of  this  range  of 
variation,  the  tribe  includes  several  very  generalized  species  and  a 
number  of  greatly  modified  and  highly  specialized  species  repre- 
senting a  number  of  distinct  lines  of  development. 

The  scale  of  the  adult  female  is  quite  constant  in  form.  It  is 
circular  in  outline  and  usually  varies  from  this  shape  only  in  those 
individuals  that  occur  on  narrow  leaved  plants  or  where  the  space 
for  development  of  the  scale  is  limited  either  through  the  crowding 
together  of  the  insects  upon  the  plant  or  the  form  of  the  plant. 
In  a  few  other  species,  apparently  without  cause,  certain  individ- 
uals also  depart  from  the  typical  circular  form  of  the  scale.  The 
scales  of  such  individuals  are  usually  short  oval  in  outline,  very 
rarely  twice  as  long  as  wide.  They  are  readily  differentiated  from 
the  round  or  oval  scales  of  other  tribes  in  that  the  two  ends  of  the 
scale,  if  oval,  are  similar  and  broadly  rounded,  while  the  two 
exuviae  are  always  placed  near  the  center  of  the  scale,  very  rarely 
if  ever  adjacent  to  the  periphery  of  the  scale  and  never  projecting 
over  the  margin.  They  differ  also  in  that  the  first  exuvia  is  borne 
superimposed  over  the  middle  of  the  second  and  not  at  one  end  as 
in  the  scales  of  the  other  tribes.  In  individuals  of  this  tribe  the 
nymphs  of  the  first  stage  when  ready  to  cast  their  cuticle  or  molt, 
rupture  it  around  the  periphery  of  the  entire  body  and  the 
antennae  remain  attached  to  the  ventral  portion  of  the  exuvia  and 
not  to  the  dorsal  portion  as  in  the  scales  of  the  previously  described 
tribes.  The  wax  of  the  scales  is  generally  of  considerable  extent 
and  while  ordinarily  dark  in  color,  brownish,  reddish,  or  blackish, 
they  are  often  grayish,  and  only  rarely  are  whitish  or  white.  The 
waxy  covering  may  be  either  thick  and  opaque  or  thin  and  trans- 
parent. The  first  exuvia  is  usually  covered  by  a  very  thin  cover- 
ing of  wax  and  in  many  species  frequently  bears  a  minute  central 
nipple-like  prominence  of  wax,  the  cicatrix,  which  is  the  remains 
of  the  first  downy  ball  of  wax  formed  by  the  nymph  of  the  first 
stage.  The  cicatrix  is  white  in  color  and  when  placed  upon  a  dark 
colored  exuvia  is  very  conspicuous.  The  exuviae  are  generally 


382  THE    COCCIDAE 

light  yellowish  in  color,  but  may  be  blackish  or  brownish.  The 
ventral  scale  varies  greatly  in  consistency  from  a  delicate  tissue- 
like  sheet  to  a  rather  thick  pellicle.  It  usually  remains  attached 
to  the  host-plant  and  is  in  most  cases  so  delicate  that  the  ventral 
portion  of  the  exuvia  is  generally  lost.  The  scales  are  more  or 
less  convex  or  obeonical,  the  exuviae  and  cicatrix  being  placed  on 
the  highest  part  of  the  scale.  This  arrangement  gives  the  scales 
quite  an  armored  shield-like  appearance  from  which  has  been  de- 
rived many  of  their  scientific  names  as  well  as  the  common  name  of 
the  Armored  Scales,  applied  to  the  subfamily  as  a  whole.  This 
structure  is  typical,  however,  only  of  the  scales  of  the  tribe 
Aspidiotini. 

The  scale  of  the  male  is  similar  in  shape,  appearance,  and 
color  to  that  of  the  female.  They  differ  from  the  scales  of  the 
adult  female  only  in  having  a  single  exuvia  and  their  much  smaller 
size.  The  scale  of  the  male  is  so  similar  to  that  of  the  first  stage 
female  that  it  is  generally  quite  difficult  to  differentiate  them  and 
frequently  this  can  only  be  done  by  examining  the  insects  under 
the  scales.  The  scales  of  those  males  having  females  with  oval 
scales  are  frequently  also  oval. 

The  body  of  the  adult  female  is  located  under  the  central 
part  of  the  scale.  It  is  typically  triangular  or  deltoid  in  shape, 
broadest  across  the  thorax  or  head,  the  exact  location  varying  with 
the  species.  When  widest  across  the  head,  the  cephalic  end  of  the 
body  is  frequently  very  broad  and  sometimes  truncate.  The  body, 
even  when  fully  expanded,  is  rarely  twice  and  in  most  species  is 
about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  wide,  but,  when  the  seg- 
ments of  the  preabdomen  and  pygidium  are  retracted  or  telescoped 
as  is  the  usual  condition  in  the  dead  and  dried  individuals,  the 
body  is  not  any  longer  than  wide  and  is  frequently  even  wider 
than  long.  In  those  species  that  lay  eggs  the  retraction  of  the 
caudal  end  of  the  body  makes  a  place  for  the  eggs  which  are  usually 
mixed  with  the  fine  pulverulent  wax  excreted  by  the  genacerores. 
The  antennae  are  typical  of  the  form  found  in  the  subfamily. 
Each  consists  of  a  small  tubercle  bearing  a  long  curved  seta  sur- 
rounded by  one  or  more  much  shorter  ones,  usually  about  four. 
The  antennae  are  often  greatly  reduced  in  size  or  wanting.  The 
segmentation  of  the  thorax  is  generally  obscure.  There  are  a  few 
genera  as  Selenaspidus  and  its  near  allies  in  which  there  is  a  deep 
constriction  between  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax.  In  fully 
expanded  individuals  the  segmentation  of  the  preabdomen  is  fairly 
distinct  and  the  lateral  indentations  are  rather  prominent.  The 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  383 

segments  are  for  the  most  part  erescentic  in  outline  which  permits 
of  their  being  telescoped  together  and  the  pygidium  drawn  into  the 
cavity  formed  at  their  caudal  end.  Their  lateral  margins  are  not 
or  only  rarely  prolonged  and  do  not  bear  lateral  groups  of  bracteae 
or  plates  as  is  so  characteristic  of  many  mytilaspids,  diaspidids,  and 
parlatorids. 

The  preabdomen  and  pygidium  are  usually  distinctly  sep- 
arated. The  pygidium  is  generally  provided  with  a  pygidial 
fringe  that  is  typical  in  form  and  arrangement.  The  triangular 
shape  of  the  pygidium  is  also  characteristic.  The  maximum  num- 
ber of  pairs  of  lobes  appears  to  be  four,  there  are  frequently  only 
two  or  three  and  in  a  number  of  species  there  is  only  a  single  pair. 
Those  species  transforming  in  a  puparium,  as  Aonidia,  not  only 
lack  lobes,  but  are  generally  provided  with  pseudolobes.  A  few 
species  not  transforming  in  this  way  also  lack  all  indication  of  a 
pygidial  fringe  and  have  the  pygidial  margin  entire.  When  more 
than  one  pair  of  lobes  is  present,  the  lobes  located  cephalad  of  the 
median  pair  are  usually  much  smaller  than  the  median  pair. 
These  cephalic  lobes  vary  greatly  in  shape  and  size  and  often 
resemble  the  latadentes  found  in  other  tribes.  The  caudal  margin 
of  the  pygidium  is  only  rarely  concave  or  provided  with  a  pygidial 
incision  with  the  median  pair  of  lobes  located  in  the  incision.  The 
lobes  are  either  notched  or  entire,  rarely  crenulate  or  serrate. 
The  second  pair  of  lobes  and  those  cephalad  of  them  are  only 
rarely  incised  to  form  two  or  more  lobelets  of  each  lobe.  The 
median  lobes  are  usually  much  closer  together  than  in  Lepidosaphes 
or  Chionaspis,  frequently  subadjaeent,  the  median  incisura  is  very 
narrow,  but  only  rarely  are  the  lobes  fused  to  form  a  single  mesal 
lobe. 

The  margin  of  the  pygidium  typically  bears  pectinae  and 
plates  or  both.  The  pectinae  vary  greatly  in  the  number  and 
arrangement  of  their  teeth  or  pectinations.  The  simplest  type,  the 
distapectinae,  are  sometimes  found  cephalad  of  the  median  pair  of 
lobes,  but  probably  more  often  between  this  pair  of  lobes  where 
with  specialization  they  become  reduced  to  bifurcate  furcapectinae. 
The  number  of  species  provided  with  latapectinae  is  not  great, 
while  there  are  many  provided  with  unapectinae.  The  pectina- 
tions are  usually  situated  on  the  side  away  from  the.  median  pair 
of  lobes  and  are  sometimes  long  and  slender,  at  other  times  are 
longer  than  the  central  axis  of  the  pectina  in  the  unapectinae. 
These  pectinae  are  of  common  occurrence  in  the  incisurae  cephalad 
of  the  median  pair  of  lobes  and  upon  the  lateres.  Furcapectinae 


384  THE    COCCIDAE 

are  of  common  occurrence  in  a  number  of  species  but  only  rarely 
do  they  have  more  than  two  projections  or  pectinations  and  these 
are  usually  distal.  Some  species,  however,  show  an  intergrading 
between  the  reduced  unapectinae  and  the  furcapectinae.  A  single 
individual  may  show  bifurcate  furcapectinae  in  the  median  incisura, 
furcapectinae  with  three  or  four  distal  projections  in  the  second  in- 
cisura, furcapectinae  with  three  or  four  distal  projections  or  those 
with  five  or  six  distal  projections  in  third  incisura,  unapectinae  in 
the  fourth  incisura,  and  broad  mutipectinate  unapectinae  upon 
each  lateris.  The  plates  are  usually  long  and  slender.  The  occurrence 
of  plates  and  furcapectinae  upon  the  same  individual  is  not  un- 
usual, the  plates  being  confined  to  the  median  or  the  median  and 
second  incisurae  while  the  second  and  cephalic  incisurae  may 
contain  comparatively  simple  unapectinae  as  well  as  furcapectinae. 
The  simpler  forms  of  pectinae,  those  with  a  small  number  of  pec- 
tinations, are  found  upon  the  caudal  portion  of  the  pygidium  and 
those  with  a  considerable  number  on  the  cephalic  portion.  The 
pygidial  fringe  in  certain  species  is  so  reduced  that  not  only  lobes 
but  pectinae  and  plates  are  also  wanting.  The  pectinae  and  plates 
may  both  be  wanting  even  when  the  lobes  are  present.  The  plates 
of  the  median  incisura  are  often  greatly  reduced  in  diameter  and 
length  so  that  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  differentiate  them  from 
the  setae,  which  seem  in  such  cases  to  be  larger,  but  only  rarely  are 
the  plates  or  pectinae  wanting.  The  plates  and  pectinae  are  quite 
typical  in  their  arrangement,  usually  as  follows,  2,  2,  3  or  2,  3  or 
2,  0  to  several.  The  greatest  variation  is  found  upon  the  lateres 
which  lack  them,  bear  only  a  few,  or  bear  one  or  more  groups  con- 
sisting of  several. 

A  characteristic  feature  of  each  lateris  in  the  pygidia  of  many 
lepidosaphids  and  diaspidids  is  the  presence  of  distinct  indenta- 
tions which  are  usually  limited  by  more  or  less  prominent  projec- 
tions, latadentes.  These  indentations  are  believed  to  mark  upon 
the  margin  of  the  pygidium  the  divisions  between  the  segments. 
There  are  usually  one  or  two  plates  located  on  all  or  several  of 
these  areas  of  the  lateres  in  these  tribes.  In  the  aspidiotids  not 
only  the  indentations  and  projections  are  wanting  but  there  is 
no  indication  of  a  segmental  arrangement  of  the  pectinae  or  plates 
when  they  occur  upon  the  lateres.  It  may  be  found,  when  they 
are  more  carefully  studied,  that  the  location  of  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  setae,  which  are  associated  with  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
surfaces  of  the  lobes  and  latadentes  in  the  other  tribes,  although 
not  always  located  upon  their  respective  lobes,  will  indicate  some- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  385 

thing  as  to  the  segmentation  of  the  pygidium  of  the  aspidiotids. 
The  lateres  may  be  entire,  serrate,  or  crenulate,  but  all  deep  inden- 
tations seem  to  be  secondary  in  origin. 

The  ceratubae  in  the  Aspidiotini  are  very  different  and  charac- 
teristic in  form  and  generally  much  more  numerous  in  number 
than  in  the  other  tribes.  One  of  the  most  striking  features  is  the 
absence  of  altaceratubae,  which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  species 
of  the  other  groups.  There  may  be  oraceratubae  located  along 
the  pygidial  margin  but  their  ceratubae  are  not  of  the  altaceratuba 
type.  Another  striking  feature  is  the  absence  of  brevaeeratubae. 
The  records  are  such  that  a  definite  statement  can  not  be  made, 
but  the  presence  of  typical  brevaeeratubae  in  any  aspidiotid  is 
very  doubtful.  The  plates  and  pectinae  are  provided  with  lamacer- 
atubae  as  in  the  other  tribes,  but  they  are  often  very  long,  some- 
times two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  pectina  or  plate  which  they 
penetrate.  The  linaceratubae  and  clavaceratubae  are  found  in 
most  species  although  there  is  considerable  variation  in  number. 
They  are  frequently  fifteen  to  twenty  times  as  long  as  wide,  often 
as  long  as  the  entire  pygidium.  Where  they  occur  in  considerable 
numbers,  their  oraceratubae  are  often  arranged  in  characteristic 
longitudinal  rows.  The  oraceratubae  are  usually  placed  in  the 
bottom  of  more  or  less  distinct  longitudinal  furrows  which  usually 
extend  from  or  near  the  margin  of  the  pygidium  obliquely  or  longi- 
tudinally across  the  pygidium. 

The  vulva  is  usually  located  near  the  middle  of  the  pygidium, 
on  a  line  drawn  between  the  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores, 
but  may  be  situated  some  distance  cephalad  of  this  point,  on  a 
line  drawn  through  the  cephalic  part  of  the  pregenacerores.  Where 
the  genacerores  are  wanting,  it  can  generally  be  identified  near 
the  middle  of  the  pygidium  by  the  radiating  ridges  of  the  cuticle 
which  extend  from  its  opening. 

The  anus  is  extremely  variable  in  position.  It  is  generally 
located  about  half  way  between  the  middle  of  the  pygidium  and  its 
caudal  end,  but  is  commonly  situated  some  distance  caudad  of  the 
vulva  and  is  only  rarely  if  ever  superimposed  over  the  vulva  or 
located  cephalad  of  it. 

Genacerores  are  frequently  present,  while  the  typical  number 
of  groups,  five,  is  often  present,  there  is  more  frequently  four  than 
five  groups  present.  The  number  of  groups  in  a  few  species  is 
reduced  to  two.  These  are  apparently  formed  by  the  fusion  of 
the  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores  of  the  same  side.  The 
only  apparent  explanation  of  the  condition  found  in  Selenaspidus, 


386  THE    COCCIDAE 

where  only  two  groups  are  found,  is  that  all  the  mesogenacerores 
have  been  lost  and  that  there  has  been  a  later  reduction  in  the 
number  of  cerores  in  each  lateral  group.  This  must  not  be  taken 
to  imply  that  this  is  considered  as  the  usual  line  of  reduction 
followed  where  the  genacerores  have  been  lost.  Where  there  is 
only  a  single  group  of  genacerores  on  each  side  of  the  vulva,  each 
group  may  be  known  as  a  latagenaceroris.  The  five  groups  are 
never  fused  to  form  a  single,  large,  inverted,  U-shaped  mass  of 
pores  and  only  rarely  are  there  more  than  five  groups  present. 
The  number  of  cerores  in  each  group  of  genacerores  is  generally  not 
large,  the  mesogenacerores  varying  from  one  to  eight,  the  pre- 
geacerores  from  one  to  forty-two,  and  the  postgenacerores  from  two 
to  thirty.  The  most  usual  number  is  about  two  to  five  mesogena- 
cerores and  less  than  twelve  pregenacerores  and  postgenacerores. 

The  dorsal  surface  of  the  cephalic  portion  of  the  pygidium  is 
sometimes  provided  with  a  series  of  interlacing  thickened  lines 
forming  the  so-called  lattice-shaped  thickenings.  While  the  caudal 
portion  of  the  pygidium  on  the  ventral  aspect  may  be  provided 
with  densariae  or  the  dorsal  aspect  with  a  few  or  numerous  para- 
physes  which  may  be  comparatively  short  or  long  and  slender,  the 
cephalic  portion  of  the  dorsal  aspect  is  at  times  provided  with 
distinct  calles  or  other  thickenings. 

Cockerell  and  Leonardi  have  proposed  and  recognized  several 
of  the  dichotomous  subdivisions  of  the  genus  Aspidiotus  as  genera 
or  as  subgenera.  On  the  following  pages  wherever  possible,  these 
groups  and  names  have  been  recognized  as  of  the  rank  of  genera. 
The  unnamed  portions  of  these  dichotomies  have  been  recognized 
as  of  equivalent  rank  and  named. 

The  following  species  have  all  been  referred  to  the  genus  Aspidiotus, 
but  this  generic  name  has  been  omitted  in  each  species,  and,  for  various 
reasons,  mostly  because  of  the  poorness  of  the  description,  others  be- 
cause the  description  was  not  obtainable,  have  been  omitted  from  the 
tables:— alaeodendri  Charm.,  Fiorinia  (Aonidia),  from  Mauritius;  alatus 
Frogg.  from  New  South  Wales  on  Eucalyptus;  allaudi  Charm.,  (?Aonidia), 
from  Mauritius;  allaudi  galliformens  Charm.,  (Aonidia),  from  Mauritius; 
bilobis  Mask,  from  China  on  grass;  bossieae  Mask,  from  Australia  on 
Bossiea;  caldesii  Targ.  from  Italy,  west  Australia  on  Daphne,  Acacia; 
coralinus  Frogg.,  (Targionia),  from  New  South  Wales  on  Eremophila; 
chamaeropsis  Sign,  from  France  on  Chamaerops;  confusus  Frogg.  from 
New  South  Wales  on  Eucalyptus;  dysoxyli  Mask,  from  New  Zealand  on 
Dysoxylum;  eglandulosus  Lindgr.  from  Guatemala,  Panama  on  Cereus; 
gidgei  Frogg.  from  New  South  Wales  on  Acacia;  junctilobius  Frogg. 
from  New  South  Wales  on  Exocarpus;  kennedyae  Bdv.  from  Australia 
on  Kennedya;  metrosideri  Mask.,  Mytilaspis  (Anoplaspis),  type  of 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  387 

Anoplaspis,  from  New  Zealand  on  Metrosideros;  myopori  Lidg.  from 
Australia  on  Myoporum;  osmanthi  Vail,  from  France  on  Olea;  pandani 
Bdv.  from  India  on  Pandanus;  phormii  Sign,  from  France,  Switzerland 
on  Phormium;  rubribullata  Frogg.,  (Aspidiella),  from  west  Australia, 
New  South  Wales  on  Eucalyptus;  santali  Mask.,  (Diaspis),  from  New 
Zealand  on  Santalum,  pear,  plum,  other  fruits;  serrata  Frogg.  from  New 
South  Wales  on  Acacia;  and  sophorae  Mask,  from  New  Zealand  on 
Sophora.  The  various  groups  recognized  as  genera  can  be  separated  by 
means  of  the  following  table:  — 

GENERA  OF  ASPIDIOTINI 

a.    Body  of  adult  female  never  enclosed  in  puparium;  pygidium  of  adult 
female  usually  with  lobes  and  pectinae  or  plates,  never  with  pseudo- 
lobes,  never  with  asymmetrically  arranged  projections. 
b.    Mesothorax  and  metathorax  never  separated  by  deep  transverse 
constriction. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  genacerores. 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  pectinae  or  plates  or 
with  both,  sometimes  few  in  number  and  small, 
e.    Pygidium  always  without  densariae  or  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  four  or  five  groups 
of  genacerores. 

g.    Pygidium   with   four  pairs   of  distinct   lobes. — Type, 
Aspidiotus  subrubescens  Mask.__0ctospidio£its  MacG. 
gg.    Pygidium  with  less  than  four  pairs  of  lobes, 
h.    Pygidium  always  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

i.  Pygidium  with  mesal  portion  of  caudal  margin 
convex,  never  with  deep  square  pygidial  incis- 
ion.— Evaspidiotus  Leon Aspidiotus  Bouche. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  mesal  portion  of  caudal  margin 
with  deep  square  pygidial  incision  with  median 
pair  of  lobes  located  in  incision. — Type,  Aspidi- 
otus excisus  Green Temnaspidiotus  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

i.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  distinct  lobes 

Aspidiella  Leon. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes;  second  and 
third  pairs  replaced  by  short,  colorless,  plate- 
like,  one  or  two-toothed  projections. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  corticis-pini  Lindgr 

Unaspidiotus  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  two  groups  of  genacerores. 

g.    Pygidium   with  three   pairs  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 
otus  corokiae   Mask Aspidioides  MacG. 

gg.    Pygidium  with  one  pair  of  lobes.— Type,  Aspidiotus 

implicatus  Mask Marlattaspis  MacG. 

ee.    Pygidium  always  with  densariae  or  paraphyses. 


THE   COCCIDAE 

f.    Pygidium  always  with  densariae. 

g.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

Furcaspis  Lindgr. 

gg-    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  less  than  three  pairs 
of  lobes, 
h.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidio- 

tus  ostreaeformis  Curtis Quadrasindiotus  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes 

Diaspidiotus  Leon, 
ff.    Pygidium  always  with  paraphyses. 

g.    Pygidium  always  with  four  or  five  groups  of  gena- 
cerores. 

h.    Scale  of  adult  female  circular  or  nearly  so,  exuviae 
superimposed  one  above  the  other,  situated  at  or 
near   middle   of   scale;    pygidium    with   anus   fre- 
quently nearer  caudal  margin  than  postgenacerores. 
Chrysomphalus  Ashm. 

hh.  Scale  of  adult  female  elongate  and  narrow,  two  or 
three  times  as  long  as  broad,  sides  parallel  or  sub- 
parallel,  exuviae  superimposed  one  above  the  other 
and  situated  at  or  near  one  end  of  scale;  pygidium 

with  anus  located  between  postgenacerores 

Pseudischnaspis  Hemp. 

gg-    Pygidium  never  with  more  than  two  groups  of  gena- 
cerores,  one  on  each  side  of  vulva. — Type,  Melanaspis 

samoana  Lindgr. Lindingaspis  MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  pectinae  or  plates. 
e.    Pygidium  always  without  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium  with  four  to  six  groups  of  genacerores. 

g.    Pygidium    always    with    densariae;     genacerores    in 
four  or  five  groups, 
h.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 

otus  forbesi  Johns Forbesaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 

otus  covilleae  Ferris Ferrisaspis  MacG. 

gg-    Pygidium  never  with  densariae;   genacerores  in  five 
or  six    groups;    projections    and    mesal    indentation 

present,  lobes  lacking. Comstockiella  Ckll. 

ff.    Pygidium    with    three    groups    of   genacerores    or    with 
three  groups  fused  into  single  inverted  U-shaped  group. 
— Type,  Odonaspis  janeirensis  Hemp.__LigwZaspis  MacG. 
ee.    Pygidium   always   with   distinct   paraphyses. 

f.  Pygidium  with  two  large  distinct  groups  of  genacerores; 
lateres  with  lobe-like  prolongations,  caudal  end  rounded, 
two  pairs  of  indentations  continued  as  paraphyses;  anus 

about  midway  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin 

Odonaspis  Leon. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  389 

ff.    Pygidium   with   three   groups    of   genacerores   and    two 
pairs   of   paraphyses;    anus   located    near   vulva. — Type, 

Odonaspis  bambusarum  Ckll Berlesaspidiotus  MacG. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  genacerores. 

d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  pectinae  or  plates  or 
both, 
e.    Pygidium  always  without  densariae  or  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium  with  distinct  median  incisura,  median  pair  of 
lobes  never  fused  into  single  lobe. 

g.    Pygidium  with  anus   located   near   proximal   end   of 
median  pair  of  lobes,  distinctly  nearer  than  midway 
between  vulva  and  median  pair  of  lobes, 
h.    Body   never   with   pair   of   large   prominent,   oval, 
gland-like  areas  on  dorsal  aspect  near  cephalic  end. 
i.    Pygidium  with  at  least  three  pairs  of  lobes,  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  rudimentary,  median  pair 
not  convergent  at  distal  end. 
j.    Pygidium  with  normal  pointed  plates  or  pec- 
tinae.— Type,  Aspidiotus  yuccae  Ckll 

Neosignoretia  MacG. 

jj.    Pygidium   with   cylindrical   plates   with   sub- 
parallel     sides     and     truncate     ends. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  mauritianus  Newst 

Tollaspidiotus  MacG. 

ii.    Pygidium  always  with  less  than  three  pairs  of 
lobes. 

j.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  mesal  mar- 
gins of  median  pair  distant  and  not  converg- 
ent.   Cryptaspidiotus  Lindgr. 

jj.    Pygidium   with   single   pair    of   lobes,   mesal 
margins  of  median  pair  strongly  convergent 

or  lobes  contiguous. Morganella  Ckll. 

hh.    Body  always  with  pair  of  large,  prominent,  oval, 
gland-like    areas    on    dorsal    aspect   near   cephalic 

end.   Pseudotargionia   Lindgr. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  anus  located  distant  from  proximal 
ends  of  median  pair  of  lobes,  about  midway  between 
vulva  and  median  pair  of  lobes  or  nearer  to  vulva  than 
to  lobes. 

h.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  lobes, 
i.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes. 

j.  Plates,  at  least  in  part,  twice  as  long  as  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes,  those  of  median  and  sec- 
ond incisurae  a  single  deeply  divided  plate. — 

Type,  Aspidiotus  portoricensis  Lindgr 

Crenulaspidiotus  MacG. 


390  THE   COCCIDAE 


jj.  Plates  all  subequal  with  each  other  and  lobes, 
all  plates  distinctly  separated. — Type,  Fur- 

caspis  proteae  Brain Separaspis  MacG. 

ii.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  second  and 
third  pairs  distinctly  lobe-like, 
j.    Body  normal   in   form,   slightly  longer  than 
broad,  as  broad  as  long,  or  broader  than  long, 
never  four  times  as  long  as  broad. 
k.    Pygidium   with   caudal   margin   with    deep 
pygidial    incision;    median    pair    of    lobes, 
about  one-half  size  of  second  pair,  placed  in 

incision. — Type,  Aspidiotus  kellyi  Brain 

Brainaspis  MacG. 

kk.    Pygidium   with  caudal  margin  never  with 

pygidial  incision;   median  pair  of  lobes  as 

large  as  or  much  larger  than  second  pair. 

1.    Ventral  aspect  of  head,  thorax,  and  pre- 

abdomen  not  with  submarginal  series  of 

large  setae  or  short  conical  setae. 

m.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  between  lobes. 

n.    Insects  producing  galls  upon  plants. 

Cryptophyllaspis  Ckll. 

nn.    Insects    not    producing    galls    upon 

plants. — Type,    Aspidiotus    fissidens 

Lindgr.   Spinaspidiotus  MacG. 

mm.  Pygidium  with  plates  between  lobes; 
insects  not  producing  galls  upon 
plants.  —  Type,  Aspidiotus  helianthi 

Parrott. Rhizaspidiotus  MacG. 

11.  Ventral  aspect  of  head  and  thorax  with 
a  submarginal  series  of  long  stout  setae 
and  preabdomen  with  a  band  of  four  to 
six  conical  setae  on  each  side. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  capensis  Walk 

Truncaspidiotus  MacG. 

jj.  Body  abnormal  in  form,  length  four  times 
greatest  width,  head,  thorax,  and  preabdomen 
distinctly  more  strongly  chitinized  than  pygi- 

dium. — Type,  Aspidiotus  fiorineides  Newst 

Varicaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes, 
i.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

j.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and 

prominent,  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  but 

lobe-like. — Type,  Aspidiotus  minimus  Leon.__ 

Gonaspidiotus  MacG. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  391 

jj.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short 
and  broad,  broader  than  long,  subrudimen- 
tary;  second  pair  of  lobes  long,  spatulate, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  notched 
near  distal  end  on  lateral  margin. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  maculata  Newst 

Par  anew  steadia  MacG. 
ii.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes. 

j.  Pygidium  with  lobes  large,  projecting  promi- 
nently beyond  general  contour  of  margin; 
each  lateris  with  several  plates  or  pectinae. — 

Type,  Aspidiotus  guterreziae  Ckll 

Chorizaspidiotus  MacG. 

jj-  Pygidium  with  lobes  not  prominent,  not  or 
hardly  projecting  beyond  general  contour  of 
margin;  each  lateris  without  plates  or  pecti- 
nae.— Type,  Aspidiotus  chenopodii  Marl 

Remotaspidiotus  MacG. 
ff.     Pygidium  with  median  incisura  obliterated  by  complete 

fusion  of  median  pair  of  lobes Chentraspis  Leon. 

Pygidium  always  with  densariae  or  paraphyses. 
f.    Pygidium  always  with  densariae. 

g.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  second  and  third 
pairs  minute  and  usually  pointed  at  distal  end,  some- 
times plate-like Hemiberlesia  Ckll. 

gg-    Pygidium  with  less  than  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

h.    Pygidium  with  densariae  of  second  incisurae  nor- 
mal in  form, 
i.    Pygidium   with   two   pairs   of   distinct   lobes. — 

Type,  Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comst 

Comstockaspis  MacG. 
ii.    Pygidium  with  only  single  pair  of  lobes. 

j  Pygidium  with  unapectinae;  anus  located  at 
least  twice  its  own  width  from  proximal  end 
of  median  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
with  mesal  margins  parallel  and  distant;  in- 
sects producing  galls  upon  plants. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  liquidambaris  Kotins 

Chemnaspidiotus  MacG. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  plates,  if  with  pectinae,  not 
with  unapectinae.  —  Type,  Aspidiotus  ulmi 

Johns. Hendaspidiotus  MacG. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margin  of  densariae  of  each 
second  incisura  greatly  enlarged,  paraphysis-like, 
three  or  four  times  as  long  as  lateral  margin, 
cephalic  end  circular.— Type,  Aspidiotus  subsimilis 
anonae  Houser. Clavaspis  MacG. 


THE   COCCIDAE 

fl.    Pygidium  always  with  paraphyses. 

g.    Pygidium  with  median  incisura  always  present  and 
separating  median  pair   of  lobes. 

h.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  lobes   and 
with  two  or  more  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
I.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes  and  four  or 
more    pairs    of    paraphyses. — Type,    Aspidiotus 

lilacinus  Ckll. Pelomphala  MacG. 

ii.    Pygidium    usually   with   three    pairs    of   lobes, 
rarely  with  only  two. 

j.    Body   with    cephalic    transverse    constriction 
bounding    broad    bluntly    rounded    head-like 

area. Mycetaspis  Ckll. 

jj.  Body  with  cephalic  portion  uniformly  con- 
vex, never  transversely  constricted  forming 
head-like  area. 

k.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  deeply 

incised;   pectinae  long  and  broad,  truncate 

at  distal  end.— Type,  Aspidiotus  cladii  Mask. 

Paraonidiella  MacG. 

kk.    Pygidium    with    second    pair    of   lobes    not 
deeply  incised;   at  most  only  notched;   pec- 
tinae or  plates  or  both  present,  if  pectinae, 
not  truncate  at  distal  en&.—Aonidiella  Leon, 
hh.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes  and  one  or  more 
pairs    of    paraphyses. — Type,    Aspidiotus    ceratus 

Mask.   Monaonidiella  MacG. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  median  incisura  obliterated  by  fusion 
of  median  pair  of  lobes  into  single  lobe,  other  lobes 
obsolete;  with  two  pairs  of  paraphyses. — Type,  Aspid- 
iotus extensa  Mask Neoleonardia  MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  without  pectinae  or  plates, 
e.    Pygidium  always  with  at  least  one  pair  of  lobes. 
f.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  lobes. 

g.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes  and  paraphyses. — 
Type,  Aspidiotus  phyllanthi  Green.. -Greenoidea  MacG. 
gg-    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

h.    Pygidium    without    densariae    or    paraphyses;    in- 
sects producing  galls  upon  plants.  Maskellia  Fuller, 
hh.    Pygidium  with  densariae  but  without  paraphyses; 
insects  never  producing  galls  upon  plants. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  yuccarum  Ckll Targaspidiotus  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  lobes, 
g.    Pygidium  without  densariae. 

h.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 
otus cedri  Green. Pygidiaspis  MacG. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  393 

hh.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes 

Targionia  Sign, 
gg.    Pygidium  with  densariae. 

h.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 

otus  socotranus  Lindgr Affirmaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes. — Type,  Aspidi- 

otus  campylanthi  Lindgr Targionidea  MacG. 

ee.    Pygidium  without  lobes,  margin  sometimes  with  angular 
projections  or  rounded  protuberances  but  never  with  even 
inconspicuous  lobes, 
f.    Pygidium  without  parphyses  or  densariae. 

g.  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  entire,  coarsely  crenu- 
late,  or  without  projections  of  any  sort,  lateral  mar- 
gins strongly  converging  caudad,  forming  a  right 
angle. 

h.    Pygidium   with    deep    mesal   and    lateral   indenta- 
tions.— Type,  Aspidiotus  canaliculata  Green. 

Circulaspis  MacG. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  indentations  of  normal  depth,  not 
with  deep  mesal  and  lateral   indentations. — Type, 

Diaspis  arizonica  Ckll Rugaspidiotus  MacG. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  caudal  margin  with  thirty  or  more 
subquadrate,  irregular,  blunt,  closely  adjacent  projec- 
tions, lateral  margins  only  slightly  convergent 
caudad,  forming  very  wide  obtuse  angle. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  rhizophilus  Newst. Obtusaspis  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  two  or  more  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

g.    Anus  and  vulva  located  near  middle  of  pygidium  and 

superimposed. — Type,  Aspidiotus  pimentae  Newst 

Leonardianna  MacG. 
gg.    Anus  located  near  middle  of  cephalic  half  of  pygidium 

and  cephalad  of  vulva. Froggattiella  Leon. 

bb.    Mesothorax  and  metathorax  always  separated  by  deep  transverse 
constriction. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  genacerores. 
d.    Pygidium  with  dorsal  aspect  always  without  lattice-shaped 
thickenings, 
e.    Pygidium  always  without  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium  with  four  or  five  groups  of  genacerores. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  culculiginis  Green Stringaspidiotus  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  always  with  less  than  four  groups   of  gena- 
cerores. 

g.  Pygidium  with  three  groups  of  genacerores;  scale  of 
adult  female  capsulate,  posterior  margin  elevated  by 
thickened  ventral  scale.— Type,  Aspidiotus  cistuloides 
Green.  Semelaspidus  MacG. 


394  THE   COCCIDAE 

gg.    Pygidium  with  two  groups  of  genacerores;    scale  of 

adult  female  never  capsulate Selenaspidus  Ckll. 

ee.    Pygidium    always    with    paraphyses.— Type,    Pseudaonidea 

clavigera  Ckll.    Duplaspidiotus   MacG. 

dd.    Pygidium    with    dorsal    aspect    always    with    lattice-shaped 
thickenings. 

e.    Pygidium  with  four  or  five  groups  of  genacerores 

Pseudaonidia  Ckll. 
ee.    Pygidium  with  two  groups  of  genacerores. 

f.    Pygidium  without  paraphyses. — Type,  Pseudaonidia  pae- 

onia  Ckll.  *- Pseudaonidiella  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  with   paraphyses. — Type,   Chrysomphalus   mal- 

leolus  Green. Paraonidia  MacG. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  genacerores. 
d.    Pygidium  always  with  pectinae  or  plates  or  both, 
e.    Pygidium  always  without  paraphyses. 

f.    Pygidium  always  without  lattice-shaped  thickenings. 
g.    Head  and  prothorax  forming  area  much  broader  than 
remainder  of  body,  head  never  with  deep  mesal  incis- 
ion.— Type,  Pseudaonidia  magna  Lindgr 

Entaspidiotus  MacG. 

gg.  Head  and  prothorax  forming  area  much  narrower  than 
area  formed  by  combination  of  preabdomen  and  re- 
maining thoracic  segments;  head  with  deep  mesal  in- 
cision.   Schizaspis  Ckll.  &  Robs. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  lattice-shaped  thickenings. — Type,  Pseud- 
aonidia  lycii  Brain.   Ambigaspis  MacG. 

ee.    Pygidium  always  with  paraphyses  and  lattice-shaped  thick- 
enings.— Type,  Pseudaonidia  tesserata  Charm 

Lattaspidiotus  MacG. 
dd.    Pygidium  always  without  pectinae  or  plates. 

e.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes  and  without  paraphyses; 
segments    of    preabdomen    distinctly     constricted. — Type, 

Aspidiotus  artocarpi  Green.   Partargionia  MacG. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  less  than  four  pairs  of  lobes. 

f.  Pygidium  always  with  three  pairs  of  lobes  and  single  pair 
of  paraphyses;  preabdomen  with  transverse  constriction 
between  first  and  second  segments. — Type,  Aspidiotus 

moorei  Green.  Parrottia  MacG. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  lobes  and  without  paraphy- 
ses;   preabdomen   not   with   transverse   constriction    be- 
tween first  and  second  segments.—^eomorfirania  MacG. 
aa.     Body  of  adult  female  always   enclosed  in  puparium;    pygidium  of 
adult  female  frequently  with  pseudolobes,  often  with  asymmetrically 
arranged  projections,  rarely  with  lobes  and  plates  or  pectinae. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  395 

b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  groups  of  genacerores  and  with 

distinct  lobes. — Type,  Odonaspis  schizostachyi  Ckll.  &  Rob 

Bakeraspis  MacG. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  genacerores. 
c.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pectinae. 
d.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  two  or  three  pairs 

of  lobes  and  prominent  lacinate  pectinae  on  each  lateris 

Greeniella  Ckll. 
dd.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes 

and  without  pectinae  on  each  lateris Aonidia  Targ. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  without  pectinae. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  two  deep  parallel  sec- 
ondary incisions;  scale  always  consisting  of  wax  and  a  first 
exuvia,  frequently  shed  from  old  scales;  adult  female  en- 
closed in  a  puparium. 

e.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  small  lobes; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of 

lobes.   Xerophilaspis  Ckll. 

ee.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  single,  subquadrate,  lobe- 
like,  mesal  area;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with 

single  pair  of  lobe-like  projections. — Cryptoaonidia  Leon 

Phaulaspis  Leon. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  two  deep,  parallel, 
secondary  incisions;  scale  of  male  and  female  never  contain- 
ing any  wax;  adult  female  and  male  enclosed  in  puparia 

Ancepaspis  Ferris. 

SPECIES  OF  OCTASPIDIOTUS 

i.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire. 
b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  rounded,  not  trun- 
cate, entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  narrower,  as  long  as  median 
pair,  entire;  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  minute,  pointed,  much 
smaller  than  second  pair;  pectinae  long  and  slender,  much  longer 
than  lobes,  unapectinae  or  latapectinae,  arranged  1,  1,  1  or  2,  1 

or  2,  2;  genacerores  (15-15)9-10. — New  Zealand  on  Atherosperma. 

atherospermae  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  truncate  or  slightly  emargi- 
nate,  not  notched  at  distal  end. 

c.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  longer  than  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  distal  end,  not  notched;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  narrower,  rounded  at  distal  end, 
each  with  lateral  notch;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  small,  distal  end 
acute;  pectinae  between  lobes  broad,  deeply  lacinate,  those  of 
each  lateris  long,  slender,  few  lacinations,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3, 
4  to  5;  genacerores  (16-18)10-12. — Australia  on  Banksia,  Eu- 
calyptus, Pittosporum subrubescens  Mask. 

cc.    Pygidium   with  pectinae  subequal   or   shorter   than   the   lobes, 
deeply  lacinate;  adult  female  larger,  more  circular,  pygidium 


396  THE   COCCIDAE 

proportionately  broader  than  in  typical  form;  genacerores  (17- 
27)6-10. — Australia  on  Eucalyptus 

subrubescens  corticoides  Green. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent  mesal  and 
lateral  notches,  distal  end  rounded  and  prolonged  between  notches; 
second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  minute,  bluntly  pointed, 
spine-like,  second  pair  largest;  furcapectinae  slightly  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  0,  1-2,  2,  2-3,  3;  spiracerores  wanting;  genacerores 
(2-4)1-3. — South  Africa  on  Acacia.  furcillae  Brain. 

SPECIES  OF  ASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  shorter  than  either  of  other 
pairs,  not  projecting  nearly  as  far  caudad,  short  and  narrow,  each 
with  lateral  notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  narrow,  bluntly 
rounded,  each  with  lateral  notch;  pectinae  longer  than  lobes,  una- 
pectinae,  those  of  each  lateris  broad,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6  to  7;  gena- 
cerores (6-16)3-9;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin  three  times  its 
own  diameter;  linaceratubae  variable  in  length,  with  exception  of 
few  mesal  ones,  eight  or  more  times  as  long  as  broad. — West  Indies, 
Mexico,  China,  Formosa,  India,  Laccadive  Islands,  Ceylon,  Bourbon 
Islands,  Mauritius  on  Celtis,  Terminalia,  Alcocasia,  Psychotria, 
Manihot,  Loranthus,  Moesa,  tea,  pepper,  palms,  mango,  banana,  nut- 
meg, etc. destructor  Sign. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  at  least  as  long  as  second  pair, 

usually  distinctly  longer,  at  least  projecting  farther  caudad. 

b.    Pygidium    with    lobes    spatulate,    constricted    at    proximal    end, 

widened  at  middle,  narrowed  at  distal  end,  subequal  in  size,  entire; 

pectinae  located  between  lobes  and  along  each  lateris  for  almost  its 

entire  length,  arranged  1,  1,  2,  7  or  more;  genacerores  (17-21)8-13. — 

Australia  on  Eugenia. virescens  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  lobes  not  spatulate,  wider  at  proximal  than  at  distal 
end. 

c.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  with  margins  entire, 
d.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  not  deeply  incised. 

e.  Pygidium  with  prominent,  truncate,  serrate,  lobe-like  pro- 
jection near  middle  of  each  lateris  and  with  seta  near  its 
lateral  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  prominent, 
slight  lateral  notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
smaller,  lateral  margins  oblique,  lateral  margin  of  third 
pair  serrate;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged 
1,  2,  3,  3,  caudal  pectina  of  each  lateris  broader  than 

others;   genacerores  3-5(8-8)2-5. — California  on  Pinus 

californicus  Golem. 

ee.    Pygidium    not  with    prominent    lobe-like    projection    near 
middle  of  each  lateris. 
f.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

g.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting  dis- 
tinctly farther  caudad  than  second  pair. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTIN1  397 

h.    Pygidium  with   pectinae   or  plates   in   median   in- 
cisura. 
i.    Pygidium  with  two  pectinae  in  median  incisura. 

j.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  (6-14)5-11. 
k.    Pygidium   with   median  pair   of  lobes   dis- 
tinctly longer  than  broad. 
1.    Pygidium   with   each   lateris   with   three 
pectinae;   median  pair  of  lobes  long  and 
broad,  broadly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral 
notches,    latter    largest;    second    pair   of 
lobes  large,  blunt,  rounded,  lateral  notch; 
third    pair    of    lobes    small,    triangular; 
pectinae   of  third   incisurae  longer  than 
lobes,    unapectinae,    others   subequal,   ar- 
ranged  2,  2,   3,  3,  those  of  each  lateris 
narrower ;     genacerores     ( 6-8 )  5-5.  —  New 

Mexico  on  Chilopsis coloratus  Ckll. 

11.  Pygidium  with  each  lateris  with  seven 
or  eight  pectinae;  median  pair  of  lobes 
elongate,  distinctly  longer  than  broad, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  distal 
end  bluntly  pointed;  second  pair  of  lobes 
smaller,  longer  than  broad,  distinct  lat- 
eral notch,  distal  end  bluntly  pointed; 
third  pair  of  lobes  subequal  to  second; 
triangular,  entire;  pectinae  deeply  laci- 
nate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  7-8,  those  of  third 
incisurae  and  lateres  unapectinae;  anus 
distant  from  caudal  margin  four  times 
its  width;  genacerores  (12-14)9-11. — 

Dahomey,  Africa  on  Elaeis 

elaeidis  Marchal. 

kk.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair 
of  lobes  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  long. 
1.  Pygidium  with  only  a  single  pectina 
cephalad  of  each  third  lobe;  median  pair 
of  lobes  broader  than  long,  quadrangu- 
lar, deep  lateral  and  faint  mesal  notches, 
distal  margin  rounded;  second  pair  of 
lobes  broadly  rounded,  broader  than  long, 
distinct  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  bluntly  rounded,  entire;  setae 
large,  longer  than  lobes;  pectinae  sub- 
equal  in  length  or  slightly  longer  than 
median  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  1;  lateres 
distinctly  crenulate;  genacerores  (6-6)5-6. 
— Specimens  from  Madagascar  have  lobes 
longer,  entire,  longer  pectinae,  and  gena- 
cerores (2-4)4-8. — German  East  Africa, 
Madagascar  on  Cocos varians  Lindgr. 


THE   COCC1DAE 

11.  Pygidium  with  four  to  six  pectinae 
cephalad  of  each  third  lobe;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  prominent,  obscure  mesal 
and  lateral  notches,  distal  margin  blunt- 
ly produced  between  them;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  small,  triangular, 
pointed;  pectinae  slightly  longer  than 
the  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-6;  anus  dis- 
tant from  caudal  margin  four  times  its 
width;  oraceratubae  conspicuous,  ar- 
ranged in  longitudinal  rows;  genacerores 
1-3(10-14)5-7.— Australia  on  Ribes,  Ampe- 

lopsis,  Eucalyptus,  Acacia,  Cytisus 

tasmaniae  Green. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  (3-4)2-3,  said"  to 
be  in  five  groups;  median  pair  of  lobes  broad 
and  stout;  second  pair  of  lobes  dentiform, 
lateral  margin  strongly  oblique;  third  pair  of 
lobes  reduced  to  tooth  of  margin;  setae  long 
and  stout,  longer  than  plates  and  pectinae. — 

Corsica  on  Stachys,  Teucrium 

labiatarum  Marchal. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  median  incisura; 
median  pair  of  lobes  long,  broad,  quadrangular, 
broadly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  notches 
prominent,  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than 
broad,  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  and  possibly  me- 
dian notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  half  as 
long  as  second  pair,  triangular;  plates  and  pec- 
tinae arranged  2,  2,  2,  5-7,  plates  of  median  in- 
cisura as  long  as  median  lobes,  others  broadly 
deeply  lacinate  distapectinae;  setae  very  long 
and  stout,  particularly  those  of  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes;  genacerores  (3-6)3-6. — District  of 

Columbia,  England  on  Camellia,  Arenga 

spinosus  Comst. 

hh.  Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median 
incisura;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  stout,  promi- 
nent, irregularly  and  obscurely  excised ;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  minute,  proximal  portion 
broad  and  distal  portion  aciculate;  pectinae  stout, 
varying  from  deeply  furcate  furcapectinae  to 
plates,  arranged  0,  2,  2,  6-9;  setae  long,  stout, 
longer  than  pectinae;  spiracerores  wanting;  gena- 
cerores (8-11)3-6;  anus  located  slightly  nearer 
caudal  margin  than  a  line  drawn  through  postgen- 
acerores. — Java  on  Erythrina pustulous  Green. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting  but 
little  if  any  farther  caudad  than  second  pair,  broad, 
distal  ends  truncately  rounded,  faint  mesal  and  lat- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  399 

eral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  broad, 
smaller  than  median,  distal  margin  undulate;  third 
pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second  in  form,  smaller,  mar- 
gin undulate;  pectinae  short,  those  of  each  third  in- 
cisura  longer  than  lobes,  other  pectinae  distapectinae, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  3;  genacerores  0-3(8-12)6-9. — Europe, 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Georgia 
on  hemlock,  pine,  fir,  maple abietis  Schr. 

ff.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  large, 
rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  similar  in  shape 
to  median;  third  pair  of  lobes  minute,  rounded,  en- 
tire; pectinae  subequal  in  length  with  median  lobes, 
arranged  2,  2,  1,  0,  those  of  third  incisurae  broadest; 
each  third  incisura  with  latadentis-like  projection; 

genacerores  (3-7)3-7. — California  on  Pinus 

florenciae  Golem. 

gg-  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent 
lateral  notch,  sometimes  faint  mesal  notch,  subquad- 
rangular,  wide,  distal  end  truncately  rounded;  second 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small,  projecting,  angular, 
long;  setae  stout,  projecting  beyond  median  lobes; 
pectinae  narrow,  subequal  in  length  with  median 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  1-2,  each  lateris  irregular  in 
outline  with  one  or  two  minute  plates  placed  distant 
from  each  other  and  third  lobe;  genacerores  (2-6)2-4; 
anus  three  times  its  own  width  from  caudal  margin. 

— Italy,  Greece  on  Hypericum,  Thymelaea 

privignus  Lindgr. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  deeply  incised. 

e.  Pygidium  with  only  third  pair  of  lobes  incised;  third  pair 
of  lobes  consisting  of  two  adjacent  conical  lobelets;  median 
pair  of  lobes  large,  triangular,  margins  serrate,  distant; 
second  pair  of  lobes  small,  triangular,  adjacent  to  median 
lobe,  appearing  as  deeply  incised  lateral  lobelet;  median 
and  second  incisurae  without  pectinae  or  plates,  each  third 
incisura  with  long  furcapectina,  each  lateris  adjacent  to 
third  lobe  with  another  similar  furcapectina  and  few 
plates  on  cephalic  portion;  genacerores  (6-10)15-15. — Fiji 
Islands  on  "various  forest  trees." vitiensis  Mask. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  deeply  in- 
cised. 

f.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  scale  of  adult  fe- 
male oval,  larger  near  one  end,  exuviae  placed  on  smaller 
end;  median  pair  of  lobes  moderately  large,  distant; 
lateres  thick  and  serrate;  two  plates  between  median 
pair  of  lobes  and  on  margin  between  other  lobes;  setae 
short;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous;  genacerores  (25- 


400  THE   COCCIDAE 

39)31-35;    ordinarily   with   one   to   five   cerores   between 
anterior  groups. — Brazil  on  Drymus. — See  next  species. 

pisai  Hemp. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  scale  of  adult  female 
more  or  less  circular,  flattened,  exuviae  placed  little  to 
one  side  of  center;  median  pair  of  lobes  smallest;  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  pairs  deeply  incised,  mesal  lobelet 
of  second  and  third  pairs  largest,  lobelets  of  third  pair 
subequal;  plates  and  pectinae  arranged  2,  1,  1,  1,  12, 
median  incisura  with  plates,  other  incisurae  with  furca- 
pectinae,  and  lateres  with  plates  grouped  near  fourth 
lobe;  genacerores  16-18(16-30)16-21;  also  two  to  three 
glands  at  sides  of  pregenacerores. — Brazil  on  Drymus. — 
This  species  and  the  proceeding  one  do  not  appear  like 

species   of   this   tribe moreirai   Hemp. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  lobes  with  margins  notched. 

d.    Pygidium  with  four  or  five  groups  of  genacerores,  if  with 
four  groups,  number  of  cerores  in  groups  very  dissimilar, 
e.    Pygidium  with  six  or  more  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 
f.    Pygidium  with  three  pectinae  in  each  third  incisura. 
g.    Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  dis- 
tinctly broader  than  long;   median  pair  of  lobes  pro- 
jecting, bluntly  rounded,  faint  lateral  notch;   second 
and  third  pairs  of  lobes  much  shorter  than  median, 
lateral   margin  strongly  oblique,  finely  serrate;    pec- 
tinae subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  7, 
those  of  each  lateris  unapectinae;   genacerores  4-5(7- 
8)4-5. — Japan   on   Cryptomeria.__cn/p£omeHae   Kuwn. 
gg-    Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  dis- 
tinctly longer  than  broad. 

h.    Pygidium  with  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin 
about  four  times  its  width. 

i.  Pygidium  with  two  pectinae  in  median  incisura. 
j.  Pygidium  with  longest  linaceratubae  not 
more  than  four  times  as  long  as  wide;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  round,  large  lateral  and 
smaller  mesal  notches;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  variable  in  form,  second  pair  round- 
ed and  notched,  third  pair  bluntly  pointed, 
faintly  notched;  pectinae  longer  than  lobes, 
arranged  2.  2,  3,  6,  those  of  median  and  sec- 
ond incisurae  and  caudal  pectina  of  third  in- 
cisurae distapectinae,  others  unapectinae ;  gen- 
acerores ( 8-15 )  4-10.  —  Aspididiotus  hederae 
simplex  Charm. — Canada,  United  States,  Mex- 
ico, West  Indies,  Southern  Europe,  Africa, 
Australia,  etc.  on  orange,  lemon,  olive,  palms, 
orchids,  cherry,  plum,  currant,  maple,  and 
many  other  plants hederae  Vail. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  401 

jj-    Pygidium    with    linaceratubae    eight    to    ten 
times  as  long  as  wide. 

k.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  (7-9)8-15;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  rounded  with  large  later- 
al and  feeble  mesal  notches;  second  pair  of 
lobes  narrower  and  almost  entire;  third 
pair  of  lobes  smaller  and  notched  on  outer 
side;  median  lobes  extend  farther  caudad 
than  second  pair;  pectinae  arranged  2,  2, 
3,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  about  twice  as 
long  as  a  third  lobe;  anus  slightly  nearer 
postgenacerores  than  caudal  margin. — Aus- 
tralia on  palm simillimus  Ckll. 

kk.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  (6-11)4-6;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  largest,  mesal  and  lateral 
notches  not  prominent,  distal  end  rounded 
between  notches,  subequal  in  length  to 
second  pair;  second  and  third  pairs  slender, 
longer  than  broad,  constricted  on  proximal 
portion,  distinct  lateral  notch;  pectinae 
subequal  in  length  or  slightly  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7,  those  of  each 
lateris  unapectinae;  spiracerores  wanting; 
caudal  portion  of  lateres  toothed,  cephalic 
portion  entire;  linaceratubae  long,  distinct, 
opening  at  margin. — Aspidiotus  simillimus 
translucens  Fern. — Ceylon,  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands on  Loranthus,  Dahlbergia 

transparens  Green. 

ii.  Pygidium  with  single  pectina  in  median  incis- 
ura;  median  pair  of  lobes  long  and  projecting, 
subquadrangular,  longer  than  broad,  deep  lateral 
notch,  distal  portions  rounded,  converging 
caudad,  almost  contiguous;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  longer  than  broad,  deep  lateral  notch; 
third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  second,  similar 
in  form,  deeply  notched;  pectinae  of  median  and 
second  incisurae  narrow,  distapectinae,  others 
unapectinae,  arranged  1,  2,  3,  6;  anus  over  four 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  gena- 
cerores (7-9)6-8— Philippine  Islands  on  Corpyha. 
coryphae  Ckll.  &  Rob. 

hh.    Pygidium  with  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin 
six  or  seven  times  its  width. 

i.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  (0-2)0-2;  median 
pair  of  lobes  elongate,  longer  than  broad,  distal 
end  rounded,  distinct  lateral  and  faint  mesal 
notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape, 
notches  smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes  longer  than 
broad,  one  or  two  lateral  notches,  bluntl- 


402  THE   COCCIDAE 

rounded;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  median 
pair  of  lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3, 
6-8,  those  of  each  lateris  near  third  lobe,  una- 
pectinae;  setae  not  as  long  as  lobes;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous  on  each  side. — Canary 
Islands  on  Dracaena,  Gymnosporia,  Ilex,  Oreo- 
daphne,  Picconia,  Smilax,  Hedera,  Apollonias, 

Heberdenia,  Laurus lauretorum  Lindgr. 

ii.     Pygidium  with  genacerores  0-3(4-14)4-13. 

j-  Pygidium  with  genacerores  (11-14)11-13;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  broadly 
rounded,  faint  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal, 
slightly  smaller  than  median,  similar  in 
form,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
pectinae  broad,  distapectinae,  longer  than 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  8-9;  each  lateris  finely 
serrate  cephalad  of  pectinae;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae numerous,  irregularly  arranged. — Aus- 
tralia on  Eugenia fimbriatus  Mask. 

jj.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  0-3(5-10)4-10;  pec- 
tinae deeply  lacinate,  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  8-12,  those  of  incisurae  dista- 
pectinae, others  unapectinae. — South  Africa 

on  Cycads,  Encephalartos 

fimlriatus  capensis  Newst. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  two  pectinae  in  each  third  incisura;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  broad,  broadly  rounded,  mesal  and 
lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar,  smaller, 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  third  pair  of  lobes  sometimes 
irregular,  smaller  than  second,  usually  with  lateral  mar- 
gin only  or  with  distal  margin  notched;  pectinae  short, 
arranged  2,  2,  2,  6,  those  of  incisurae  bifurcate  or  tri- 
furcate,  those  of  each  lateris  slightly  lacinate  unapecti- 
nae; genacerores  0-3(7-10)7-8. — England,  Massachusetts, 

Oregon  on  Ruscus,  holly britannicus  Newst. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  four  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  broad- 
er than  long. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  broad, 
quadrangular,  broadly  truncated;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  quite  small,  much  shorter  than  pectinae, 
bluntly  rounded,  entire;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  longest;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  not  numerous;  anus  distant  from  caudal 
margin  six  to  seven  times  its  width;  genacerores  (6-8) 

5-7. — Mexico  on  ash.  vagabundus  Ckll. 

gg.    Pygidium   with   median   pair   of  lobes  with   distinct 
mesal  and  lateral  notches,  distal  end  rounded;  second 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  403 

pair  of  lobes  smaller,  similar  in  shape,  distinct  mesal 
and   lateral  notches;    third   pair  of  lobes  about  one- 
half  size  of  second,  similar  in  shape;  pectinae  broad, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  3-4,  those  of  incisurae  subequal  to 
lobes,  those  of  lateres  much  longer  than  lobes;  gena- 
cerores  (2-5)3-4. — South  Africa  on  aloe.—regius  Brain, 
ff.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  much  long- 
er than  broad,  mesal  margin  entire  or  with  one  faint 
notch  and  lateral  margin  with  two  to  four  notches;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  large,  nearly  as  large  as 
median,  elongate,  similar  in  form,  similar  notches;  pec- 
tinae deeply  lacinate,  much  longer  than  lobes,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  subequal  in  length,  more 
irregular  than  others;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin 
seven  or  eight  times  its  own  width;   genacerores   (2-4) 

2-4. — Canary  Islands  on  Gymnosporia 

gymnosporioe  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  groups  of  genacerores, 
(6-6)6-6;  median  pair  of  lobes  close  together,  parallel,  not 
quite  touching,  considerably  longer  than  broad,  rounded,  ends 
minutely  serrate;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar,  smaller,  ends 
serrate,  their  ends  extending  to  line  drawn  through  caudal 
margin  of  median  lobes;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  lateral 
notch;  pectinae  serrate  and  branched,  seven  on  each  lateris; 
setae  large,  not  longer  than  pectinae;  anus  small,  close  to 
proximal  end  of  median  pair  of  lobes. — Hawaiian  Islands, 
Japan  on  Persea,  Trachycarpus,  Magnolia persearum  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  TEMNASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  distal  margins  oblique,  slightly 
emarginate;  second  pair  of  lobes  long  and  slender,  projecting  beyond 
median  pair,  less  than  one-half  width  of  median  pair,  shorter,  narrow, 
pointed;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second  pair,  shorter  and  blunter; 
pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4;  spiracerores 
wanting;  anus  three  times  its  own  width  from  vulva  and  five  times  from 

caudal  margin;   genacerores    (8-15)7-9. — Ceylon  on  Cyanotis 

excisus  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  ASPIDIELLA 

a.    Pygidium  with  either  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
b.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  in  median  incisura. 
c.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  in  each  second  incisura. 
d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral 
notches, 
e.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  entire. 

f.  Pygidium  with  anus  not  more  than  twice  its  own  width 
from  caudal  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  longer  than  wide,  entire,  bluntly  rounded;  pecti- 
nae long  and  slender,  subequal  in  length  or  slightly 


404  THE   COCCIDAE 

longer  than  lobes,  two  to  five  teeth,  arranged  2,  2,  6-10, 
caudal  three  or  four  of  each  lateris  unapectinae,  cephalic 
two  to  four  plates;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous;  gena- 
cerores  (5-7)3-6;  setae  large  and  prominent,  projecting 

beyond  lobes. — Florida  on  saw  palmetto 

pseudospinosa  Woglum. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  anus  five  or  more  times  its  own  width 
from  caudal  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
long  and  narrow,  longer  than  broad,  entire,  bluntly 
rounded;  pectinae  long,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes, 
those  of  median  incisura  narrow,  arranged  2,  2,  6-8,  three 
caudal  pectinae  of  each  lateris  longest  and  broadest, 
those  cephalad  of  these  much  shorter,  varying  from 
furcapectinae  to  plates;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous; 
genacerores  (9-12)6-8;  setae  small,  not  projecting  beyond 

lobes. — New  Jersey  on  Oxycoccus oxycoccus  Woglum. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  with  notch. 

f.  Pygidium  with  seven  or  eight  pectinae  on  each  lateris; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  broadly  rounded,  proximal 
portion  constricted,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  strongly  constricted  on  proximal 
portion,  distal  portion  broadly  rounded,  lateral  shoulder 
and  lateral  notch;  with  shoulder-like  thickening,  may 
represent  third  lobe;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to 
lobes,  deeply  toothed,  arranged  2,  2,  7-8,  those  of  each 
lateris  adjacent  to  second  lobe;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
prominent;  genacerores  2-4(3-3)3-4;  mesal  calles  oblique, 
not  so  distinct  as  oblique  lateral  calles;  anus  about 
twice  its  own  width  from  caudal  margin. — China  on 

Abies.  meyeri  Marl. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris;  median 
pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  quadrangular,  prominent 
lateral  and  mesal  notches,  distal  margin  bluntly  round- 
ed; second  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  oblique,  feebly 
crenulate  or  notched;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to 
median  lobes,  narrow,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  3,  3, 
those  of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  third  lobe;  anus  oval, 
near  median  lobes;  genacerores  4-4(7-7)3-4. — California 

on  Arctostaphylos arctostaphyli  Ckll.  &  Rob. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire  or  with  lateral 
notch  only. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  about  as  broad  as  long, 
broadly  rounded,  mesal  margins  divergent,  entire  or  with 
indistinct  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller, 
subminute,  triangular;  pectinae  with  few  lacinations,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  7,  caudal  pectinae  distinctly  lacinate,  cephalic 
two  or  three  modified  into  plates;  lateres  serrate  cephalad 
of  plates;  genacerores  3-4(8-9)5-7. — Aspidiotus  hartii  luntii 
Ckll.— West  Indies  on  yam.  hartii  Ckll. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTTNI  405 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad, 
bluntly  rounded,  distinct  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes 
similar  in  form,  one-half  size  first  pair,  lateral  notch  broad; 
pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  those 
of  each  lateris  largest;  dorsal  oraceratubae  prominent; 
anus  distant  four  or  five  times  its  width  from  caudal  mar- 
gin; genacerores  0-3(5-6)3-5.  —  California  on  Quercus, 

Pasania. densiflorae  Bremner. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  plates  in  each  second  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  projecting,  rounded,  mesal  margins  parallel,  promi- 
nent lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  about  as 
broad  as  long,  distal  margin  sinuate;  two  minute  furcapectinae 
in  median  incisura,  shorter  than  or  subequal  to  lobes,  two 
plates  in  second  incisurae,  and  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris; 
lateres  cephalad  of  pectinae  denticulate;  genacerores  (7-9)7-9. — 

West  Indies  on  Saccharum. sacchari  Ckll. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  median  incisura. 

c.  Genacerores  (5-5)5-5;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent, 
distant,  rounded,  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  small, 
rounded;  pectinae  small,  poorly  developed,  similar  to  plates,  ar- 
ranged as  in  hederae,  thus  2,  2,  3,  6;  genacerores  (5-5)5-5. — 

Chili.  latastei  Ckll. 

cc.  Genacerores  0-1(8-12)6-9;  median  pair  of  lobes  large;  second 
pair  of  lobes  much  smaller;  plates  present  between  the  lobes; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  arranged  in  four  rows  on  each 
side,  extending  from  margin,  those  of  same  row  varying  greatly 

in  length. — Spain  on  walnut. juglandis  Colvee. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 

b.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  median,  project- 
ing farther  caudad,  rounded  at  distal  end,  entire;  median  pair  of 
lobes  longer  than  broad,  faint  lateral  and  mesal  notches,  bluntly 
rounded;  pectinae  broad,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  0,  1,  4,  caudal 
pectina  of  each  lateris  very  broad,  others  narrow;  anal  opening 
about  twice  length  of  median  lobes  from  caudal  margin;  gena- 
cerores (5-6)4-4. — New  York,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Iowa  on  maple 

comstocki  Johns. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  extending  much  farther 
caudad  than  second  pair,  quadrangular,  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
adjacent;  second  pair  of  lobes  broad,  distal  end  oblique,  sub- 
truncate,  slightly  emarginate;  pectinae  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  2,  2;  genacerores  (3-4)2-3. — Jamaica,  Dominica,  New 
York,  Iowa  on  cocoanut,  pomegranate punicae  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  UNASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  dark  yellowish  brown,  subadjacent, 
feebly  convergent,  projecting  far,  no  mesal  notch,  single  lateral  notch; 
other  lobes  replaced  by  short,  colorless,  plate-like,  one  or  two  pointed 
processes;  plates  and  pectinae  numerous,  colorless,  undivided,  blunt, 
last  three  frequently  somewhat  thickened,  those  near  median  pair  of 


406  THE    COCCIDAE 

lobes  more  or  less  deeply  forked;   genacerores  0-4(7-10)7-8.— Japan  on 
Flnus.   corticis-pini   Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  ASPIDOIDES 
a.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  long  and  broad,  quad- 
rangular, distal  margin  bisinuate;  second  pair  of  lobes  much 
smaller,  elongate,  bluntly  pointed,  slight  mesal  notch;  third  pair 
of  lobes  triangular,  as  broad  as  long,  entire;  pectinae  longer  than 
lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  mostly  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4, 
those  of  each  lateris  in  two  groups;  genacerores  in  two  groups  of 
two  pores  each;  anus  located  near  margin  of  pygidium. — New  Zea- 
land on  Corokia. corokiae  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rectangular,  entire,  distal  end 
oblique;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded,  contrict- 
ed  at  proximal  end,  with  an  outer  shoulder,  entire;  pectinae  nor- 
mal in  form,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2-4,  those 
of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  third  lobe;  anus  large,  located  near 
middle  of  pygidium;  genacerores  represented  only  by  two  groups 
of  1-4  cerores,  probably  represent  pregenacerores;  dorsal  oracera- 

tubae  numerous. — Australia  on  Hake comperei  Marl. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
quadrangular,  distal  end  broadly  rounded ;  second  pair  of  lobes 
smaller,  similar,  unsymmetrical  with  short  oblique  margin;  third 
pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  second,  somewhat  pointed;  pectinae  of 
median  and  second  incisurae  as  long  as  median  lobes,  furcapectinae, 
others  deeply  lacinate,  those  of  each  lateris  longest,  cephalic  four 
often  short,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-5;  genacerores  arranged  in  two  groups 
of  4-6  cerores. — Canary  Islands  on  Olea tafiranus  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  MARLATTASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  sloping  inwards,  outer  margin  of 
each  with  conspicuous  notch  and  smaller  notch  on  rounded  lateral 
margin  at  distal  end;  each  lateris  with  two  deep  indentations  cephalad 
of  lobes,  and  several  pectinae,  some  are  simple,  plate-like  and  others  are 
broad  and  conspicuously  forked;  genacerores  one  or  two  on  each  side 

and  sometimes  with  a  single  mesogenaceroris. — China  on  Campanula 

implicata  Mask. 
SPECIES  OF  FURCASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  subequal. 

b.  Pygidium  with  each  lateris  produced  near  middle  of  its  length 
into  prominent  tooth-like  projection  with  single  furcapectina 
cephalad  of  it;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  broadly  round- 
ed, subtruncate,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  size  and 
shape  to  median;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape  to  second, 
smaller;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  furcapectinae,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  1,  those  of  each  lateris  distant  from  third  lobe; 
second  and  third  incisurae  with  densariae;  genacerores  (4-5)4-4. 
— Chrysomphalus  biformis  Ckll.,  Aspidiotus  biformis  odontoglossi 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  407 

Ckll.,  Chrysomphalus  odontoglossi  Ckll.,  Chrysomphalus  biformis 
cattleyae    Ckll. — Central    America,    Jamaica,    Trinidad,    Grenada, 

Antigua  on  orchids.  biformis  Ckll. 

bb.    Pygidium  with   each  lateris  not  produced  into  a  tooth-like  pro- 
jection near  middle  of  its  length. 

c.  Pygidium  with  five  to  six  pectinae  on  each  lateris  near  a  third 
lobe,  unapectinae,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3, 
5-6;  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  usually  with  mesal 
notch,  lateral  margin  oblique,  minutely  serrate;  second  pair 
of  lobes  subequal  in  size,  lateral  margin  oblique,  finely  serru- 
late; third  pair  of  lobes  slightly  smaller  than  second  pair,  lat- 
eral margin  oblique,  finely  serrulate;  anus  located  midway  be- 
tween vulva  and  caudal  margin;  genacerores  (11-14)7-9. — Japan 

on  Quercus. jordani  Kuwn. 

cc.  Pygidium  without  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  pectinae  broad,  sub- 
equal  to  lobes  in  length,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subquadrangular,  truncately  rounded,  entire;  second  pair 
of  lobes  similar  in  form  and  subequal  in  size;  third  pair  of 
lobes  bluntly  pointed,  smaller  than  second,  lateral  margin 
oblique,  serrate;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin  over  twice 
its  own  width;  densariae  in  median,  second,  and  third  incisurae, 
those  of  second  longest;  genacerores  2-4(5-7)4-5;  dorsal  ora- 

ceratubae  numerous. — Japan  on  Tsuga tsugae  Marl. 

i.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  much  larger  than  second  pair, 
b.    Pygidium  with  five  or  more  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  of  median  incisura  distinctly  longer 
than  median  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
subtruncate,  deep  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of 
lobes  narrow,  pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  median  pair,  not  one- 
half  as  wide;  third  pair  of  lobes  much  shorter  than  second 
pair,  narrow,  bluntly  pointed;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  5,  apparently  all  latapectinae ;  genacerores  (4-6) 

5-6. — West  Indies  on  cocoanut  palm,  banana palmae  Morg. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  of  median  incisura  but  little  if  any 
longer  than  median  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
rounded,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of 
lobes  much  shorter  and  about  one-third  width  of  median,  blunt- 
ly pointed,  sometimes  faintly  notched;  third  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  pointed;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3, 
those  of  each  lateris  deeply  divided,  strongly  furcate,  those  of 
median  and  second  incisura  f urcapectinae ;  genacerores  (3-5) 
3-5. — Massachusetts,  District  of  Columbia,  Ohio,  Mexico,  Brazil, 
Venezuela,  England,  France,  Ceylon,  Mauritius  on  Cyanophyl- 
lum,  Ficus,  Laurus,  Cycas,  Ipomoea,  Pritchardia,  Cinchona, 

palms,  orchids,  tea.  cyanophylli  Sign. 

bb.    Pygi*dium  never  with  more  than  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 
c.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 
d.    Pygidium  with  two  or  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 


408  THE   COCCIDAE 

e.  Pygidium  without  densariae  between  median  pair  of  lobes; 
two  or  three  pectinae  in  each  third  incisura;  median  pair 
of  lobes  quadrangular,  rounded,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  rounded,  narrower, 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller, 
bluntly  rounded,  lateral  notch;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate, 
arranged  2,  2,  2-3,  2-4,  those  of  each  lateris  latapectinae, 
those  of  median  and  second  incisurae  as  long  as  lobes, 
distapectinae;  genacerores  0-2(4-9)3-5. — Aspidiotus  os- 

beckiae  Green. — India,  Ceylon  on  Atylosia 

orientalis  Newst. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  densariae  between  median  pair  of  lobes. 

f.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median, 
subspatulate,  longer  than  broad,  bluntly  rounded,  faint 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  median  pair  of  lobes  quad- 
rangular, distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  distinct  mesal  and 
lateral  notches;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  sec- 
ond, subspatulate,  bluntly  pointed,  sometimes  faint  lat- 
eral notch;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  slightly  shorter  to 
slightly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of 
each  lateris  deeply  lacinate  unapectinae,  located  adjacent 
to  third  lobe;  anus  four  or  five  times  its  own  width 
from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  0-1(3-8)3-5;  dorsal  ora- 
ceratubae  in  two  rows  on  each  side;  each  lateris  with 
three  small  serrated  projections. — Cuba  on  Cocos, 
Citrus.  cocotiphaga  Marl. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  short,  much  broader 
than  long,  oblique,  mesal  angle  pointed  or  rounded; 
third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  second,  similar  in  form, 
as  broad  as  or  broader  than  long;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  quadrangular,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  dis- 
tinct mesal  and  lateral  notches;  pectinae  subequal  in 
length  to  median  pair  of  lobes,  narrow,  deeply  lacinate, 
arranged  2,  2,  1-3,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  not  adjacent, 
not  adjacent  to  third  lobe;  anus  about  three  times  its 
own  width  from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  (0-4)0-2, 
usually  (1-2)1-2. — South  Africa  on  Acacia,  Acer,  Ber- 
beris,  Ceratonia,  Cotoneaster,  Crataegus,  Gleditschia, 
Rhus,  pear,  privet,  alder,  almond,  apple,  apricot,  ash, 

persimmon,  plum,  poplar,  quince,  pepper,  willow 

pectinata  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  single  pectina  on  each  lateris;  median  pair 
of  lobes  quadrangular,  faint  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  dis- 
tant, broader  than  long;  second  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad, 
twice  as  broad  as  long,  smaller  than  median,  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches;  third  pair  of  lobes  rudimentary,  hardly  pro- 
jecting, crenulate;  pectinae  slender,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1,  those 
of  median  incisura  narrow  furcapectinae,  all  others  unapecti- 
nae, those  of  each  lateris  distant  from  third  lobe;  gena- 
cerores 0-2(4-9)7-10. — Italy  on  cherry patavina  Berl. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  409 

cc.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres. 

d.  Pygidium  with  an  oblique  row  of  oraceratubae  extending 
cephalad  from  each  third  incisura,  laterad  of  this  another 
row  of  irregularly  alternate  pores  and  none  from  second  in- 
cisurae;  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  with  small 
mesal  and  large  lateral  notch,  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  broader  than  long,  lateral  margin  oblique,  notched; 
third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second,  wider;  median  incisura 
with  spine-like  plates,  each  second  incisura  with  two  plates 
or  two  furcapectinae  or  finely  lacinate  unapectinae  or  one 
plate  and  one  furcapectina;  setae  only  slightly  longer  than 

lobes;  genacerores  0-4(8-14)5-11.— Europe  on  oak 

zonata  Frauenf. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  oblique  row  of  oraceratubae  extending  cephal- 
ad from  each  third  incisura,  cephalad  of  this  another  row  of 
irregularly  arranged  pores  and  a  row  of  about  five  oracera- 
tubae from  each  second  incisura. 

e.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  0-8(10-14)8-11;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  large  lateral  notch  or 
sinuate,  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  longer  than 
broad,  lateral  margin  oblique,  two  lateral  notches;  third 
pair  of  lobes  minute,  bluntly  pointed;  pectinae  short,  those 
of  median  and  second  incisura  not  longer  than  lobes,  furca- 
pectinae, arranged  2,  2,  3,  0,  those  of  each  third  incisura 
unapectinae;  setae  very  long,  much  longer  than  lobes; 
genacerores  0-8(10-14)8-11. — Aspidiotus  juglandis  Colvee, 
Aspidiotus  juglans-regiae  albus  Ckll.,  Aspidiotus  Juglans- 
regiae  kafkae  Ckll.— United  States  east  of  Rockies,  Canada, 
New  Mexico,  California,  Switzerland,  Spain  on  walnut, 
apricot,  apple,  pear,  peach,  cherry,  plum,  locust,  maple, 

etc.  juglans-regiae  Comst. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  arranged  0-1(6-7)5-7;  four 
series  or  rows  of  oraceratubae. — New  Mexico  on  plum, 
Liquidambar.  juglans-regiae  pruni  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  QUADRASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  six  or  more  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 
b.    Pygidium  with  two  caudal  pectinae  of  each  lateris  longer  than 
cephalic  pectinae. 

c.  Pygidium  with  six  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  three  caudal  much 
larger  than  three  cephalic,  pectinae  forming  a  scaly  fringe  in 
region  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  not  contiguous; 
anus  large,  about  twice  its  own  length  from  caudal  margin; 

genacerores  (4-8)5-5. — Arizona,  Mexico  on  ash. townsendi  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  long,  scarcely  lacinate  or  dentate,  four 
caudal  pectinae  of  each  lateris  much  larger  than  three  cephalic; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent,  adjacent,  not  touching, 
obliquely  truncate,  distinct  lateral  and  faint  mesal  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  small,  broad,  mesal  angle  longest;  mesal 


410  THE    COCCIDAE 

densaria  of  second  incisura  largest;  pectinae  small,  about  five, 
arranged  2,  0,  3;  dorsal,  oraceratubae  conspicuous;  genacerores 

(6-7)2-4. — Colorado,  New  Mexico  on  plum howardi  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  and  plates  of  each  lateris  subequal  in 
size;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangular,  distinct  lateral 
and  mesal  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  one-third  or  less  the 
width  of  median  lobes,  shorter,  small  lateral  and  mesal  notches, 
hyaline;  small  third  pair  of  lobes  sometimes  present;  pectinae 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  5-6,  those  of  incisurae 
and  three  cephalad  of  each  second  lobe  furcapectinae,  others 
plates;  genacerores  0-1(4-7)4-6;  densariae  not  prominent,  subequal. 

— Virginia,  Ohio  on  Epigaea. epigaeae  Marl. 

aa.    Pygidium  never  with  more  than  three  pectinae  or  plates  on  each 
lateris. 
b.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  median  incisura. 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  usually  narrow, 
longer  than  broad,  if  broader  than  long,  never  twice  as  broad 
as  long. 

d.    Pygidium  with  mesal  and  lateral  margins  of  second  densariae 
subequal   in   length. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  broader 
than  long,  rounded,  prominent  lateral  notches,  mesal  mar- 
gins suboblique;  second  pair  of  lobes  usually  as  broad  as, 
sometimes  broader,  than  median,  but  much  shorter,  lateral 
margin  oblique  and  emarginate  or  irregularly  notched;  me* 
dian  incisura  with  two  short  plates,  each  second  incisura 
with  two  plates  or  finely  serrate  pectinae,  each  lateris  with 
two  plates  or  two  furcapectinae  in  third  incisura  and  a 
single  unapectina;  setae  long,  particularly  those  of  second 
pair  of  lobes;  genacerores  5-8(10-12)10-16;  anus  five  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Aspidiotus  ostreaeformis 
oblongus  Goethe,  Aspidiotus  ostreaeformis  magnus  Goethe. 
— British  Columbia,  Idaho,  California,  Eastern  Canada, 
New  York,  Michigan,  Europe  on  apple,  pear,  plum,  peach, 
cherry,  birch,  poplar,  horse-chestnut,  linden,  alder,  maple, 

oak,  date-palm,  Crataegus,  Calluna. ostreaeformis  Curtis. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  the  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting,  more 
or  less  parallel,  longer  than  broad,  distal  end  uniformly  re- 
duced, mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  very 
small,  broad  with  irregular  margin;  genacerores  always  in 
four  groups,  (4-11)3-9;  other  structures  assumed  to  be  same 
as  in  ostreaeformis. — Bavaria,  Prussia,  Austria,  Norway, 

England,  Portugal  on  Calluna,  Erica bavaricus  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  second  densariae  longer 
than  lateral;  median  pair  of  lobes  wide,  sometimes  with 
lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent  mesal 
angle,  distal  margin  oblique,  one  to  four  notches;  plates 
small,  arranged  2,  2,  3;  genacerores  2-6(5-12)5-7.— Aspidiotus 
fernaldi  albiventer  Hunter,  Aspidiotus  fernaldi  hesperiua 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  411 

Ckll. — Massachusetts,  Kansas,  Arizona  on  Juneberry,  maple, 

Gleditschia.   fernaldi  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  twice  or  more  as  broad  as 
long,  projecting  only  slightly,  entire  or  more  or  less  serrate; 
median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  short,  entire,  broader  than  long, 
hardly  projecting;  incisurae  not  prominent;  densariae  in  me- 
dian incisurae  prominent,  mesal  margin  of  second  and  third 
densariae  broader  than  lateral,  second  densariae  longer  than 
median;  pectinae  not  as  long  as  lobes,  furcapectinae,  arranged 
2,  2,  0;  setae  of  second  pair  of  lobes  and  lateres  large,  promi- 
nent; oraceratubae  in  longitudinal  rows;  genacerores  ^(IS- 
IS) 7-10;  anus  small,  over  five  times  its  width  from  caudal  mar- 
gin.— Ohio  on  Pinus. glanduliferus  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  contiguous  and  without  plates 
in  median  incisura;  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  margin  cren- 
ulate;  plates  short  and  inconspicuous;  genacerores  4-5(10-10)7-8. — 
Japan  on  Quercus. cryptoxanthus  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  DIASPIDIOTUS 

i.    Pygidium  always  with  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
b.    Pygidium   with   pectinae   in   median   incisura,   often   minute   and 
lacinations  difficult  to  identify, 
c.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distinct  mesal  and 

lateral  notches. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  quadrangular, 
mesal  margins  oblique,  convergent,  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
latter  deepest;  two  pairs  of  densariae;  pectinae  not  deeply 
lacinate,  arranged  2,  8-9,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in 
three  groups,  two  associated  with  each  second  densaria,  three 
with  each  third,  and  three  or  four  cephalad  of  third  densaria, 
two  cephalic  groups  unapectinae;  genacerores  0-8(6-14)5-8. — 
Eastern  United  States,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Washington, 
Germany  on  apple,  pear,  quince,  cherry,  peach,  linden,  oak, 

maple,  beech,  ash,  osage  orange,  hackberry,  currant,  etc 

ancylus  Putn. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distal  ends  finely 
serrate;   densariae  of  second  incisura  about  equal  in  length. 

— Iowa  on  willow ancylus  serratus  Newl.  &  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  notch  wanting, 
lateral  notch  frequently  obtuse  or  nearly  wanting;  mesal 
densaria  of  each  second  incisura  slightly  larger  than  lateral; 
densariae  of  median  incisura  larger  and  more  marked. — Iowa 

on  Mountain  ash. ancylus  latilobis  Newl. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  median  incisura. 

c.  Pygidium  with  two  plates,  often  minute  and  process-like,  in 
median  incisura  and  with  more  than  three  pectinae  cephalad  of 
each  third  incisura. 

d.  Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  densariae  longer  than  lat- 
eral; median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distal  end  bluntly 


412  THE   COCCIDAE 

rounded,  prominent  lateral  notch;  pectinae  with  slight  laci- 
nations,  arranged  2,  10  or  more,  those  of  each  lateris  near  a 
lobe;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few  in  number,  arranged  in  three 
rows;  setae  as  long  as  or  longer  than  pectinae;  mesal  calles 
fused  and  distant  from  lateral  calles,  latter  L-shaped;  anus 
three  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin,  about  five  times 
from  vulva,  and  about  eleven  times  from  mesal  calles;  gena- 

cerores   (4-4)4-7. — Arizona  on  Prosopis candidula  Ckll. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  mesal  margins  of  densariae  not  longer  than 
lateral. 

e.  Pygidium  with  genacerores(  8-10)  5-6;  median  pair  of  lobes 
quadrangular,  rounded,  lateral  and  mesal  notches,  mesal 
margins  adjacent,  divergent;  margin  of  pygidium  cephidad 
of  each  incisura  produced  spine-like;  pectinae  not  deeply 
lacinate,  plates  and  pectinae,  arranged  2,  7,  plates  of  me- 
dian incisura  short,  about  as  long  as  lobes,  those  of  each 
lateris  in  three  groups,  2-3-2,  two  cephalic  ones  plates, 
others  unapectinae. — Aspidiotus  cydoniae  Comst. — Southern 
States,  Kansas,  New  Mexico,  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Ceylon, 
Samoa  on  quince,  fig,  palms,  orange,  tea-plant,  cactus, 

Latania,  Jasminum.   lataniae  Sign. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  3-7(12-15)7-11;  median  pair  of 
lobes  broad,  prominent  lateral  notch,  sometimes  with  mesal 
notch;  densariae  fused,  forming  semicircular  thickening, 
those  of  second  incisurae  larger  than  those  of  third;  plates 
of  median  incisura  short,  inconspicuous,  chitinous  proces- 
es,  each  lateris  with  8-10  plates  and  f urcapectinae ;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous  and  prominent. — Ohio  on  Aesculus. 

ohioensis  York. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  a  single  plate  in  median  incisura,  three  pectinae 
on  each  lateris  in  second  incisura  and  two  in  third;  median 
pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  faint  lateral  notches,  angles  round- 
ed; densariae  of  second  incisura  with  mesal  margins  larger 
than  lateral,  third  incisura  with  lateral  margin  nearly  obsolete; 

genacerores  0-5(6-10)11-11. — Iowa,  Texas,  on  currant 

hunteri  Newl. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
b.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral  notch- 
es, not  adjacent,  quadrangular,  mesal  margins  oblique;  two 
pairs  of  densariae,  two  unapectinae  associated  with  each  second 
incisura  and  three  with  third  and  3-5  plates  cephalad  of  third; 
lateres  finely  serrate;  genacerores  0-4(4-9)3-7. — Ohio,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Tennessee,  Kansas,  Florida,  Jamaica,  Europe  on  Vitis, 

hickory.    uviae    Comst. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notch  only, 
d.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  densariae,  mesal  thickening  of 
densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae  only  slightly  longer 
than  lateral;   median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangular,  dis- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  413 

tinct  lateral  notch,  distal  margin  bluntly  rounded;  anus  two 
to  two  and  one-half  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin; 
pectinae  small,  furcapectinae,  arranged  0,  4,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  2-2-0;  dorsal  oraceratubae  arranged  in  lon- 
gitudinal rows;  genacerores  0-3(15-23)6-14. — Ohio  on  Lirio- 
dendron. piceus  Sands. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  densariae,  mesal  thickening  of 
densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae  much  broader  and 
longer  than  the  lateral,  those  of  second  incisura  much  larger 
than  those  of  third;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangu- 
lar, convergent,  distinct  lateral  notch,  distal  margin  rounded; 
anus  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  each  second  in- 
cisura with  two  long  furcapectinae  and  each  third  with  three 

long  plates;  genacerores  (11-15)7-10. — Texas  on  Morus 

mori  Herrick. 

bb.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  but  with  plates  or  at 
most  with  a  single  pectina. 

c.  Pygidium  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  densariae. 
d.  Pygidium  with  densariae  in  median  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subquadrangular,  longer  than  broad,  distal  end  rounded, 
lateral  notch  only;  densariae  of  median  incisura  ovate  in  out- 
line, those  of  second  and  third  incisurae  subequal,  those  of 
third  incisura  smaller  than  those  of  second;  genacerores 

0-2(5-7)3-4. — Kansas,  Iowa,  Georgia  on  Quercus,  Ostrya 

os&orni  Newl.  &  Ckll. 
dd.    Pygidium  never  with  densariae  in  median  incisura. 

e.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  densariae,  those  of  mesal  side 
of  second  incisurae  terminating  in  distinct  oval  knob, 
longer  than  those  of  lateral  side,  those  of  second  incisura 
smaller,  mesal  side  longer  than  lateral;  median  pair  of 
lobes  quadrangular,  two  lateral  notches,  minute  mesal 
notch,  sometimes  wanting;  anus  minute,  in  line  with  mesal 
densariae  of  second  incisurae;  plates  inconspicuous;  mesal 
calles  fused,  sometimes  separate,  distant  from  oblique  lat- 
eral calles;  genacerores  (1-3)0-1. — Mexico  on  Coursetia 

coursetiae  Marl. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  densariae,  those  of  second  and 
third  incisurae  subequal  in  size,  none  of  them  swollen, 
f.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  twice  as  long  as 
width  of  anus,  anus  five  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  about  ten  times  from  vulva;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  prominent,  bluntly  rounded,  distinct  later- 
al notch,  mesal  margins  divergent;  plates  short,  not  as 
long  as  median  pair  of  lobes,  arranged  0,  3-4,  two  in 
each  second  incisura  and  one  or  two  in  third,  these 
sometimes  lacinate;  mesal  calles  fused,  lateral  calles 
distinct,  distant  from  mesal;  genacerores  2-2(5-9)3-7. — 

California  on  Abies,  Libocedrus,  Pseudotsuga 

ehrhorni  Colm. 


414  THE    COCCIDAE 

ff.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  or  only  slightly 
longer  than  width  of  anus. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
close  together,  two  distinct  lateral  notches,  mesal 
wanting;  plates  short  and  inconspicuous;  anus  large, 
less  than  twice  its  own  width  from  caudal  margin; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  confined  chiefly  to  two 
irregular,  double,  lateral  rows;  calles  not  especially 
prominent,  mesal  calles  distant  from  each  other  and 
from  lateral  calles;  genacerores  (3-9)3-8. — New  Mex- 
ico on  cottonwood popularum  Marl. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular, 
single  large  lateral  notch;  plates  small,  arranged  0, 
4-6,  those  of  lateres  arranged  2-1  to  3-1  or  more,  one 
of  second  group  furcapectina;  anus  small,  two  or 
three  times  its  own  width  from  caudal  margin;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  fairly  numerous;  mesal  calles  fused; 
genacerores  0-3(9-14)6-9. — Aspidiotus  aesculi  solus 

Hunter. — Kansas   on  Juglans solus  Hunter. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  single  pair  of  densariae,  located  in  second  in- 
cisurae,  subequal  in  length,  if  third  incisurae  with  densariae, 
these  very  small;  lobes  subquadrangular,  nearly  as  broad  as 
long,  not  strongly  projecting,  distinct  lateral  notch,  mesal  want- 
ing; plates  small,  inconspicuous,  arranged  0,  3,  those  of  each 
lateris  arranged  1-2  in  incisurae;  setae  about  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  lobes;  lateres  entire;  anus  five  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  calles  not  fused,  not  prominent,  mesal  calles 
fused,  distant  from  oblique  lateral  calles;  genacerores  (5-17) 
4-11. — California  on  Aesculus. aesculi  Johns. 

SPECIES  OF  CHRYSOMPHALUS 

a.    Pygidium  never  with  more  than  five  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
b.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

c.  Pygidium  with  first  pair  of  paraphyses  longest,  cephalic  end 
enlarged,  knob-like,  second  pair  similar  in  form,  shorter,  third 
pair  about  one-half  length  of  first  pair,  not  enlarged  at  cephalic 
end;  median  pair  of  lobes  longest,  faint  mesal  and  lateral 
notches,  bluntly  pointed;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  blunt- 
ly pointed,  second  pair  smaller  than  others,  much  nearer  me- 
dian lobe  than  third;  pectinae  small,  obscure,  arranged  2,  2, 
3,  3,  0;  lateres  practically  entire;  genacerores  forming  almost 

continuous  arc,  75-100  cerores. — Ceylon  on  Murraya 

quadriclavatus  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  first  pair  of  paraphyses  about  one-half  length 
of  subequal  second  and  third  pairs,  these  latter  enlarged  at 
cephalic  end,  club-shaped;  median  pair  of  lobes  subtriangular, 
lateral  margin  oblique,  emarginate,  serrate;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  similar  to  median  and  subequal,  serrate;  pectinae 
short,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  0;  each  lateris  serrate,  bearing  many 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  415 

closely  placed  short  oraceratubae ;  head  and  thorax  with  several 
long  setae  with  tubular  bases;  genacerores  (10-14)10-12. — Japan 

on  Quercus. setiger  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  more  than  three  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

c.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses,  about  as  long  as  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  well  separated, 
about  as  broad  as  long,  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  distant 
from  median,  distance  equal  to  width  of  median  lobe,  broader 
than  long,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  pointed,  tooth-like,  less 
conspicuous;  each  lateris  with  lobe-like  projection;  anus  near 
cephalic  ends  of  paraphyses;  genacerores  (4-4)3-3. — Mexico 

on  orange. koebelei  Ckll.  &  Towns. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral 
notches,  bluntly  rounded  between  notches;  second  pair  of 
lobes  similar  in  form,  slightly  smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes 
more  irregular,  conspicuous  lateral  notch;  pectinae  slightly 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3;  each  lateris  adjacent  to 
cephalic  pectina  with  stout  marginal  prominence;  paraphyses 
slender,  sides  subparallel;  anus  three  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  dorsal  oraceratubae  in  two  rows  on  each  side; 
genacerores  (3-4)2-3;  vulva  between  pregenacerores. — Sey- 
chelles on  Cocos.  onset  Green. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  five  pairs  of  -paraphyses. 

d.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  not  more  than  one- 
half  length  of  third,  second  pair  longest,  first,  third,  and 
fifth  long,  slightly  shorter  than  second;  median  pair  of  lobes 
longer  than  broad,  bluntly  rounded,  prominent  lateral  notch; 
second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median,  bluntly  pointed, 
entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  second,  elongate, 
lateral  margin  notched;  pectinae  short,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4, 
those  of  median  and  second  incisurae  distapectinae,  others 
unapectinae;  genacerores  (3-4)2-3;  thorax  not  produced  on 
each  side  into  a  tooth. — Jamaica  on  mango. —mangiferae  Ckll. 
dd.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  as  long  or  much 
longer  than  fifth. 

e.    Pygidium  with  all  paraphyses  of  each  side  very  different  in 
length. 

f.  Pygidium  with  first  pair  of  paraphyses  shorter  than 
others,  second  and  fourth  pairs  longest,  third  and  fifth 
intermediate  in  length;  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded, 
deep  lateral  notch,  mesal  margins  convex;  second  pair  of 
lobes  nearly  as  large  as  median,  similar  in  shape,  lateral 
notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  elongate;  bluntly  rounded,  lat- 
eral notch;  pectinae  large,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7, 
those  of  each  lateris  unapectinae,  others  distapectinae; 
genacerores  (4-8)2-4;  thorax  produced  on  each  side  into 
a  short  prominent  tooth-like  projection. — Chrysomphalus 
proposimus  Banks. — India,  Japan,  Australia,  Brazil, 


416  THE   COCCIDAE 

Mexico,  California,  eastern  United  States,  Europe, 
Egypt,  Ceylon,  Mauritius,  Natal,  south  Africa  on  orange, 
lemon,  cocoanut,  banana,  palms,  rose,  Ilex,  Camellia, 
Dictyosperma,  Phyllodendron,  guava,  grape-fruit,  olean- 
der, fiig,  Begonia,  etc. aonidum  Linn. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  first  pair  of  paraphyses  nearly  as  long  as 
fourth  and  more  than  twice  as  long  as  second,  third, 
and  fifth,  fourth  pair  very  slightly  longer  than  first; 
median  pair  of  lobes  slightly  wider  than  long,  distal 
margin  transverse,  subtruncated,  slightly  indented;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  slightly  smaller,  similar  in 
form,  broader  than  long;  pectinae  and  plates  subequal 
in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  caudal  one  of  each 
of  two  last  groups  a  plate;  each  lateris  thickened,  four 
or  five  sharp  tooth-like  projections  with  serrate  edges; 
genacerores  (6-10)3-7;  caudal  portion  of  each  lateral 
margin  of  thorax  with  tubercle,  not  bearing  a  horn. — 
Brazil  on  Laurus.  paulistus  Hemp. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  all  paraphyses  of  each  side  subequal  in 
length,  first  pair  as  long  as  others;  median  pair  of  lobes 
bluntly  pointed,  elongate,  prominent  lateral  notches;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  similar  to  first,  smaller,  notched;  third 
pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second,  smaller,  serrate  on  lateral 
margin;  pectinae  elongate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  5,  those  of 
third  incisurae  and  lateres  unapectinae;  genacerores  (3-4) 
1-3;  thorax  produced  on  each  side  into  prominent  tooth- 
like  projection. — Italy,  Jamaica,  Demerara  on  Croton, 
Cycas,  Pandanus,  rose,  mango pinnuliferus  Mask. 

aa.    Pygidium  always  with  more  than  five  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
b.    Pygidium  with  six  or  seven  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
c.    Pygidium  with  six  distinct  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

d.    Pygidium  with  first  and  second  pairs  of  paraphyses  never 
subequal. 

e.  Pygidium  with  second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  pairs  of 
paraphyses  subequal,  longer  than  first  and  sixth,  second 
pair  slightly  longer  than  third,  fourth,  and  fifth,  first 
pair  shortest,  and  sixth  pair  intermediate  in  length;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  broad,  distal  margin  oblique,  sinu- 
ate; second  pair  of  lobes  much  shorter  and  narrower  than 
median  pair,  bluntly  rounded;  third  pair  smaller  than  sec- 
ond, more  pointed;  pectinae  short,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those 
of  median  and  second  incisurae  distapectinae,  others 
unapectinae;  genacerores  (4-4)2-3. — Chrysomphalus  dictyo- 
spermi  arecae  Newst.— United  States,  West  Indies,  Mexico, 
Brazil,  Demerara,  China  on  Dictyospermum,  Erythrina, 
Cycas,  Latania,  palms,  rose,  mango,  etc. dictyospermi  Morg. 

ee.  Pygidium  never  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses  subequal  in 
length. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  417 

f.    Pygidium   with  second  and  fourth  pairs  of  paraphyses 
subequal  in  length. 

g.  Pygidium  with  fourth  and  sixth  pairs  of  paraphyses 
subequal,  second,  fourth,  and  sixth  pairs  longest, 
others  shorter  and  smaller;  lobes  broad,  low,  incon- 
spicuous, median  pair  twice  as  broad  as  long;  second 
pair  of  lobes  about  or  nearly  as  broad  as  first;  third 
pair  of  lobes  obsolete;  plates  scarcely  visible,  third 
incisurae  with  two;  each  lateris  with  depression  with 
pair  of  spine-like  plates,  cephalad  of  this  minutely 
serrate  with  three  distant  pointed  prominences;  gena- 

cerores   (8-8)4-7. — Mexico reniformis  Ckll. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  longer  than 
sixth,  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  subequal,  second  pair  as 
long  as  fourth,  longer  than  first  and  third,  fourth 
pair  very  slightly  longer  than  subequal  second  and 
fifth,  first  and  third  pairs  subequal  and  slightly  shorter 
than  sixth;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  longer  than 
broad,  distinct  lateral  and  mesal  notches;  second  pair 
of  lobes  similar  in  size  and  shape  to  median,  distinct 
lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  broad,  bluntly 
pointed,  lateral  margin  with  two  or  three  notches; 
pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of 
incisurae  other  than  median  and  of  each  lateris 
unapectinae  and  longer  than  lobes;  lateres  with  large 
tooth-like  projection  adjacent  to  pectinae;  genacerores 
(4-5)1-2.— Australia  on  Acacia. fodiens  Mask. 

ff.    Pygidium  with  second  and  fourth  pairs  of  paraphyses 
not  subequal  in  length. 

g.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  longer  than 
sixth,  fourth  pair  longest,  second  and  sixth  pairs 
subequal  and  two-thirds  length  of  fourth,  first  and 
third  pairs  distinctly  shorter  than  second;  median 
pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  broader  than  long,  entire, 
truncate  with  rounded  angles;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  shorter  than  median  and  more  than  twice  as 
broad,  entire,  distal  margins  oblique;  pectinae  about 
as  long  as  median  lobes  or  shorter,  arranged  2,  2,  3, 
3;  lateres  with  two  slight  indentations;  metathorax 
with  large  blunt  marginal  tubercle,  tubercles  and 
margins  of  abdomen  strongly  chitinized;  anus  near 
middle  of  pygidium  and  vulva  near  middle  of  cephalic 
half;  genacerores  (6-8)5-6.  —  British  Guiana  on 

Lecythis. umboniferus  Newst. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  distinctly 
shorter  than  sixth. 

h.  Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  longer  than 
sixth,  second  and  fifth  pairs  longer  than  others, 
first  and  third  pairs  subequal,  slightly  more  than 
one-half  length  of  second,  longer  than  sixth,  sixth 


418  THE   COCCIDAE 

pair  nearly  twice  as  long  as  fourth,  shortest ;  three 
pairs  of  subequal  lobes,  lateral  margins  sloping 
and  serrulate;  pectinae  shorter  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  1;  genacerores  (11-17)12-14.— 

Japan.    kelloggi   Kuwn. 

hh.  Pygidium  with  fifth  and  sixth  pairs  of  paraphyses 
subequal,  second,  fifth,  and  sixth  pairs  longest, 
first,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  subequal,  much  short- 
er than  others,  all  enlarged  at  cephalic  end  and 
club-shaped;  median  pair  of  lobes  broad,  short, 
broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  subequal  in 
length,  broader  than  median  pair;  third  pair  of 
lobes  similar  to  second,  broader;  pectinae  Y- 
shaped  furcapectinae,  arranged  1,  1,  1,  3,  caudal 
one  of  each  lateris  not  Y-shaped;  genacerores 

(8-9)7-9. — England  on  Cattleya alienus  Newst. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  first  and  second  pairs  of  paraphyses  subequal, 
shorter  than  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  pairs;  median  pair 
of  lobes  small,  distant,  nearly  outline  of  half-circle;  second 
pair  of  lobes  twice  as  broad  as  median;  third  pair  of  lobes 
fully  three  times  as  broad  as  median,  margin  minutely  ser- 
rulate; each  lateris  minutely  serrulate  with  three  distant 
notches  limiting  four  broad  projections;  genacerores  (8-9) 

6-7. — Mexico  on  orange. albopictus  Ckll. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  seven  pairs  of  paraphyses,  fifth  rarely  not  as 

broad  as  others. 

d.    Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  distinctly  longer  than 
fourth. 

e.    Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  four  times  as  long 
as  fourth. 

f.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  paraphyses  shorter  than 
fifth  and  three  times  as  long  as  first,  second,  fifth,  and 
seventh  pairs  longest,  first,  third,  and  fourth  pairs 
shortest,  sixth  intermediate;  median  pair  of  lobes  short, 
narrow,  lateral  margin  obliquely  rounded,  entire;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  broader  than  median 
pair,  lateral  margin  broadly  obliquely  rounded,  serrate; 
third  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  broader  than  sec- 
ond pair,  lateral  margins  obliquely  rounded,  serrate; 
pectinae  short,  narrow,  distapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  6, 
those  of  each  lateris  arranged  2-1-1-1-1;  genacerores  (15- 
16)7-9. — Mexico,  Central  America  on  Avocardo  pear, 

Citrus,  Laurus. scutiformis  Ckll. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  paraphyses  as  long  as 
fifth,  about  twice  as  long  as  first,  seventh  pair  distinctly 
shorter  than  fifth  and  longer  than  first,  third,  fourth, 
and  sixth  pairs  subequal,  about  one-half  length  of  first; 
median  pair  lobes  short,  distal  end  oblique  on  each  side, 
bluntly  rounded;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  smaller 
but  similar;  pectinae  very  inconspicuous;  lateres  serru- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  419 

late,  three  or  four  small  projections;  genacerores   (7-7) 

5-5. — Mexico  on  mangrove. rhizophorae  Ckll. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  not  four  times  as 
long  as  fourth. 

f.  Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  not  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  fourth,  first,  third,  and  fifth  pairs  sub- 
equal  and  longest,  sixth  pair  slightly  shorter  than  fifth 
and  longer  than  subequal  second,  fourth,  and  seventh; 
median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  as  broad  as  long, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  distal  end  bluntly 
rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  form  and  size 
to  median  pair;  third  pair  of  lobes  subequal  in  size  to 
second  pair,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  prominent  lat- 
eral notch,  no  mesal  notch;  pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3, 
those  of  each  later  is  unapectinae;  genacerores  1-2(5-6) 

6-6. — Ceylon  on  unidentified  tree pedronis  Green. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  longer  than 
fourth,  not  twice  as  long,  fifth  pair  longest,  second, 
fourth,  and  seventh  pairs  subequal,  a  little  shorter  than 
fifth,  first  pair  two-thirds  length  of  second  and  one- 
fourth  longer  than  third,  third  and  sixth  pairs  sub- 
equal;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distinct  lat- 
eral notch,  as  broad  as  long;  second  and  third  pairs  of 
lobes  similar,  smaller  than  median,  lateral  margin 
oblique,  notched;  pectinae  short,  not  as  long  as  lobes, 
furcapectinae,  arranged  1,  1,  1,  2;  lateres  toothed  and 
serrate;  genacerores  6-9(17-24)9-16. — South  Africa  on 
Virgilia,  Erythrina,  Celastrus,  Schinus,  Robinia,  olive, 
apple,  hawthorn,  kei-apple,  lilac,  pear,  poplar,  plane-tree, 
privet,  rose,  peach,  plum,  walnut corticosus  Brain. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  fifth  pair  of  paraphyses  not  one-half  length 
of  fourth,  if  subequal  in  length,  narrow  and  inconspicuous, 
e.    Pygidium  with  each  lateris  entire,  serrate,  or  slightly  in- 
dented, but  never  saw-toothed. 

f.  Pygidium  with  five  or  six  pectinae  on  each  lateris; 
paraphyses  short,  longest  but  little  longer  than  adjacent 
lobes,  fifth  pair  slender  inconspicuous  thickening;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  distinctly  broader  and  longer  than 
second  pair,  quadrangular,  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  but 
smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  triangular,  short; 
pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  5-6,  those 
of  median  incisura  short,  furcapectinae,  those  of  other 
incisurae  unapectinae,  lacinations  of  those  of  each 
lateris  reduced  in  number,  particularly  cephalic  ones; 

genacerores   (1-3)3-4.— Italy  on  Camellia 

degeneratus  Leon. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  two  or  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris; 
paraphyses  in  three  lengths,  second,  fourth,  and  seventh 


420  THE   COCCIDAE 

pairs  longest,  first  and  third  pairs  shortest,  fifth  and 
sixth  pairs  slightly  longer  than  latter,  seventh  pair  very 
small;  median  pair  of  lobes  short  and  narrow,  rounded, 
entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  broader 
than  median  pair,  lateral  margin  broadly  oblique  and 
crenulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  broader 
than  second  pair,  lateral  margin  broadly  oblique, 
serrate;  pectinae  short  and  narrow,  distapectinae,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  third 
lobe;  genacerores  (10-11)6-7. — Florida,  Mexico,  England 

on  Persea,  Magnolia,  Anthurium,  Ilex,  cocoanut-palm 

perseae  Comst. 

ee.    Pygidium  with  each  lateris  with  deep  indentations,  appear- 
ing distinctly  saw-toothed. 

f.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  distinctly 
longer  than  third  or  fifth,  never  twice  length  of  either, 
first  pair  shortest,  third  and  fifth  pairs  next  in  length, 
sixth  and  seventh  pairs  next;  median  pair  of  lobes 
broad,  broadly  rounded,  subquadrangular,  slight  mesal 
and  lateral  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  sim- 
ilar, broader  than  long,  lateral  margin  longest  and 
strongly  oblique,  crenulate,  subtriangular,  bluntly  round- 
ed; pectinae  short,  narrow,  distapectinae  or  furcapecti- 
nae,  arranged  1,  1,  2,  2;  each  lateris  with  about  four 
teeth;  genacerores  3-3(8-11)5-7. — District  of  Columbia, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Florida  on  oak,  hickory,  pecan, 

grape obscvrus  Comst. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  fourth  pair  of  paraphyses  three  times 
length  of  third  and  twice  length  of  fifth,  fourth  and 
seventh  pairs  subequal  and  longest,  first,  third,  and  sixth 
pairs  subequal  and  shortest,  fifth  pair  distinctly  longer 
than  third  and  slightly  shorter  than  fourth;  paraphyses 
knob-like  at  cephalic  end;  median  pair  of  lobes 
broad,  broader  than  long,  caudal  margin  longest;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in  form,  wide,  <;hird 
pair  widest;  each  lateris  with  about  six  tooth-like  pro- 
jections; pectinae  present,  exceedingly  minute;  spira- 
cerores  wanting;  genacerores  (6-9)3-5. — British  Guiana 

on  Erythraspis. erytJiraspidis  Newst. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  nine  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

c.  Pygidium  with  third  pair  of  paraphyses  four  times  as  long  as 
fourth,  second  pair  shortest,  fourth,  fifth,  and  seventh  pairs 
slightly  longer,  third  and  sixth  pairs  longest,  first,  eighth,  and 
ninth  pairs  intermediate;  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  round- 
ed, slight  lateral  notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar, 
not  notched ;  pectinae  truncate,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  4,  those  of  each 
lateris  furcapectinae;  genacerores  (4-4)3-4. — New  Zealand, 

Louisiana  on  Linum. sphaerioides  Ckll. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  parphyses  subequal  in 
length. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  421 

d.    Pygidium  with  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  paraphyses 
subequal  in  length. 

e.  Pygidium  with  each  lateris  not  deeply  notched;  paraphyses 
long,  subequal,  all  much  longer  than  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  quadrangular,  bluntly  rounded,  distinct  mesal  and 
lateral  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar 
but  smaller;  pectinae  not  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3, 
1-2,  those  of  median  incisura  narrow,  distapectinae,  all 
others  unapectinae;  each  lateris  with  seven  tooth-like  pro- 
jections; genacerores  (9-12)8-9,  according  to  Brain  (7-9) 
3-5. — Chrysomphalus  rossi  victoriae  Ckll. — Australia,  New 
Zealand,  Philippine  Islands,  Japan,  China,  Ceylon,  South 
Africa  on  Xanthorrhoea,  Eucalyptus,  Nerium,  Caffaris, 
Rhinocarpus,  Acacia,  Araucaria,  Abutilon,  Artemesia,  olive, 

plum,  etc.  rossi  Mask. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  each  lateris  deeply  notched  or  "bayed  in;" 
genacerores  (9-14)7-11.— Ceylon,  South  Africa  on  Capparis, 

Chaetachme. rossi  greeni  Brain  &  Kelly. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  paraphyses  twice  as  long  as 
either  third  or  fourth  pairs. 

e.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  subequal  to 
or  narrower  than  median  pair;  median  pair  of  lobes  short 
and  broad,  lateral  margin  long,  oblique,  rounded,  entire; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  faintly  notched; 
pectinae  short,  distapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  5,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  2-1-1-1;  each  lateris  with  about  six 
tooth-like  projections;  paraphyses  variable  in  length,  first, 
third,  fourth,  sixth,  seventh,  and  ninth  subequal  in  length, 
shorter  than  second,  fifth,  and  eighth,  fifth  longest,  second 
dilated  at  cephalic  end;  genacerores  4-8(15-16)8-11. — Mex- 
ico on  "Trueno." nigropunctatus  Ckll. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  wider  than 
median;  median  pair  of  lobes  contiguous,  widened;  third 
pair  of  lobes  subequal  to  second;  second  incisurae  less  than 
one-half  width  of  median  lobe;  third  incisurae  equal  to 
width  of  median  lobe;  each  incisura  with  angular  pro- 
jection, cephalad  of  this  serrate;  this  species  is  allied  to 
nigropunctatus;  paraphyses  are  not  described;  genacerores 
(13-16)8-8. — Mexico  on  Agave agavis  Towns.  &  Ckll. 

SPECIES   OF  PSEUDISCHNASPIS 

Pygidium  with  six  pairs  of  paraphyses,  first  and  third  pairs  sub- 
equal,  second  and  fifth  pairs  subequal  and  three  times  as  long  as  first; 
fourth  and  sixth  pairs  subequal  and  about  twice  as  long  as  first, 
median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  broadly  rounded,  distal  mar- 
gin with  two  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  broader  than 
median,  third  broader  than  second,  lateral  margin  oblique,  serrate; 
furcapectinae  arranged  1,  2,  2,  1-3;  lateres  thickened  and  toothed; 
genacerores  (6-8)4-7. — Brazil  on  Myrcia.  linearis  Hemp. 


422  THE   COCCIDAE 

aa.    Pygidium  with  six  pairs  of  paraphyses,  first  pair  slightly  longer  than 

third,  second  and  fifth  pairs  subequal  and  longest,  as  long  as  third, 

fourth  and  sixth  pairs  subequal,  slightly  longer  than  third. 

b.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  successively  larger  from  first 

to  third,  latter  with  two  small  notches  on  lateral  margin;   each 

lateris  with  three  serrations;   genacerores  2-2(5-5)3-3,  pregenacer- 

ores  and  postgenacerores  of  each  side  forming  nearly  continuous 

row. — Mexico  on  mango longissima  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  subquadrangu- 
lar  with  rounded  caudal  ends,  close  together,  entire;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  broader  and  larger  than  median,  lateral  mar- 
gin oblique,  faintly  serrate;  pectinae  short,  narrow,  distapectinae, 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  5,  each  lateris  with 
two  pectinae  adjacent  third  lobe  and  three  truncate  plates  distrib- 
uted along  margin  cephalad  of  pectinae;  each  lateris  with  five 
distinct  serrations;  genacerores  (7-7)8-8. — Jamaica,  Mexico  on 
Agave.  ~bowreyi  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF   LINDINGASPIS 

Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  more  or  less  unsymmetrical  subequal  lobes, 
broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded,  margin  finely  crenulate;  pectinae 
broad,  slightly  longer  than  lobes,  lacinations  deep,  arranged  1,  1,  1-2,  1, 
one  of  each  lateris  adjacent  third  lobe;  each  lateris  with  six  or  more 
large,  equidistant,  tooth-like  projections,  smaller  teeth  between  two 
caudal  projections;  spiracerores  wanting;  genacerores  in  two  groups, 
8-10;  dorsal  oraceratubae  prominent,  longitudinal  row  extending 
cephalad  from  each  third  incisura;  paraphyses  in  five  pairs,  first  and 
second  pairs  associated  with  median  lobes,  third  pair  with  second  pair 
of  lobes,  fourth  pair  longest  and  opposite  third  incisura,  fifth  pair  op- 
posite caudal  margin  of  third  pair  of  lobes. — Melanaspis  samoana 
Lindgr. — Samoa  on  Myristia. samoana  Lindgr. 

SPECIES   OF   FORBESASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subtriangular,  converging,  sub- 
adjacent,  mesal  portion  longest,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  mar- 
gin oblique,  deep  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  small,  not  strongly 
protuberant,  distinct  lateral  notch;  densariae  present  between  median 
pair  of  lobes,  mesal  side  of  densariae  of  second  incisurae  much  larger 
than  minute  lateral,  those  of  third  incisurae  subequal,  fused;  gena- 
cerores 0-4(3-7)3-5. — Canada,  eastern  United  States,  New  Mexico, 
Mexico,  Porto  Rico,  Germany,  south  Africa  on  plum,  peach,  pear,  apple, 
quince,  cherry,  currant,  gooseberry,  apricot,  beech,  hawthorn,  honey- 
locust,  walnut,  Jasmine,  Acer forbesi  Johns. 

SPECIES  OF  FERRISASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  margins  convex,  distal 
end  rounded,  prominent  lateral  notch;  lateres  entire,  second  and  third 
incisurae  with  densariae,  mesal  and  lateral  margins  subequal,  those  of 
second  much  larger;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  arranged  in  oblique 
band  nearly  parallel  with  margin;  setae  as  long  as  median  lobes;  anus 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  423 

small,  about  five  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  fifteen  from 
vulva;  genacerores  0-2(2-5)2-5;  mesocalles  fused  and  distant  from 
latacalles. — Arizona  on  Covillea. covilleae  Ferris. 

SPECIES  OF  CONSTOCKIELLA 
a.    Pygidium  with  six  groups  of  genacerores. 

b.  Pygidium  with  genacerores  4-6(4-7)7-15;  caudal  margin  deeply  and 
roundly  notched  at  meson,  pair  of  short  setae  in  notch;  each 
lateris  with  five  long  setae  and  three  short  ventral  setae  located 
just  within  margin;  four  dorsal  oraceratubae  in  front  of  notch 
in  two  rows,  two  or  three  rows  extending  length  of  pygidium  on 
each  side  of  anus;  anus  located  five  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  about  one-half  its  width  cephalad  of  vulva. — Florida, 

Guadaloupe  Island  on  Erythea,  palmetto sa&aZis  Comst. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  genacerores  11-15(7-10)14-17. — Mexico  on  palms.__ 

sabalis  mexicana  Ckll. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  five  groups  of  genacerores;  margin  with  lobes  little 
developed,  represented  by  three  pairs  of  broad  low  rounded  promi- 
nences, all  wide  apart,  incisurae  and  especially  lateres  irregular  with 
more  or  less  angular  prominences;  sides  of  caudal  part  of  insect 
finely  transversely  striate;  setae  and  pectinae  or  plates  not  notice- 
able; paraphyses  and  densariae  wanting;  dorsal  oraceratubae  many, 
row  of  transverse  ones;  genacerores  5-6(21-22)22-23;  scale  long,  oval, 
moderately  convex,  rough,  grayish  brown. — Chile  on  Chisquea. — This 

like  the  type  species  has  many  characteristics  of  the  Diaspidini 

riverae  Ckll. 
SPECIES  OF  LIGULASPIS 

Pygidium  with  three  groups  of  genacerores,  sometimes  almost  united  into 
single  group,  mesogenacerores  27,  latagenacerores  106;  pygidial  mar- 
gin with  five  plate-like  projections,  mesal  longest,  narrowest,  three- 
lobed,  others  irregularly  notched  and  toothed;  lateral  margin  of  two 
caudal  segments  of  preabdomen  chitinized  and  plate-like;  oraceratubae 
numerous  on  pygidium  and  segments  of  body;  anus  located  just  caudad 
of  mesogenacerores;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores  36. — 
Odonaspis  janeirensis  Hemp. — Bratil  on  grass janeirensis  Hemp. 

SPECIES  OF  ODONASPIS 

Pygidium  with  single  fused  median  lobe  with  prominent  lateral  notches, 
other  lobes  obsolete;  each  lateris  with  four  prominent  indentations 
from  which  longitudinal  thickenings  extend,  indentations  limited  by 
angular  teeth  on  cephalic  side,  serrate  between  indentations;  gena- 
cerores in  two  converging  groups,  each  consisting  of  80-90;  mesospira- 
cerores and  metaspiracerores  less  than  10;  anus  nearer  vulva  than 
caudal  margin. — Odonaspis  secreta  saccharicaulis  Zehnt.,  Odonaspis 
secreta  greeni  Ckll. — Japan,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Java,  Ceylon  on  bam- 
boo, Arundinaria.  secreta  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  BERLESASPIDIOTUS 
Pygidium  without  lobes,   plates,  or  pectinae;    no  mesal   indentation,   in- 


424  THE   COCCIDAE 

dentation  at  caudal  end  of  second  pair  of  paraphyses;  lateres  with  two 
deep  notches;  two  pairs  of  equidistant  paraphyses;  anus  located  near 
vulva,  distant  from  caudal  margin,  near  mesogenacerores ;  genacerores 
in  three  groups,  mesogenacerores  50  and  latagenacerores  150. — Odon- 
aspis  (Anoplaspis)  bambusarum  Ckll. — Japan,  California  on  bamboo.— 

iHimbusarum  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  NEOSIGNORETIA 

a.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres. 
b.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  notched, 
d.  Pygidium  with  plates  in  median  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  wide,  others  rudimentary,  all  small;  plates  long  and 
slender,  sharp,  conspicuous,  distinctly  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  1,  1,  0;  anus  located  near  caudal  margin. — The 
reference  of  this  species  to  Pseudodiaspis  needs  confirmation. 

— Targionia  yuccae  neomexicana  Ckll. — Mexico  on  Yucca 

yuccae  Ckll. 

dd.  Pygidium  without  plates  or  pectinae  in  median  incisura; 
median  pair  of  lobes  short,  subquadrangular,  deep  lateral 
notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  rudimentary,  second 
pair  larger  and  with  lateral  notch;  plates  and  pectinae  about 
as  long  as  median  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  2,  0,  mesal  projection 
of  second  and  third  incisurae  a  plate  and  lateral  pectina; 
setae  about  as  long  as  median  lobe;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
prominent,  not  numerous;  anus  small,  distant  four  or  five 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — California  on  Quercus. 

yulupae  Bremner. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  short,  truncate  or 
bluntly   rounded;    second  pair   of  lobes  broader   than  median, 
short,  broadly  rounded,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  represented 
by  stout  marginal  prominence;  median  incisura  about  as  wide 
as  median  lobe,  with  two  short  blunt  plates,  not  longer  than 
lobes,  second  incisura  with  two  similar  plates;   dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  small   and    inconspicuous;    anus   three    times   its   width 
from    caudal    margin;    scale    of    adult    female    snowy    white, 
strongly  convex. — Australia  on   Styphelia.— immaculata  Green, 
bb.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;   median  pair  of  lobes  small, 
moderately    prominent,    constricted    at    proximal    end,    hatchet- 
shaped,  lateral  and  distal  margins  forming  continuous  curve;  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  simply  marginal  prominences, 
angular;   plates  or  pectinae  of  median  and  second  incisurae  not 
longer  than   median  lobes,   of  fourth   incisurae  longer,   arranged 
2,  2,  3,  4,  0,  those  of  median,  second,  and  third  incisurae  plates, 
others  pectinae;   anus  minute,  ten  times   its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  over  twenty  times  from  vulva;    dorsal  oraceratubae 
in  two  longitudinal  rows;    second  and  third  incisurae  with  two 
pairs  each  of  minute  thickenings;   calles  present  and  separate. — 

Northern  Australia  on  Eucalyptus. miniatae  Green. 

aa.    Pygidium  always  with  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  425 

b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notches. 

c.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral 

notches. 

d.  Body  with  margin  of  cephalic  end  entire,  not  finely  crenu- 
late;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  deep 
lateral  and  mesal  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  spatulate, 
bluntly  pointed  or  bluntly  rounded,  entire  or  with  faint  lat- 
eral notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  spatulate,  subequal  to  second 
pair,  bluntly  rounded,  entire  or  with  faint  lateral  notch; 
pectinae  long  and  narrow,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  8,  those  of  each  lateris  unapectinae  and 
shorter  than  others,  placed  cephalad  of  third  lobe;  caudal 
pectina  of  each  third  incisura  much  smaller  than  other  two. 

— South  Africa  on  Euphorbia. tectaria  Lindgr. 

dd.  Body  with  margin  of  cephalic  end  finely  crenulate;  pygidium 
with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  deep  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches,  distal  margin  rounded  between  them;  second 
pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  lateral  margin  oblique,  deep 
lateral  notch,  mesal  portion  projecting;  third  pair  of  lobes 
narrower,  deep  lateral  notch,  projecting  mesal  portion  more 
angular;  distapectinae  in  median  incisura,  others  unapecti- 
nae, latter  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3;  spiracerores 
wanting;  anus  about  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin; 
vulva  located  near  cephalic  half  of  pygidium. — Gymnaspis 

africana  Newst. — Uganda,  Africa. africana  Newst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distinct  lateral 
notches  only,  projecting,  distinct,  about  as  broad  as  long,  distal 
end  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  triangular, 
bluntly  pointed;  third  pair  of  lobes  minute,  pointed;  pectinae 
minute,  short,  narrow,  lacinations  minute,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  1, 
those  of  second  and  third  incisurae  and  of  each  lateris 
unapectinae;  anus  distant  three  or  four  times  its  width  from 

caudal  margin. — Sardenia,  Italy  on  Osirys cecconi  Leon. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  large,  broadly  bluntly 
rounded,  distant;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  minute,  subtri- 
angular,  more  or  less  pointed;  pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  2,  5,  those 
of  incisurae  and  three  caudal  ones  of  each  lateris  very  broad, 
deeply  lacinate  at  distal  end,  cephalic  two  of  each  lateris  slender, 
unapectinae  with  short  blunt  branches;  pectinae  of  each  lateris 
adjacent  third  lobe;  setae  limited  to  two  on  each  lateris  near 
cephalic  pectinae;  center  of  pygidium  cephalad  of  anus  with  large 
tongue-shaped  strongly  chitinized  area;  anus  distant  two  or  three 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Uganda,  Africa  on  Anona. 

gowdeyi  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  TOLLASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  third  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subquadrangular,  distal  end  and  angles  broadly  rounded,  as 
broad  as  long,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in 
size  and  form;  plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  0; 


426  THE   COCCIDAE 

each  lateris  irregularly  toothed;  anus  located  midway  between  vulva 
and  caudal  margin,  vulva  located  at  cephalic  end  of  pygidium; 
mesospiracerores  5-6;  preabdomen  with  lateral  margins  of  segments 
produced,  tuberculate;  each  bearing  few  setae;  scale  subcircular, 
exuviae  central,  caudal  end  elevated  by  ventral  scale. — Mauritius  on 

palm  trees. mauritianus  Newst. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  three  plates  in  each  third  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  spatulate,  proximal  portion  constricted,  distal  end  bluntly 
rounded,  longer  than  broad;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar 
in  form  and  size;  plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2, 
3,  0;  each  lateris  with  five  large  lobe-like  unsymmetrical  projec- 
tions with  serrate  margins  cephalad  of  third  lobe;  setae  of  lateres 
very  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than  lobes,  others  minute. — 
Furcaspis  rufa  Lindgr. — Island  of  Reunion,  St.  Denis  on  Erythroxy- 
lon.  rufus  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  CRYPTASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  broader  than  long,  entire, 
broadly  truncately  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  narrower, 
entire,  truncately  rounded;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  distapectinae;  anus  apparently  distant  from  caudal  mar- 
gin; spiracerores  wanting;  lateres  crenulate. — Algeria  on  Juniperus, 
Callitris.  mediterraneus  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  MORGANELLA 

Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris;  anus  located  near  proximal  ends 
of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  long,  longer  than  broad,  pointed,  adja- 
cent, deep  lateral  notch;  pectinae  broad  unapectinae,  small  or  long 
adjacent  to  median  lobes,  successively  broader  cephalad,  much  longer 
than  lobes,  sometimes  arranged  in  three  groups,  arranged  0,  13;  setae 
adjacent  to  median  lobes  shorter  than  lobes,  others  much  longer  than 
pectinae. — Morganella  maskelli  Ckll. — Brazil,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Mauri- 
tius, Ceylon,  south  Africa,  Demerara  on  Michelia,  Camellia,  Artocarpus, 
Cupania,  Lagerstromia,  mango,  orange,  papaw longispina  Morg. 

SPECIES  OF  PSEUDOTARGIONIA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  distant,  truncate  with  round- 
ed angles,  longer  than  wide;  second  pair  of  lobes  adjacent  to  median, 
smaller,  distinct  lateral  notch  on  distal  end,  bluntly  rounded ;  third  pair 
of  lobes  rudimentary;  plates  not  prominent,  arranged  0,  0,  2-3,  0, 
irregular  in  length;  lateres  thickened,  crenulate,  bearing  5-6  setae, 
twice  as  long  as  median  lobes;  dorsal  oraceratubae  in  three  rows  on 
each  side;  anus  adjacent  to  median  pair  of  lobes;  mesal  part  of  dorsal 
surface  of  pygidium  between  dorsal  oraceratubae  distinctly  thickened; 
spiracerores  5-6,  large;  head  and  thorax  with  8-10  long  slender  setae. 

— Aonidia  glandulosa  Newst. — Upper  Egypt  on  Acacia 

glandulosa  Newst. 
SPECIES  OF  CRENULASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  not  strongly  pro- 
jecting, mesal  and  lateral  margins  parallel,  distal  margin  crenulate; 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  427 

second  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded,  crenulate;  third  and  fourth  pairs 
of  lobes  bluntly  pointed,  crenulate; plates  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  those 
of  second  incisurae  described  as  single  deeply  divided  plate,  those  of 
median  incisura  similarly  described  and  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
lobes,  all  other  plates  short;  anus  very  distant  from  caudal  margin. — 
Venezuela  on  Bletia. portoricensis  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  SEPARASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  twice  as  long  as  wide,  entire,  distal 
end  bluntly  rounded,  sides  parallel;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs 
of  lobes  similar  in  form  and  subequal  in  size  to  median  pair,  entire; 
plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  distal  ends  blunt,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0; 
each  lateris  with  four  adjacent,  entire,  lobe-like  projections,  caudal 
one  largest,  others  successively  smaller;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few  in 
number;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin. — Transvaal,  Africa  ou 
Protea,  Faurea.  proteae  Brain. 

SPECIES  OF  BRAINASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  quadrangular,  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches,  about  as  broad  as  long;  second  pair  of  lobes  large,  much 
longer  and  broader  than  median  pair,  elongate,  longer  than  broad, 
rounded,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median,  triangular, 
bluntly  rounded,  faint  lateral  notch;  pectinae  distinctly  lacinate,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  median  and  second  incisurae  longer  than 
median  lobes,  distinctly  shorter  than  second  pair  of  lobes,  those  of 
third  incisurae  as  long  as  second  pair,  those  of  each  lateris  as  long 
as  third  pair;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin;  spiracerores  wanting. 
— South  Africa  on  Andropogon. kellyi  Brain. 

SPECIES  OF  CRYPTOPHYLLASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  four  or  five  unapectinae  on  each  lateris. 

b.  Pygidium  with  margin  of  each  second  and  third  incisura  pro- 
duced into  short  prominent  point;  median  pair  of  lobes  larger 
than  others,  constricted  toward  proximal  end,  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  elongate,  bluntly  pointed, 
third  pair  usually  with  a  lateral  notch;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-5;  oraceratubae  numerous,  tendency  to  ar- 
range themselves  in  transverse  rows;  insects  forming  and  occupy- 
ing small  pits  on  underside  of  leaves. — Ceylon  on  Strobilanthes 

putearia  Green. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  margin  of  each  second  and  third  incisura  concave, 
not  produced. 

c.  Pygidium  with  proximal  portion  not  constricted,  lateral  mar- 
gins uniformly  gradually  converging  toward  caudal  end;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  much  larger  than  others,  long  and  promi- 
nent, mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  and  third  pair  of  lobes 
bluntly  pointed,  elongate,  lateral  notches;  pectinae  deeply  lac- 
inate, arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-5;  oraceratubae  few  in  number,  not 
arranged  in  transverse  rows;  insects  forming  galls  upon  upper 
surface  of  leaves. — Ceylon  on  Grewea. occulta  Green. 


428  THE   COCCIDAE 

cc.  Pygidium  with  cephalic  portion  abruptly  constricted  so  that 
subparallel  lateral  margins  of  portion  caudad  of  constriction 
meet  cephalic  portion  at  an  angle;  pectinae  and  lobes  like 
those  of  occultus;  oraceratubae  few  in  number;  pectinae  long 
and  deeply  lacinate;  insects  forming  cylindrical  galls  twice 
as  long  as  wide,  constricted  at  base,  ends  often  studded  with 
irregular  tubercles,  upon  lower  surface  of  leaf. — Aspidiotus 
(Cryptophyllaspis)  occultus  elongatus  Green. — Ceylon  on 

Grewea. elongata  Green. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

b.  Pygidium  with  three  deeply  lacinate  furcapectinae  on  each  lat- 
eris; median  pair  of  lobes  with  slight  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
three  pairs  of  lobes  not  darkened;  pectinae  narrow  and  strongly 
fringed,  each  lateris  with  three  double  pectinae  each  having  ap- 
pearance of  two  squames  (plates?)  joined  at  proximal  end;  in- 
cisurae  with  densariae;  dorsal  oraceratubae  not  numerous,  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  each  side;  setae  small. — Bismarck  Archi- 
pelago on  Codiaeum.  rubsaameni  Ckll. 

Jbb.  Pygidium  with  three  deeply  lacinate  unapectinae  on  each  lateris; 
median  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  deep  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
distal  margin  bluntly  pointed;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller, 
unsymmetrical,  oblique,  margin  with  deep  lateral  notch  or  cren- 
ulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  irregular,  pointed,  notched;  pectinae 
deeply  lacinate,  much  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  3-5;  dorsal  oraceratubae  distinct;  insects  forming  small 

conical  galls  on  leaves. — Canary  Islands,  Maderia  on  Globularia. 

bornmulleri  Rubs. 

SPECIES  OF  SPINASPIDIOTUS 

a.    Body  with  cephalic  margin  entire,  not  thickened  and  regularly  cren- 
ulate. 

b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  notched, 
c.    Pygidium  with  five  to  seven  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 
d.    Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  shorter  than 
median  pair. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  longer 
than  broad,  distal  end  truncately  rounded,  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  elongate, 
pointed,  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller 
than  second,  pointed,  triangular,  lateral  margin  toothed; 
pectinae  long,  narrow,  subequal  in  length  to  median  lobes, 
deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7,  those  of  each  lateris 
adjacent  to  third  lobe. — South  Africa  on  Parinarium, 

Strychnos.  fissidens  Lindgr. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  shorter  than  in  type, 
second  pair  broader,  third  pair  of  lobes  broader,  short, 
pointed,  entire  or  with  more  teeth  on  oblique  margin 
toward  distal  end;  pectinae  with  finer  lacinations. — Ger- 
man East  Africa,  Mozambique  on  Bosquiea,  Sideroxylon, 
Chrysophyllum. fissidens  pluridentatus  Lindgr. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  429 

dd.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  lobes  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
median  pair,  subequal  in  width,  similar  in  shape,  lateral 
notch;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  conspicuous,  close  to- 
gether, mesal  and  lateral  margins  nearly  parallel,  distal  mar- 
gin rounded,  slight  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  about 
one-half  size  of  second  pair,  subsimilar  in  shape;  pectinae 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  5-6,  three  caudal 
pectinae  of  each  lateris  deeply  lacinate,  others  simple;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  present,  promiscuously  arranged;  usually 
wanting,  sometimes  with  a  single  ceroris  on  each  side;  anus 
six  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  twice  its  width 

caudad  of  vulva. — Samoan  Islands  on  cocoanut  husks 

pangoenensis  Doane  &  Ferris. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  three  pectinae  on  each  lateris;  median  pair  of 
lobes  prominent,  distinct  lateral  notch,  mesal  notch  wanting, 
distal  end  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller,  irreg- 
ular, pointed,  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  triangu- 
lar, pointed;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  3,  all  except  those  of  median  incisura  broad,  irregu- 
larly lacinate;  each  lateris  crenulate,  bearing  two  minute 

plates  or  furcapectinae. — Dutch  East  Africa  on  Furcraea 

furcraeicolus  Lindgr. 
bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire. 

c.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 
d.    Pygidium  with   third  pair  of  lobes   distinctly  smaller   than 
median  pair. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  short, 
much  broader  than  long,  entire,  truncately  rounded;  sec- 
ond pair  of  lobes  minute,  as  long  as  broad,  entire,  bluntly 
rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  minute,  sharply  pointed, 
longer  than  broad;  pectinae  broad,  distinctly  longer  than 
median  pair  of  lobes,  numerous  deep  lacinations,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  4,  those  of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  a  third  lobe, 
lacinations  deeper  and  teeth  much  longer  than  those  of 

other  pectinae. — Abyssinia  on  Euphorbia fissus  Lindgr. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  longer  than 
broad,  projecting,  parallel,  unsymmetrical,  entire,  distal 
end  broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  almost  as  broad 
as  long,  oblique,  rounded,  margin  with  several  notches; 
third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second,  smaller;  pectina 
or  plates  subequal  in  length  to  median  pair,  dagger- 
shaped  plates  or  furcapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3. — 

Sardina,  Spain  on  Ephedra. ephedrarum  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes  subequal,  similar  in 
shape,  entire  or  finely  crenulate,  slightly  constricted  on 
proximal  portion;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of  incisurae  subequal  in  width,  dista- 
pectinae,  those  of  each  lateris  toothed  lobe-like  projections; 
lateres  with  several  angular  or  tooth-like  projections;  setae 
except  cephalic  one  of  each  side,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes, 


430  THE    COCCIDAE 

cephalic  setae  two  or  three  times  length  of  others;  surface 
of  pygidium  coarsely  and  irregularly  reticulate;  anus  locat- 
ed considerably  cephalad  of  middle  of  pygidium;  scale  of 
adult  female  coarsely  transversely  striate,  exuviae  lateral. — 

South-West  Africa.   reticulatus  Newst. 

cc.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres. 

d.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long. 

e.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  tridentate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0, 
those  of  incisurae  broad,  truncate,  not  deeply  lacinate, 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  quad- 
rangular, broader  than  long,  entire,  truncate  with  round- 
ed angles;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  median,  sub- 
equal  in  size;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second,  broad- 
er than  long,  shorter  than  second,  truncate;  lateres  broad- 
ly indented  and  crenulate. — Furcaspis  oceanica  Lindgr. — 

Jaluit  Islands  on  fruit  hulls  of  Cocos oceanicus  Lindgr. 

ee.  Pectinae  bidentate;  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than 
long,  entire,  roundly  truncate;  second  pair  of  lobes  sub- 
equal  to  median,  similar  in  form;  third  pair  of  lobes  sim- 
iliar  in  form  to  second,  much  smaller;  pectinae  subequal 
in  length  to  lobes,  not  deeply  lacinate,  bidentate,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  0;  lateres  with  two  prominent  teeth,  irregular  pro- 
jections between  third  lobe  and  caudal  tooth,  three  oblique 
projections  between  two  teeth,  oblique  margin  serrate. — 
Furcaspis  haematochroa  Ckll. — Batbatan  Island.  Philip- 
pine Islands  on  cocoanut  palms haematochrous  Ckll. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad, 
truncate,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  median, 
broader;  third  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  truncate, 
expanded  at  proximal  end;  pectinae  slightly  shorter  than 
lobes,  truncate,  not  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  0;  lat- 
eres indented,  irregularly  produced  with  irregular  projec- 
tions.— Aspidiotus  cladii  Charmoy. — Mauritius  on  palms 

charmoyi  Brain. 

aa.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  thickened  and  regularly  crenulate; 
pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangular,  distal  end 
rounded,  deep  lateral  and  mesal  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
longest  on  mesal  margin,  bluntly  pointed,  broad  lateral  notch;  third 
pair  of  lobes  as  long  as  second,  narrower,  pointed,  faint  notches; 
pectinae  long,  narrow,  deeply  lacinate,  subequal  in  length  or  slightly 
longer  than  median,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4,  projections  of  each  lateris 
with  short  bluntly  truncated,  evenly  distributed  plates. — South  Africa 
on  Dichapetalum.  maeandrius  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  RHIZASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  almost  contiguous  at  distal  end, 
proximal  ends  distant,  subtruncate,  distal  end  notched,  concave  or  al- 
most truncate  and  broadly  rounded  on  lateral  margin,  proximal  por- 
tion of  lateral  margin  notched;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small, 
incised,  each  portion  tooth-like  projection;  lateres  crenulate  or  notched; 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  431 

second  incisurae  broad;  plates  shorter  than  second  pair  of  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  2,  2,  0;  setae  small;  oraceratubae  small,  numerous;  anus 
longer  than  broad,  six  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Kansas 
on  roots  of  Helianthus.  -.helianthi  Parrott. 

SPECIES  OF  TRUNCASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  similar  in  size, 
stout,  prominent,  truncately  rounded,  entire;  some  of  lobes  some- 
times missing;  pectinae  broadly  truncated,  without  pectinations,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  0,  resembling  lobes;  each  lateris  thickened  and  coarsely 
dentate;  paraphyses  wanting;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few  in  number; 
ventral  aspect  of  preabdomen  on  each  side  with  four  to  six  short, 
stout,  conical  setae  inserted  in  calices  with  thickened  rims;  head  and 
thorax  on  each  side  with  row  of  long  stout  submarginal  setae. — Algoa 
Bay,  Cape  Colony,  Transvaal,  Africa  on  Aloe capensis  Walker. 

SPECIES  OF  VARICASPIS 

Scale  of  adult  female  elongate,  sides  compressed,  meson  rather  sharply 
keeled,  exuviae  central,  superimposed,  secretionary  portion  broad,  at- 
tached to  edge  of  leaf  with  equal  portions  on  each  side;  body  with 
dorsum  strongly  convex,  venter  flat;  rostrum  located  nearly  midway 
between  cephalic  end  of  body  and  caudal  end  of  preabdomen,  far 
caudad  of  cephalic  margin;  body  densely  chitinized  except  pygidium; 
pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distinct  mesal  and 
lateral  notches,  as  broad  as  long,  bluntly  rounded  between  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median,  longer  than  broad,  distinct 
lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  minute,  distinct,  lateral  notch;  pecti- 
nae or  plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3-4,  one  next 
to  third  lobe  a  pectina,  others  plates ;  vulva  located  near  middle  of  pygi- 
dium and  anus  almost  half  way  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin. — 
Uganda,  Africa  on  Coffea. fiorineides  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  GONASPIDIOTUS 

a.    Body  with  cephalic  margin  entire  and  never  uniformly  crenulate. 
b.    Pygidium  with  two  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 

c.  Pygidium  with  pectina  on  each  lateris,  median  pair  of  lobes 
with  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  subquadrangular,  prominent, 
broadly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  about  one-half  size  of 
median,  bluntly  pointed  between  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  narrow  distapectinae,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3;  each  lateris  with  three  spine-like  projections 
equidistant  from  each  other  and  a  second  lobe,  one  adjacent  to 

pectinae  of  lateres. — Italy  on  Quercus minimus  Leon. 

cc.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres. 

d.  Pygidium  with  setae  small,  subequal  in  length  to  median 
pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  mesal 
margins  parallel,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  lateral 
margin  oblique,  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar 
to  median,  smaller,  lateral  notch;  second  incisurae  normal 
in  width,  plates  arranged  2,  2,  0,  short,  much  shorter  than 


432  THE   COCCIDAE 

lobes;  each  lateris  with  five  rounded  undulations;  marginal 
ceratubae  prominent;  anus  five  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  three  times  from  vulva. — California  on  Cupressus, 

Sequoia.   shastae  Colm. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  setae  large,  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes, 
four  on  each  side;  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notches 
only,  rarely  with  mesal  notch,  subquadrangular,  parallel  or 
somewhat  convergent,  longer  than  broad,  symmetrically 
bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  two-thirds  size 
of  median,  subadjacent  to  median,  oblique,  broadly  rounded, 
deep  lateral  notches;  plates  arranged  2,  1-2,  0,  those  of  me- 
dian incisura  small,  dagger-shaped,  two,  those  of  second  in- 
cisura  sometimes  furcapectinae,  one  to  two;  setae  large, 
longer  than  median  lobes,  four  on  each  side. — Madeira  on 

Laurus.  laurinus  Lindgr. 

bb.  Pygidium  without  plates  in  median  incisura,  plates  in  second  in- 
cisurae,  and  pectinae  on  lateres,  arranged  0,  2,  2;  median  pair  of 
lobes  large,  prominent,  rounded,  crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  nearly  as  broad  as  median,  mesal  margin  straight,  lateral 
margin  oblique,  crenulate,  lobes  inconspicuous;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  arranged  in  four  indefinite  rows  on  each  side;  anus  five 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  same  distance  from  vulva; 
lateres  entire;  setae  small;  mesal  calles  separate,  distance  be- 
tween them  subequal  to  distance  between  each  mesal  and  lateral 
callis,  latter  oblique. — Targionia  graminellus  Ckll. — New  Mexico, 

Colorado  on  ?Hilaria,  Bouteloua graminellus  Ckll. 

aa.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  thickened  and  uniformly  crenulate; 
pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  broad  with  deep 
lateral  and  mesal  notches,  distal  margin  bluntly  rounded;  second 
pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  pointed,  large  lateral  notch;  pectinae 
subequal  in  length  to  median  lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2, 
10-11,  each  lateris  with  three  pectinae  adjacent  to  second  lobe  and 
7-8  short  bluntly  truncated  plates  distributed  along  margin  of  lateris. 
— This  species  is  similar  to  Spinaspidiotus  maeandrius  Lindgr. — 
South  Africa  on  Acioa,  Strychnos. undulatus  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  PARANEWSTEADIA 

Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  minute,  rounded;  second 
pair  of  lobes  three  times  as  long  as  median  pair,  slightly  constricted  at 
proximal  end,  spatulate,  lateral  notch;  pectinae  and  plates  present,  ar- 
ranged 0,  2,  7-8,  those  of  each  lateris  consisting  of  two  long  simple  spat- 
ulate plates  and  5-6  unapectinae,  second  incisura  with  plates. — Africa— 

maculata  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  CHORIZASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire;  quadrangular,  truncate; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  represented  by  slight  deeply  emargi- 
nate  projections,  producing  a  crenulate  appearance;  plates  and 
pectinae  wanting  in  median  incisura  and  on  lateres,  arranged  0,  2, 

0. — New  Mexico  on  Guterrezla guterriziae  Ckll.  &  Parr. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  notched. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  433 

b.    Pygidium  with  seven  or  eight  or  more  pectinae  or  plates  on  each 
lateris. 

c.    Pygidium  with  plates  on  lateres. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent  mesal 
and  lateral  notches,  quadrangular;  plates  wanting  in  median 
incisura,  arranged  in  two  groups  of  six  each  just  cephalad  of 
each  median  lobe,  separated  by  small  marginal  prominence; 
each  lateris  cephalad  of  median  lobe  thickened  for  short  dis- 
tance, irregularly  coarsely  crenulate;  anus  distant  from 
caudal  margin;  spiracerores  wanting. — Ceylon  from  galls  of 

Amorphococcus  mesuae. cuculus  Green. 

dd.    Pygidium   with  each  median  lobe   only  with  prominent  lat- 
eral notch. 

e.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  and  plates  of  lateres  one-fourth 
longer  than  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular, 
prominent,  projecting,  longer  than  broad,  adjacent,  lat- 
eral margin  straight  to  convex,  prominent  lateral  notches 
only,  one  or  two;  each  lateris  with  5-7  plates,  very  long, 
much  longer  than  lobes,  curved,  located  adjacent  to  lobes 
in  positions  for  incisurae  on  lateres;  setae  long  and  slender, 
as  long  as  plates;  anus  large,  slightly  over  twice  its  width 
from  caudal  margin  and  about  three  times  from  vulva; 
incisurae  may  have  densariae. — Diaspis  (Epidiaspis)  con- 
spicua  Brain. — South  Africa  on  Acacia,  Gardenia,  privet.. _ 

conspicus  Brain. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  of  lateres  subequal  to  or 
shorter  than  lobes,  usually  with  plates,  at  most  furca- 
pectinae;  anus  four  times  its  width  from  proximal  ends 
of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  mesal  mar- 
gins adjacent,  prominent  lateral  and  faint  distal  notches; 
plates  all  shorter  than  lobes,  stout,  some  rarely  furcate, 
placed  adjacent  to  lobes;  setae  slightly  longer  than  lobes, 
five  on  each  side;  calles  distinct. — Targionia  celtis  Her- 

rick.   cueroensis  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  subquadrangular,  longer  than  wide,  single  mesal  and 
two  or  more  lateral  notches;  each  lateris  with  eight  to  ten 
furcapectinae  and  plates  intermixed,  very  long  and  slender, 
some  longer  than  lobes,  located  adjacent  to  lobe;  lateres  finely 
serrate  cephalad  of  pectinae;  setae  of  two  lengths,  one  lot  long, 
nearly  as  long  as  lobes,  other  lot  minute,  not  projecting  beyond 
margin. — South  Africa  on  Euphorbia spiniger  Lindgr. 

b.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  with  anus  ten  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin; 
vulva  more  distant  from  anus  than  anus  from  caudal  margin; 
median  pair  of  lobes  subquadrangular,  slight  lateral  notch, 
distal  end  angular,  as  broad  as  long,  prominent,  projecting; 
pectinae  shorter  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  three  on  each  lat- 
eris, latapectinae,  wanting  in  median  incisura;  setae  as  long 


434  THE   COCCIDAE 

as  lobes;   dorsal  oraceratubae  few,  not  in  longitudinal  rows. — 

Australia  on  Casuarina. Widens  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  anus  four  times  its  width  from  caudal  mar- 
gin; median  pair  of  lobes  large,  elongate,  convergent,  lateral 
margin  oblique,  two  deep  notches;  plates,  rarely  furcapectinae, 
six  on  each  lateris,  arranged  in  two  or  three  groups  of  two 
plates  each,  one  near  each  median  lobe,  two  short  distance 
cephalad,  third  still  farther  cephalad,  wanting  in  median  in- 
cisura;  lateres  crenulate;  setae  long  and  stout,  as  long  as  or 

longer  than  lobes. — Canary  Islands  on  Argyranthemum 

canariensi?  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  REMOTASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  not  projecting  much  be- 
yond general  contour  of  pygidial  margin,  close  together,  distal 
ends  practically  contiguous,  broad  and  obliquely  truncate;  pectinae 
apparently  wanting,  two  minute  plates  adjacent  to  lobe;  each  lateris 
bluntly  serrulate,  small  projection  near  lobe,  four  much  larger  prom- 
inent ones  at  considerable  distance  cephalad  of  caudal  projection; 
anus  oval,  about  six  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  four 
times  from  vulva;  surface  striate  with  rows  of  small  round  dorsal 
oraceratubae. — French  Bay,  Bruce  Peninsula,  Shores  of  Lake  Huron, 
Canada  on  Arctostaphylos  and  California  on  Grindelia,  Briophyllum, 

Corethrogyne.  dearnessi  Ckll. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  not  projecting  beyond 
general  contour  of  pygidial  margin,  contiguous,  distal  ends  oblique 
with  mesal  angle  produced;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  want- 
ing; each  lateris  serrate  with  two  inconspicuous  rounded  projec- 
tions located  cephalad  where  a  lobe  would  be  expected;  plates  lim- 
ited to  two,  short  but  easily  distinguished  just  cephalad  of  each 
median  lobe;  setae  normal;  anal  opening  large,  four  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin;  dorsal  surface  striate  with  rows  of  oracera- 
tubae, much  less  conspicuous  than  in  preceeding  species. — New  South 
Wales  on  Chenopodium.  chenopodii  Marl. 

SPECIES   OF   CHENTRASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  into  single  rectangular  lobe, 
twice  as  broad  as  long,  margin  notched;  pectinae  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged in  three  groups  near  lobe,  arranged  2-2-1,  separated  by  indenta- 
tions, unapectinae;  setae  stout,  nearly  as  long  as  pectinae;  each  lat- 
eris cephalad  of  pectinae  finely  striate  or  undulate. — Australia  on 
Acacia.  unilobus  Mask, 

SPECIES  OF  HEMIBERLESIA 

a.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
b.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 

c.  Pygidium  never  with  more  than  four,  usually  two  or  three, 
pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 

d.     Pygidium  with  unapectinae  on  each  lateris. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  435 

e.  Pygidium  with  densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae 
subequal;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangular,  mesal 
and  lateral  notches,  distant,  distal  margin  bluntly  rounded; 
second  pair  of  lobes  small,  spear-shaped,  often  with  lat- 
eral notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  narrow,  spiniform,  pointed, 
entire;  pectinae  slightly  larger  than  lobes,  long  slender 
unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3-4;  anus  about  its  width 

from  proximal  ends  of  lobes. — South  Africa 

mitchelli  Marl. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae 
not  subequal;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quadrangular, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  distal  margin  round- 
ed between  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  small, 
triangular,  attenuate  at  distal  end,  pointed;  pectinae 
longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those 
cephalad  of  each  median  lobe  longer  and  broader,  deeply 
lacinate,  unapectinae;  densariae  large,  prominent,  mesal 
margin  of  third  incisurae  larger  than  lateral;  setae  long; 
each  lateris  near  middle  with  two  tooth-like  projections; 
anus  over  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  spiracerores 

wanting. — Mansa,  Africa  on  Trichilia. clegans  Lindgr. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  plates  or  furcapectinae  on  each  lateris. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  well  de- 
veloped. 

f.    Anus  from  one  to  one  and  one-half  times  its  width  dis- 
tant from  caudal  margin. 

g.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and 
lateral  notches  or  sinuate,  quadrangular,  projecting, 
mesal  margins  parallel  or  slightly  convergent,  lateral 
margins  straight  or  curved;  second  and  third  pairs 
of  lobes  minute,  bluntly  pointed,  entire;  pectinae  ir- 
regular, pectinae  and  plates  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2-3, 
those  of  median  incisurae  furcapectinae  and  of 
other  incisurae  unapectinae,  each  lateris  with 
plates  or  furcapectinae;  anus  one  and  one-half 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  over 
five  times  its  width  from  vulva;  lateral  and 
mesal  margins  of  densariae  subequal;  calles  all 
separate.  —  Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst.,  Aspidiotus 
euonymi  Targ.,  Aspidiotus  lucumae  Ckll.  —  United 
States,  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Brazil,  Europe,  Hawaiian 
Islands,  South  Africa,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
Ceylon  on  Camellia,  Fuchsia,  Eucalyptus,  Acacia, 
Myoparum,  Thamnus,  Cercis,  Coprosoma,  cotton- 
wood,  walnut,  willow,  maple,  birch,  holly,  laurel, 
olive,  fig,  almond,  orange,  lemon,  apple,  pear,  quince, 

tea,  etc.   camelliae  Sign. 

gg.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral 
notch  only,  lobes  prominent,  projecting,  distal  end 
bluntly  rounded,  mesal  margins  straight,  subadjacent; 


436  THE   COCCIDAE 

second  pair  of  lobes  minute,  bluntly  pointed,  entire; 
third  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  second,  pointed,  pec- 
tinae  and  plates  subequal  in  length  to  median  pair  of 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2-3,  those  of  median  incisura 
and  each  lateris  slender  plates,  those  of  second  and 
third  incisurae  longest,  f  urcapectinae ;  densariae  of 
second  incisurae  larger  than  those  of  third,  wanting 
in  median;  anus  large,  about  its  own  width  from 

caudal  margin. — Argentina  on  Ophryoporus 

argentina  Leon. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  anus  large,  over  three  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  quad- 
rangular, deep  lateral  and  mesal  notches,  distal  margin 
strongly  convexly  rounded  between  notches;  second  pair 
of  lobes  small,  rounded,  inconspicuous;  third  pair  of 
lobes  rounded,  smaller  than  second  pair,  inconspicuous; 
pectinae  not  deeply  lacinate,  about  as  long  as  median 
pair  of  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2-3,  those  of  third  in- 
cisurae and  of  lateres  either  not  deeply  lacinate  or 
plates,  one  of  each  third  incisura  much  larger  than 
others;  densariae  prominent,  those  of  second  incisurae 
larger  than  those  of  third,  mesal  and  lateral  margins 
subequal;  spiracerores  wanting;  each  lateris  on  caudal 
portion  with  short  plate-like  projections;  pygidium  of 
second  nymphal  female  similar  to  adult. — Tanga,  Africa 

on  Tectona. tectonae  Lindgr. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  not  well  developed, 
margin  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  represented  by  sim- 
ple lobe  of  border  of  pygidium;  third  pair  of  lobes  spini- 
form;  pectinae  f  urcapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2;  pectinae 
of  median  incisura  but  little  longer  than  median  lobes, 
others  successively  longer,  those  of  each  lateris  twice  as 
long  as  lobes,  formed  with  mesal  fork  much  longer  than 

lateral. — France  on  Psamma provincialis  Vayss. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  five  to  seven  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

d.  Pygidium  with  densariae  in  median  incisura;  median  pair  of 
lobes  subquadrangular,  longer  than  broad,  entire,  truncately 
rounded,  distant;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  much 
smaller,  short,  entire,  bluntly  rounded;  pectinae  elongate, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  median  pair  of  lobes,  deeply  lacinate, 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  5-6,  those  of  each  lateris  very  deeply 
lacinate;  anus  about  four  times  its  width  distant  from  caudal 
margin;  setae  of  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  long, 
longer  than  lobes;  densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae 

typical. — Canary  Islands  on  Euphorbia. taorensis  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  not  with  densariae  in  median  incisura;  median 
pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  subadjacent  at  proximal  end, 
bluntly  rounded,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
large  and  distinct,  smaller  than  median  pair,  bluntly  pointed, 
indistinct  lateral  notch;  pectinae  elongate,  distinctly  longer 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  437 

than  median  lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  those  of  each  third  in- 
cisura  and  of  lateris  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7,  those 
of  each  lateris  longer  than  others;  anus  over  four  times 
its  width  distant  from  caudal  margin;  setae  slightly  longer 
than  lobes;  densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae  typical. 

— Canary  Islands  on  Dracaena. tinerfensis  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 

c.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  of  second  and  third  incisurae 

longer  than  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distinct  mesal  and 
lateral  notches,  quadrangular,  large,  distal  end  bluntly  round- 
ed; second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape,  about  one-half  size 
of  median;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  pointed;  pectinae  sub- 
equal  in  length  to  median  pair  of  lobes,  those  of  second  and 
third  incisurae  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0;  each  lateris 
crenulate  with  two  or  three  distant  truncated  plate-like  pro- 
jections; dorsal  oraceratubae  present. — Abyssinia  on  Aloe 

mammillaris  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  large;  second 
and  third  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  those  of  third  pair 
dentiform;  pectinae  small  and  delicate,  arranged  2,  2,  2-3,  0; 
dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous;  cephalic  end  of  pygidium  with 
two  transverse  calles,  mesal  and  lateral  evidently  fused. — 

Algeria   on   Ephedra.   trabuti   Marchal. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  of  second  and  third  incisurae 
notably  much  shorter  than  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes, 
those  of  third  incisurae  larger  and  with  some  notches,  ap- 
parently arranged  2,  2,  3,  0;  median  pair  of  lobes  projecting; 
second  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  mesal  side  parallel  with  meson, 
lateral  side  oblique,  continuous  with  margin  of  pygidium; 
third  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  form  to  second,  but  smaller  and 
more  obtuse;  setae  long,  extending  much  beyond  lobes;  para- 
physes  wanting;  bundle  of  long  and  straight  ceratubae  on  each 
side  of  pygidium. — South  Tunis  on  Nitraria.__nifrarioe  Marchal. 

.     Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
b.     Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 
c.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  in  incisurae. 

d.  Pygidium  with  mesal  densariae  of  second  incisurae  larger 
than  lateral,  its  cephalo-lateral  angle  produced;  median  pair 
of  lobes  subquadrangular,  mesal  margins  strongly  convergent, 
lateral  and  distal  margins  rounded,  prominent  lateral  notch; 
second  and  third  pair  of  lobes  minute,  triangular,  second 
pair  much  broader  than  third;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  ar- 
ranged 0,  2,  3,  4-5,  those  of  each  lateris  and  of  incisurae  una- 
pectinae; cephalic  end  with  four  calles;  setae  long  and 
slender. — Canada,  District  of  Columbia,  Mexico,  Demerara 

on  basswood,  lilac diffinis  Newst. 

dd.    Pygidium   with   mesal   and   lateral   margins   of  densariae   of 


438  THE   COCCIDAE 

second     incisurae     subequal     and     symmetrical. — Mexico     on 
"Barenjeno  Chiquito." diffinis  parrotti  Newell. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  plates  in  incisurae;  median  pair  of  lobes  promi- 
nent, nearly  as  long  as  broad,  mesal  margins  subadjacent,  lat- 
eral notch,  sometimes  wanting;  second  pair  of  lobes  longer 
than  broad,  sometimes  with  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes 
inconspicuous,  small,  pointed;  second  and  third  incisurae  with 
densariae,  mesal  margin  longest  and  stouter  than  lateral; 
plates  in  incisurae  small,  furcapectinae  and  one  plate  on  lateres, 
arranged  0,  1,  2,  6,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  3-1-1-1,  plate 
at  cephalic  end,  swollen  at  proximal  end;  anus  about  seven 
times  its  width  from  caudal  margin  and  about  twelve  times 
from  vulva;  mesal  calles  fused,  distant  from  lateral  calles,  each 
of  latter  only  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad. — Cuba  on 
Faberna.  fabernii  Houser. 

bb.  Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  lateres,  arranged  0,  1,  0, 
0;  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  broader  than  long,  two  mesal  and 
one  lateral  notch,  bluntly  rounded;  second  and  third  pairs  of 
lobes  small,  crenulate,  rounded,  inconspicuous;  lateres  crenulate; 
setae  long,  projecting  beyond  median  pair  of  lobes;  mesal  calles 
fused  and  widely  separated  from  lateral  calles;  anus  near  caudal 
margin;  densariae  of  second  and  third  incisurae  distinct,  want- 
ing between  median  pair  of  lobes. Canary  Islands  on  Laurus, 

Apollonias.  aonidioides  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  COMSTOCKASPIS 
a.    Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notch,  distal  end 
broadly  rounded,  mesal  margins  not  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  only  slightly  projecting,  distal  margin  broadly  emarginate 
or  with  broad  lateral  notch;  plates  small,  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those 
of  each  lateris  arranged  in  two  groups,  one  group  associated  third 
densariae  and  a  group  of  three  pectinae  located  cephalad  of  ce- 
phalic group  of  plates. — Aspidiotus  perniciosus  albopunctatus 
Ckll.,  Aspidiotus  perniciosus  andromelas  Ckll. — Canada,  United 
States,  Chili,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Japan,  China,  Australia,  Germany 
on  apple,  pear,  peach,  quince,  apricot,  plum,  walnut,  almond,  pop- 
lar, chestnut,  sumac,  catalpa,  willow,  osage-orange,  linden,  ash, 
elm,  dogwood,  orange,  lemon,  elder,  maple,  rose,  currant,  raspberry, 
pecan,  milkweed,  spruce,  cedar,  etc. perniciosa  Comst. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral  notch. 

c.  Pygidium  with  six  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  pectinae  long,  well 
developed,  much  longer  than  setae,  arranged  2,  2,  6,  those  of 
each  lateris  unapectinae,  deeply  lacinate;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  projecting,  constricted  at  proximal  end,  triangular, 
strongly  emarginate  on  lateral  margin,  small  notch  on  mesal 
margin;  second  pair  of  lobes  subadjacent  to  median,  similar  in 
form,  much  smaller,  single  lateral  notch;  dorsal  oraceratubae 
in  longitudinal  rows. — South  Algeria  on  Zill&.—seurati  Marchal. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  439 

cc.  Pygidium  with  nine  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  pectinae  long, 
longer  than  median  lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  9, 
those  of  each  lateris  unapectinae,  not  as  deeply  lacinate  as 
others,  forming  group  cephalad  of  second  lobe;  median  pair  of 
lobes  qaudrangular,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  deep  lateral  and 
mesal  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  deep 
lateral  and  faint  mesal  notches,  bluntly  pointed;  each  side  of 
pygidium  near  cephalic  portion  of  lateres  with  group  of  19-32 
dorsal  oraceratubae.— South  Africa  on  Ehretia,  Anacardiaceae, 

Illigera,  Mitrangune.  replicata  Lindgr. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  three  plates  on  each  lateris,  plates  arranged  0,  2,  3; 
median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  large,  broad  and  short,  bluntly  round- 
ed, lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  short,  broad,  pointed,  subobso- 
lete;  two  pairs  of  densariae,  well  formed,  pyriform,  lateral  margin 
of  each  second  densaria  largest;  anus  over  three  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin  and  five  times  from  vulva. — New  Mexico,  Cali- 
fornia on  pinus,  Libocedrus,  Cupressus conifcrarum  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  CHEMNASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinct,  broader  than  long,  mesal 
and  lateral  notches;  densariae  in  second  and  third  incisurae,  wanting 
in  median  incisura,  subequal;  plates  arranged  2,  5  to  several,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged,  two  in  each  second  incisura,  three  in  third  in- 
cisura, and  several  on  each  lateris;  setae  longer  than  lobes;  dorsal  ora- 
ceratubae few;  anus  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  living  in  galls 
on  leaves. — District  of  Columbia,  Georgia,  Mississippi  on  Liquidambar.— 

liquidaml)aris  Kotinsky. 

SPECIES  OF  HENDASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  densariae  of  second  incisurae  normal  in  length,  never 
greatly  elongated. 

b. Pygidium  with  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 
c.    Pygidium  with  plates  in  median  incisura. 
d.    Pygidium  with  densariae  in  median  incisurae;   median  pair 
of  lobes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  broad,  rectangular,  mesal 
and  lateral  margins  straight,  angles  prominent;  two  plates  in 
median  incisura  and  five  pectinae  and  three  short  plates  on 

each  lateris. — Mexico. tricolor  Ckll. 

dd.    Pygidium  not  with  densariae  in  median  incisura. 

e.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
mesal  margins  parallel,  not  converging,  quadrangular,  dis- 
tal end  bluntly  rounded,  distinct  lateral  and  faint  mesal 
notches;  densariae  of  second  incisurae  large,  subequal  in 
length,  those  of  third  incisurae  much  smaller,  subequal; 
plates  minute,  inconspicuous,  arranged  2,  2-1;  mesal  calles 
strongly  thickened,  near  together,  distant  from  oblique 
lateral  calles;  anus  large,  about  twice  its  own  width  from 
caudal  margin. — South  Africa  on  Robinia.__c/ricanws  Marl, 
ee.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
distant,  mesal  margins  converging,  rounded,  broadest  at 


440  THE   COCCIDAE 

middle,  edges  obscurely  crenulate;  pectinae  large,  narrow, 
longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  11,  those  of  each  lateris 
close  together;  anus  circular,  located  near  proximal  ends 
of  lobes;  second  and  third  incisurae  with  densariae. — Mex- 
ico on  Cupressus. cupressi  Ckll. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  in  median  incisura,  pectinae  distinct, 
comb-like,  not  notched,  form  of  rounded  knife-blades,  arranged 
2, 10,  those  of  median  incisura  and  of  each  lateris  formed  and  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  make  perfect  contour  with  lobes;  median  pair 
of  lobes  large,  others  wanting;  cephalic  end  of  pygidium  with 

three  transverse  calles. — Senegal,  Africa  on  Balanites 

vuilleti  Marchal. 
bb.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 

c.  Pygidium  with  about  eight  plates,  adjacent  to  median  lobe,  on 
each  lateris;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distal  end 
truncately  rounded,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  den- 
sariae marking  position  of  second  and  third  incisurae,  mesal 
margin  of  densariae  of  second  incisurae  much  longer  than  lat- 
eral; mesal  and  lateral  calles  distinct,  subequal  in  length,  eqi- 
distant  from  each  other. — Illinois,  New  York,  Kansas,  Japap 
on  elm,  Catalpa,  Cycas. ulmi  Johns. 

cc.    Pygidium  never  with  eight  plates  on  each  lateris  adjacent  to 

third  lobe,  usually  few  in  number. 

d.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  two  prominent 
lateral  notches,  mesal  angle  of  each  protuberant  and  round- 
ed, mesal  notches  wanting;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
marked  by  densariae;  mesal  margin  of  densariae  of  each  sec- 
ond incisura  but  little  longer  than  lateral;  much  broader,  den- 
sariae of  third  incisurae  not  prominent;  plates  inconspicuous; 
mesal  calles  subhyaline,  inconspicuous,  lateral  calles  dis- 
tinct.— Transcaspian  Russia  on  Populus.  transcaspiensis  Marl. 
dd.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  each  with  single 
prominent  lateral  notch,  mesal  margins  straight,  distant,  dis- 
tal ends  bluntly  rounded;  plates  and  pectinae  inconspicuous, 
not  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  ar- 
ranged 1-1,  cephalic  one  a  pectina;  densariae  large,  mesal  and 
lateral  margins  subequal;  setae  large,  prominent,  longer  than 

lobes. — not  Aspidiotus  alni  Marchal. — Austria  on  Quercus 

alni  Lindgr. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  densariae  of  second  incisurae  with  mesal  side  great'y 
elongated,  straight,  enlarged  at  apex,  club-shaped,  lateral  margin 
shorter  and  only  slightly  enlarged,  mesal  margin  inversely  carrot- 
shaped;  densariae  of  third  incisurae  subequal;  median  pair  of  lobes 
with  two  small  proximal  processes;  median  pair  of  lobes  rather  long, 
rounded,  sometimes  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes  usually  slightly 
doubly  concave;  setae  fairly  large;  plates  minute,  spine-like,  hardly 
to  be  seen,  not  detectable  according  to  Newell;  anus  near  caudal 
margin,  transverse;  dorsal  oraceratubae  present. — Mexico  on  Caesal- 
pina.  sttbstmiHs  Ckll. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  441 

SPECIES  OF  CLAVASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
prominent,  lateral  margin  oblique,  adjacent,  distal  ends  rounded; 
densariae  prominent,  mesal  margin  of  those  of  second  incisurae 
over  three  times  as  long  as  lateral  margin,  cephalic  end  greatly 
enlarged,  rounded,  ball-like,  densariae  of  third  incisurae  small,  nor- 
mal in  form;  plates  small,  inconspicuous,  arranged  0,  8-9,  those  of 
each  lateris  arranged  2-2-2-2  or  3,  two  in  second  incisurae,  two  in 
third  incisurae,  two  just  cephalad  of  third  incisurae,  and  two  or 
three  farther  cephalad;  setae  long,  slender,  about  as  long  as  lobes; 
anus  longer  than  broad,  distant  five  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin  and  sixteen  or  more  times  from  vulva. — Aspidiotus  subsimi- 

lis  anonae  Houser. — Florida,  Peru  on  Mangifera,  Anone 

anonae  Houser. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  prominent  lateral  notch, 
large,  subadjacent,  distal  ends  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  inconspicuous;  densarie  of  second  incisurae  large,  prominent, 
those  of  mesal  margin  much  broader,  three  or  more  times  as  long 
as  lateral,  rounded,  club-shaped,  those  of  third  incisurae  subequal 
in  length,  small,  swollen;  plates  small,  inconspicuous,  arranged 
0,  2,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  in  two  groups,  one  in  third 
incisurae  and  two  much  shorter  ones  some  distance  cephalad;  anus 
distant  about  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  setae  longer  than 
plates. — Society  Islands. herculeana  Doane  &  Hadden. 

SPECIES   OF   PELOMPHALA 

a.  Pygidium  with  nine  pairs  of  paraphyses;  body  with  cephalic  portion 
on  each  side  with  tooth-like  projection. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  notch,  narrow 
in  form,  pointed,  near  together,  not  touching;  second,  third,  and 
fourth  pairs  of  lobes  broader  than  median,  similar,  except  second 
and  third  have  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  fourth  serrate;  each 
lateris  crenulate,  with  about  five  small  prominences;  plates  short 
and  inconspicuous;  paraphyses  in  nine  pairs,  seven  short  and  two 
long  pairs,  short  ones  considerably  longer  than  lobes. — Chrysompha- 

lus  calurnus  Ckll.—  Mexico  on  Crataegus. calurna  Ckll. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distinct  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches,  quadrangular,  broadly  rounded  between  notches, 
mesal  and  lateral  margins  parallel,  distant;  second,  third,  and 
fourth  pairs  of  lobes  with  mesal  margin  longer  than  lateral,  distal 
margin  oblique,  notched,  second  pair  broader  than  median, 
others  successively  broader;  each  lateris  coarsely,  irregularly 
toothed;  plates  shorter  than  lobes,  inconspicuous,  arranged  0,  0, 
2,  2,  0;  paraphyses  in  nine  pairs,  sixth  pair  short  and  third  pair 
long,  second,  fifth,  and  eighth  pairs  long,  third  and  ninth  pairs 
subequal,  slightly  shorter  than  subequal  first  and  sixth  pairs  and 
slightly  shorter  than  fourth;  anus  located  near  middle  of  pygi- 
dium;  calles  continuous,  united  with  lateral  thickenings;  body 
with  margin  more  or  less  strongly  and  finely  crenulate.— British 
Guiana  on  Avicennia. apicata  Newst. 


442  THE   COCCIDAE 

aa.  Pygidium  with,  four  pairs  of  paraphyses;  lobes  in  four  pau-o,  median 
pair  entire,  second  pair  with  single  notch,  third  pair  minutely  ser- 
rate with  four  notches,  and  fourth  pair  broad  and  serrate;  each  lat- 
eris  with  three  small  prominences;  anus  located  considerable  dis- 
tance from  caudal  margin. — New  Mexico  on  Quercus lilacina  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  MYCETASPIS 

Body  with  broad,  rotund,  cephalic,  constricted,  head-like  area;  median 
pair  of  lobes  triangular,  entire  or  faintly  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes 
broad,  shorter  than  median,  one  or  more  notches;  third  pair  of  lobes 
as  broad  as  second,  distal  margin  dentate;  plates  short,  rudimentary, 
arranged  1,  2,  2,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  not  longer  than  third  lobe, 
one  of  median  incisura  deeply  bifurcate;  each  lateris  with  three  broad, 
serrate,  lobe-like  projections  on  caudal  half;  paraphyses  arranged  in 
four  pairs,  first  pair  longest,  associated  with  second  incisurae,  second 
pair  with  third  incisurae,  slightly  shorter  than  first,  third  and  fourth 
pairs  near  together,  associated  with  cephalic  end  of  third  lobe. — West 
Indies,  Mexico,  Guiana,  England  on  orange,  Areca,  Sabol,  Jasminum, 

plantain,  banana,  mango,  fig,  Tillandosia,  Anacardium 

personata  Comst. 

SPECIES  OF  PARAONIDIELLA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  narrow,  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  and 
lateral  margins  subparallel;  second  pair  of  lobes  much  broader  than 
long,  deeply  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets  truncate- 
ly  rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  short,  wider  than  mesal  lobelet,  sub- 
truncate;  pectinae  short,  broad  distapectinae,  not  projecting  beyond 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  0;  each  lateris  irregularly  indented  with  very 
large  prominent  seta  near  middle  of  its  length;  paraphyses  arranged 
in  eight  pairs,  eighth  pair  longest,  third  pair  next  in  length,  others 
much  shorter. — Australia,  Natal,  south  Africa  on  Cladium,  Lepido- 
sperma,  Xerotes,  sedges,  aloe cladii  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  AONIDIELLA 
a.    Pygidium  with  seven  or  eight  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

b.  Pygidium  with  nine  pairs  of  paraphyses,  second,  fifth,  and  ninth 
pairs  subequal  and  longest,  seventh  pair  one-fourth  shorter  than 
ninth  and  next  in  length,  first,  third,  sixth,  and  eighth  pairs  sub- 
equal  and  slightly  shorter  than  seventh,  fourth  pair  one-third  short- 
er than  third  and  shortest;  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long, 
rounded,  slightly  oblique;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar, 
subequal,  lateral  margins  oblique,  crenulate;  lateres  with  lobe- 
like  projections;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  furcapec- 
tinae,  arranged  1,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  adjacent  to  third 

lobe. — South  Africa  on  Acacia  (not  Mimosa) phenax  Ckll. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  less  than  nine  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

c.  Pygidium  with  eight  pairs  of  paraphyses,  second  pair  one-half 
length  of  first,  slightly  longer  or  subequal  to  second,  third, 
fifth,  sixth,  and  eighth  pairs  longest  and  slightly  longer  than 
subequal  first  and  seventh;  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  one 
or  more  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  443 

broad,  lateral  margin  strongly  oblique,  dentate,  mesal  angle 
bluntly  rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  second  pair; 
pectinae  short,  inconspicuous  furcapectinae  or  plates,  arranged 

0  2,  2,  2;  each  lateris  with  indentations. — Mexico  on  Mimosa 

mimosae  Comst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  seven  pairs  of  paraphyses,  second  pair  longer 
than  first  or  third,  fourth  and  sixth  pairs  longest,  slightly 
longer  than  second,  fifth  pair  slightly  shorter  than  second  and 
longer  than  first  and  seventh;  median  pair  of  lobes  subquad- 
rangular,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
smaller,  subquadrangular,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  third  pair 
of  lobes  broader  than  long,  bluntly  pointed,  lateral  margin 
crenulate;  lateres  irregularly  toothed  and  crenulate;  pectinae 
comparatively  broad  distapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of 
each  lateris  furcapectinae. — District  of  Columbia,  Georgia,  Cali- 
fornia on  maple,  apple teneltricoa  Comst. 

.    Pygidium  with  six  or  less  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
b.    Pygidium  with  five  or  six  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

c.  Pygidium  with  second  and  third  pairs  of  paraphyses  subequal 
and  longer  than  fourth,  first,  fourth,  and  sixth  pairs  subequal, 
all  short. 

d.  Scale  of  adult  female  reddish  or  brownish;  median  pair  of 
lobes  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
similar  in  shape,  mesal  and  lateral  notches  or  lateral  mar- 
gin oblique  and  crenulate;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar,  lateral 
and  sometimes  mesal  notches;  pectinae  subequal  in  length 
to  lobes,  median  and  second  incisurae  with  narrow  dista- 
pectinae, others  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3;  calles  four 
in  number. — New  York,  Florida,  Ohio,  California,  West 
Indies,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Fiji,  Samoa,  New  Caledonia, 
New  Zealand,  Australia,  Japan,  China,  Ceylon,  Mauritius, 
south  Africa,  Syria,  southern  Europe  on  orange,  lemon, 
cocoanut,  fig,  olive,  agave,  plum,  rose,  pear,  quince,  apple, 

willow,  oak,  grape,  etc. aurantii  Mask. 

dd.     Scale  of  adult  female  always  yellowish  in  color,  insects  on 
leaves     of     fruit     only. — California,     Japan     on     Euonymus, 

Aucuba,  orange. aurantii  citrina  Coq. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  second  pair  of  paraphyses  longer  than  third 
and  distinctly  shorter  than  fourth,  longest,  fifth  and  sixth 
pairs  subequal  or  shorter  than  third,  first  and  third  pairs  sub- 
equal;  median  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral 
notches,  broader  .than  long;  second  pair  of  lobes  narrower 
than  median,  deep  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  smaller 
than  second,  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  notch  distinct;  pectinae 
arranged  2,  2,  3,  6,  those  of  lateres  unapectinae,  others  dista- 
pectinae.—Italy  on  Taxus taxa  Leon. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  less  than  five  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
c.     Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses. 


444  THE   COCCIDAE 

d.    Pygidium    never   with   long   fusiform    mesal    paraphyses   ex- 
tending to  and  sometimes  cephalad  of  anus, 
e.    Pygidium  with  second   pair  of  paraphyses   longest,   twice 
as  long  as  third,  shortest,  first  and  fourth  pairs  interme- 
diate and  subequal;  median  pair  of  lobes  broadly  rounded, 
broader  than  long,  entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
broader    than    median,    short,     emarginate    or    irregularly 
notched;   plates  short,  not  longer  than  lobes,  arranged   2, 

2,  2,  2;   lateres  crenulate. — England  on  pine-apple 

bromeUae  Leon. 

ee.  Pygidium  with  first  and  second  pairs  of  paraphyses  sub- 
equal  and  twice  as  long  as  subequal  third  and  fourth 
pairs;  paraphyses  large,  conspicuous,  knobbed  at  cephalic 
end;  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  adjacent,  bluntly 
pointed,  lateral  margin  longest,  deeply  notched;  second 
pair  of  lobes  triangular,  minute,  entire;  third  pair  of  lobes 
similar,  smaller;  pectinae  subequal  in  length  to  median 
pair  of  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2-3;  setae  long,  as  long  as 
pectinae;  anus  small,  over  five  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin;  mesal  calles  fused,  lateral  calles  short  and  dis- 
tant from  mesal. — Northern  Australia  on  Ficus 

subcuticularis  Green. 

dd.  Pygidium  always  with  long  fusiform  mesal  paraphysis  ex- 
tending to  or  beyond  anus,  other  paraphyses  situated,  two 
on  median  lobes,  mesal  two-thirds  length  of  lateral,  one  more 
or  less  club-shaped,  much  longer  and  stouter  than  first  two, 
situated  just  laterad  of  median  lobe,  and  similar  one  at  mesal 
side  of  proximal  end  of  second  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  quite  broad,  united  except  distal  third,  distinct  lateral 
notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  scarcely  broader,  oblique,  mi- 
nutely serrate,  bearing  about  five  teeth,  separated  from  me- 
dian lobe  by  space  equal  to  width  of  both  median  lobes;  third 
pair  of  lobes  about  two-thirds  width  of  second,  similar  in 
shape,  serrate  with  about  three  teeth;  furcapeotinae  ar- 
ranged 1,  ?5,  3,  ?,  and  several  plates  of  varying  length  on 
lateres;  thorax  separated  from  abdomen  by  lateral  inden- 
ture.— India.  minuta  Kotinsky. 

cc.    Pygidium  with  less  than  four  pairs  of  paraphyses. 
d.    Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

e.  Pygidium  with  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  pectinae  subequal 
in  length  with  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  those  of  each 
lateris  unapectinae,  longer  than  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  elongate,  constricted  on  proximal  portion,  distal  por- 
tion bluntly  rounded,  florate,  faint  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  third 
pair  slightly  smaller;  all  three  pairs  of  paraphyses  sub- 
equal,  on  mesal  side  of  proximal  end  of  each  lobe. — Ceylon 
on  Phyllanthus. laprobana  Green. 

ee.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  on  each  lateris. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  445 

f.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
narrow,  rounded;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  broader 
than  long,  lateral  margin  oblique,  notched;  pectinae  not 
longer  than  lobes,  furcapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  0; 
lateres  irregularly  dentate;  paraphyses  with  second  and 
third  pairs  subequal  in  length  and  two  or  more  times 
as  long  as  first  pair. — Massachusetts,  Galapagos  Islands 

on  smilax,  Croton.  smilacis  Comst. 

ff.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
somewhat  triangular,  distal  end  with  distinct  point, 
distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
narrower  than  median,  longer  than  broad,  convergent 
caudad,  distal  end  rounded  or  pointed,  distinct  lateral 
notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  long,  rounded  at 
distal  end,  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  mesal  sometimes 
faint;  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  of  lobes  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct, triangular,  serrated,  these  probably  projections; 
pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  0;  paraphyses  short,  club- 
shaped,  pair  located  opposite  second,  third,  and  fourth 
incisurae,  between  incisurae  named  and  between  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  with  a  chitinous  knob. — Ceylon  on 

Pothos.    pothi    Green. 

dd.    Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

e.  Pygidium  with  one  paraphysis  located  in  each  second  and 
third  incisura,  mesal  paraphyses  slightly  larger  than  lat- 
eral; three  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  broad,  truncately 
rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  me- 
dian and  larger  than  third;  third  pair  bluntly  rounded; 
pectinae  slender,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0;  lateres  strongly, 
irregularly  serrate;  vulva  located  some  distance  cephalad 
of  anus;  calles  distinct,  mesal  calles  fused. — Targionia 
glomerata  Green. — India  on  Saccharum.__0rZomerata  Green, 
ee.  Pygidium  with  paraphyses  located  two  in  each  second  in- 
cisura, mesal  about  twice  as  long  as  lateral  and  extending 
cephalad  beyond  level  of  anus;  two  pairs  of  lobes;  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  elongate,  mesal  margins  prac- 
tically contiguous,  distal  end  rounded,  strong  lateral 
notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  of  same  general  shape  as  me- 
dian, very  much  smaller,  more  pointed,  notch  stronger; 
each  lateris  short  distance  cephalad  of  second  lobe  with 
two  small  pointed  projections,  cephalad  of  these  three 
large  broad  strap-shaped  pectinae,  cephalad  of  these  two 
small  pointed  projections,  margin  cephalad  of  these  ser- 
rulate; vulva  located  some  distance  cephalad  of  anus. — 

Philippine   Islands  on  "rosal"   or  "campopot." 

tayabana  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  MONAONIDIELLA 
Pygidium    with    a   single   pair   of   paraphyses. 

b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  ends  rounded  and 
emarginate;  plates  short  and  spiniform;  each  lateris  serrate  with 


446  THE    COCCIDAE 

large  widely  forked  furcapectinae  near  median   lobe;   paraphyses 
two  in  number,  associated  with  median  pair  of  lobes. — Australia 

on  Acacia,  Templetonia.   cerata  Mask. 

bb.    Pygidium   with   median   pair   of  lobes   sharply  truncate,    without 
lacinations,  not  emarginate;  lateres  not  with  large  widely  forked 

furcapectinae. — West  Australia  on  Acacia. nivea  Fuller. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses;  median  pair  of  lobes  large, 
prominent,  strongly  convergent,  prominent  lateral  notch,  lateral 
margin  oblique,  distal  end  rounded;  median  incisura  narrow,  with- 
out plates;  indentation  marking  second  incisura  with  two  short 
plates  and  two  subequal  clavate  paraphyses,  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
median  lobe;  minute  projection  cephalad  of  second  incisura,  prob- 
ably representing  lobe,  cephalad  of  this  a  plate;  two  cephalic  para- 
physes of  each  side  adjacent,  clavate,  as  long  as  caudal  paraphyses; 
single  plate  cephalad  of  cephalic  paraphyses;  anus  distant  from 
caudal  margin;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few  and  inconspicuous. — Aus- 
tralia on  Acacia. subfervens  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  NEOLEONARDIA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  fused  into  a  single  lobe,  circular, 
entire;  each  lateris  with  four  stout  truncate  plates,  in  two  groups  of 
two  each,  separated  by  indentation,  another  indentation  cephalad  of 
cephalic  group  of  plates,  each  indentation  with  two  long  setae,  plates 
nearly  as  long  as  lobes;  paraphyses  four  in  number,  cephalic  portion 
swollen,  club-shaped,  mesal  paraphyses  longer  than  lateral,  shortest 
three  or  more  times  as  long  as  median  lobe;  caudal  portion  of  pygi- 

dium  constricted  and  margins  emarginate. — Australia  on  Eucalyptus 

extensa  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  GREENOIDEA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  short,  rounded,  faint  lateral  and 
mesal  notches;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  round- 
ed, smaller  than  median,  lateral  notch;  paraphyses  two  or  three  times 
as  long  as  wide,  attached  mesal  margin  of  second,  third,  and  fourth 
pairs  of  lobes;  proximal  ends  of  median  pair  of  lobes  prolonged;  calles 
present;  plates  or  pectinae  wanting;  anus  near  middle  of  pygidium. — 
Ceylon  on  Phyllanthus.  phyllanthi  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  MASKELLIA 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded  at  distal  end,  entire;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  notched  at  distal  end,  dis- 
tance between  them  three  times  distance  between  median  and  second 
lobe;  each  lateris  with  projections  at  middle;  setae  on  ventral  side  of 
proximal  end  of  lobes  and  lobe-like  projections  and  on  dorsal  side  of 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  and  lobe-like  projections;  anus  slight- 
ly nearer  caudal  than  cephalic  end  of  pygidium;  insects  forming  galls 
on  twigs. — West  Australia  on  Eucalyptus globosa  Fuller. 

SPECIES  OF  TARGASPIDIOTUS 

a.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  concave  at  distal  end;  thorax 
not  at  all   transversely  constricted. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  447 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  concave  at 
distal  end;  second  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  at  distal  end  as  at  proxi- 
mal; densariae  of  second  incisurae  with  mesal  margin  about  twice 
as  long  as  lateral. — Kansas  on  Andropogon,  Panicum,  Chrysopo- 
gon.  marlatti  Parr. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  lateral  mar- 
gin longest,  concave;  second  pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  median, 
similar  in  shape;  third  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  form,  much 
smaller;  second  and  third  incisurae  with  densariae,  mesal  margin 
longer  than  lateral;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  arranged  in 
three  rows;  anus  about  seven  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin 
and  about  twice  from  vulva. — Chrysomphalus  tonilensis  Ckll., 
Chrysomphalus  covilleae  Ferris. — New  Mexico,  Arizona  on  Yucca, 
Bigelowia,  Covillea. yuccarum  Ckll. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  never  concave  at  distal  end. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  bluntly  rounded, 
entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in  form,  subequal 
in  size,  all  about  as  broad  at  distal  as  at  proximal  end;  meso- 
spiracerores  6;  segments  of  preabdomen  with  numerous  large 
dorsal  oraceratubae. — Australia  on  Casuarina casuarinae  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  adjacent,  longer  than  wide, 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  narrower,  sides 
nearly  straight,  large  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  small, 
bluntly  pointed;  median  and  second  incisurae  narrow,  lobes 
adjacent  third  incisurae  broad;  plates  or  pectinae  wanting;  me- 
dian setae  inconspicuous,  others  prominent;  second  incisurae  ap- 
parently with  thickenings. — Australia  on  Dryandra 

dryandrae  Fuller. 

SPECIES  OF  PYGIDIASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  similar, 
broad,  short,  three  or  more  times  as  broad  as  long,  distal  margin 
obscurely  notched  on  each  side  and  slightly  projecting  between  notches, 
placed  close  together,  with  long  thickened  broad  paraphysis-like  pro- 
jections extending  cephalad  from  proximal  ends;  each  lateris  with 
three  broad  projections,  similar  in  form  to  lobes,  broader,  distal  margin 
faintly  crenulate,  without  paraphysis-like  projections,  cephalic  one  of 
each  side  smallest,  distance  between  it  and  median  one  twice  that  be 
tween  caudal  and  median;  conspicuous  translucent  curved  channel 
extending  cephalad  for  distance  equal  to  width  of  lobes;  anus  minute, 
located  between  channels. — Australia  on  cedar  logs cedri  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  TARGIONIA 
a.    Pygidium  with  strong  tooth-like  projections  on  each  lateris. 

b.    Pygidium  with  tooth-like  projections  of  lateres  arranged  in  pairs. 

c     Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distal  end  bluntly 

rounded,    quadrangular,    distant,    not    converging,    faint    mesal 

and    prominent    lateral    notches;    setae    small.— France,    Italy, 

Algiers  on  Vitis vitis  Si&n- 


448  THE    COCCIDAE 

cc.    Pygidium   with    median    pair    of   lobes    projecting,    distal    end 

truncate  or  subtruncate,  faint  lateral  notch. — Italy  on  Quercus. 

vitis  suberi  Leon. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  tooth-like  projections  of  lateres  not  arranged  in 
pairs. 

c.  Pygidium  with  two  tooth-like  projections  on  each  lateris,  simi- 
lar to  second  and  third  pair  of  lobes,  not  projecting  beyond 
general  contour  of  margin  of  pygidium;  lateres  very  oblique; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  convergent,  strongly  projecting; 
large  bifurcate  thickening  prolonged  inside  lobes  of  each  side 
to  anus;  marginal  setae  prominent;  pectinae  or  plates  wanting. 

— France  on  Alnus. alni  Marchal. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  three  tooth-like  projections  on  each  lateris,  be- 
coming successively  smaller  cephalad,  located  near  median 
lobes,  remainder  of  each  lateris  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes 
small,  rounded,  distinct  lateral  and  faint  mesal  notches,  near 
but  not  contiguous;  anus  located  four  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  pectinae  and  plates  wanting;  dorsal  oracera- 
tubae  few  in  number,  arranged  near  peripheral  margin. — 

Aonidia  juniperi  Marl. — Utah  on  Juniperus juniperi  Marl. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  strong  tooth-like  projections  on  lateres. 
b.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large  and  projecting. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  prominent,  project- 
ing, somewhat  convergent,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
setae  prominent,  two  located  between  median  pair  of  lobes  and 
five  on  each  lateris  in  two  groups,  three  near  median  lobe  and 
two  some  distance  cephalad  of  these. — France  on  Cineraria, 

Quercus.   nigra  Sign. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  prominent,  projecting,  dis- 
tant, subtriangular,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  notch; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  indicated  as  slight  triangular 
projections;  setae  prominent,  four  on  each  side,  one  on  each 
median  lobe  and  each  projection  indicating  second  and  third 
lobe  and  one  on  each  lateris;  anus  distant  from  caudal  mar- 
gin two  or  three  times  its  width. — Argentina  on  Fabiana 

fabianae  Leon. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  very  short,  not  projecting, 
distinct  lateral  and  mesal  notches  on  caudal  margin  with  mar- 
gin bluntly  pointed  and  projecting  between  them;  lateres  coarsely 
crenulate  with  these  undulations  finely  crenulate;  setae  minute; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes, 
median  pair  large  with  distinct  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes 
smaller  with  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  small,  triangular 
with  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  pectinae  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2-3-2-3. — Chrysomphalus  barbusano  Lindgr. — Canary  Is- 
lands on  Phoebe.  barbusano  Lindgr. 

SPECIES   OF   AFFIRMASPIS 

a.    Pygidium   with   densariae    distinct,    caudal   one   largest,   mesal   and 
lateral   margins  equal;    median  pair  of  lobes  large,  mesal  margins 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  449 

straight,  near  to  but  not  touching,  distal  and  lateral  margins 
convex,  lateral  angles  not  conspicuous,  faint  lateral  notch;  second 
pair  of  lobes  long,  longer  than  broad,  two  distal  notches,  mesal  mar- 
gin nearly  straight,  distal  and  lateral  contours  pointed;  setae,  par- 
ticularly of  each  lateris,  very  long,  longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes; 
each  lateris  with  broad,  blunt,  tooth-like  projections;  anus  located 
near  caudal  margin. — Sokotra,  Africa  on  Dracaena,  socotrana  Lindgr. 
aa.  Pygidium  with  densariae  distinct,  caudal  one  largest,  mesal  mar- 
gin much  larger,  nearly  twice,  than  lateral;  median  pair  of  lobes 
large,  mesal  margins  convex,  distant,  lateral  margin  oblique,  notched, 
distal  end  bluntly  rounded;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  median, 
much  smaller,  lateral  notch;  setae  prominent;  oach  lateris  without 
tooth-like  projections,  entire  or  finely  serrate;  anus  nine  times  its 
width  from  caudal  margin. — South  Africa  on  Ehretia. ehretiae  Brain. 

SPECIES   OF  TARGIONIDEA 

a.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  three  distinct  lateral 
notches,  large,  triangular,  subadjacent,  convergent;  densariae  want- 
ing in  median  incisura,  large,  two  margins  subequal  in  second  in- 
cisurae,  smaller  in  third,  margins  subequal;  setae  long  and  stout, 
longer  on  median  pair  of  lobes,  seven  on  each  side,  four  dorsal  and 
three  ventral;  pygidium  of  first  nymph  with  single  pair  of  lobes  and 

without  pectinae  or  plates. — Canary  Islands  on  Campylanthus 

campylanthi  Lindgr. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  single  notch,  large,  pro- 
jecting, subadjacent;  second  incisurae  bounded  by  small,  unsymmet- 
rical,  triangular,  notched,  lobe-like  projections;  densariae  of  second 
incisurae  with  margins  subequal;  setae  long  and  stout,  subequal  or 
longer  than  median  pair  of  lobes,  six  on  each  side,  three  dorsal 
and  three  ventral. — Denmark  on  Euphorbia,  Olea.  lenticularis  Lindgr. 

SPECIES    OF   CIRCULASPIS 

Pygidium  with  deep  mesal  indentation  and  three  others  on  each  side; 
projections  of  margin  of  pygidium  between  indentations  serrate;  "con- 
spicuous cylindrical  canal"  extending  cephalad  from  mesal  cleft  over 
half  way  to  anus,  terminating  in  "brush  of  small  tubular  ducts;"  dor- 
sal and  ventral  surfaces  dotted  with  minute  circular  pores  with  thick- 
ened rims;  anus  near  cephalic  end  of  pygidium;  mesospiracerores  and 

metaspiracerores  numerous. — India  on  bamboo 

canaliculata  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  RUGASPIDIS 

a.  Pygidium  with  three  indentations  on  each  side;  mesal  projection  with 
slight  mesal  groove;  margin  of  pygidium  shallowly  crenulate;  anus 
located  slightly  cephalad  of  vulva,  about  fifteen  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  mesospiracerores  present;  dorsal  oraceratubae  nu- 
merous, irregularly  placed. — California  on  grass... graminis  Bremner. 
aa.  Pygidium  with  numerous  slight  indentations,  margin  appearing  to 
have  three  pairs  of  indefinitely  defined  lobes  with  coarse  crenula- 
tions;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  without  definite  arrangement, 
associated  more  or  less  with  wrinkles  of  surface;  setae  long,  slender. 


450  THE    COCCIDAE 

four  ventral  and  three  dorsal,  dorsal  and  ventral  seta  located  on 
each  lobe-like  projection;  anus  large,  about  eight  times  its  width 
from  caudal  margin  and  three  times  from  vulva. — Diaspis  arizonica 
Ckll.  (Ferris.) — Arizona  on  Prosopis arizonica  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  OBTUSASPIS 

Pygidium  without  lobes,  pectinae,  or  plates;  margin  with  about  thirty 
subquadrate,  irregular,  truncate,  closely  adjacent  projections;  meson 
of  caudal  margin  slightly  incised  with  largest  projection  forming  lat- 
eral limits  of  incision,  three  much  smaller  projections  in  incision, 
others  successively  smaller  cephalad;  pygidium  short,  very  broad, 
broadly  rounded;  dorsal  oraceratubae  small,  few  in  number;  anus  and 
vulva  nearly  superimposed,  located  near  middle  of  cephalic  half;  pygi- 
dium with  inverted  V-shaped  thickenings  with  three  large  pores  or 
minute  setae  laterad  of  each  side  of  V;  scale  of  adult  female  dense, 
hard,  capsulate,  two  halves  slightly  separated  at  caudal  end,  probably 

a  puparium. — British  East  Africa  on  roots  of  Chloris 

rhizophila  Newst. 
SPECIES  OF  LE'ONARDIANNA 

a.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses,  eight  paraphyses,  mesal 
pair  shortest,  fourth  pair  longest,  second  and  third  pairs  subequal; 
margin  of  pygidium  with  four  rounded  lobular  projections  on  each 
side,  entire,  bearing  three  distant  setae  on  cephalic  half;  scale  dull 

grayish  brown. — California  on  Bigelovia bigeloviae  Ckll. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  seven  subequal  paraphyses,  one  located  on  meson, 
others  in  pairs;  margin  of  pygidium  with  three  or  four  rounded  lobu- 
lar projections  on  each  side;  cephalic  half  of  pygidium  on  each  side, 
preabdomen,  thoracic  segments,  and  margin  of  head  with  scattered 
setae  and  numerous  small  circular  pores,  latter  not  extending 
cephalad  of  mesospiracles ;  surface  of  pygidium  longitudinally 
striate;  margin  of  pygidium  on  each  side  finely  dentate;  mesospira- 
cerores  3-8;  anus  and  vulva  superimposed,  located  at  middle  of  pygi- 
dium.— Jamaica  on  Pimenta. pimentae  Newst. 

SPECIES  OF  FROGGATTIELLA 

a.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  paraphyses,  second  pair  very  slightly 
longer  than  first;  pygidial  margin  with  broad  mesal  emargination, 
another  adjacent  to  each  second  paraphysis,  two  distant  deep  angu- 
lar notches  cephalad  of  these,  minutely  irregularly  serrate;  pair  of 
setae  caudad  of  caudal  end  of  each  paraphysis,  another  caudad  of 
caudal  notch,  two  distant  setae  on  each  side  of  areas  on  each  side  of 
cephalic  notch;  anus  small,  located  cephalad  of  line  drawn  through 

cephalic  notches;  spiracerores  present. — Ceylon  on  Arundinaria 

inusitata  Green. 

aa.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  subequal  paraphyses,  three  or  four 
times  as  long  as  broad;  pygidium  incised  on  meson  with  three  prom- 
inent angular  equidistant  teeth  on  each  side  with  smaller  teeth  be- 
tween them;  mesal  incision  provided  with  dense  brush  of  long  taper- 
ing setae,  distal  ends  meeting  in  point;  anus  located  near  cephalic 
end  of  pygidium;  dense  chitinous  area  with  numerous  minute  cir- 
cular pores. — Ceylon  on  Gigantochloa penicillata  Green. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  451 

SPECIES  OF  STRINGASPIDIOTUS 

Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  large,  conspicuous, 
pointed,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
narrow,  lanceolate,  constricted  at  proximal  end;  fourth  pair  of 
lobes  broad,  distinct,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  pectinae  subequal 
in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  0;  each  lateris  irregularly 
dentate;  mesospiracerores  3-4;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin; 

genacerores   (12-12)12-12. — Java  on  Curculigo curculiginis  Green. 

Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  as  broad 
as  long,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  notch  deep,  mesal  notch 
faint;  second  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  margin  in  part  oblique,  mesal 
and  lateral  notches  faint;  third  pair  of  lobes  three  times  as  long, 
pointed,  spine-like;  pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  3,  5,  those  of  incisurae 
distapectinae,  those  of  third  incisurae  very  broad,  those  of  each 
lateris  unapectinae;  setae  short,  not  one-half  length  of  lobes;  body 
with  mesal  part  of  cephalic  margin  toothed  or  deeply  crenulate; 
genacerores  (4-9)6-6;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin.— Selenaspidus 
ferox  Lindgr.,  Selenaspidus  articulatus  celastri  Mask. — Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Gold  Coast,  Africa  on  Celastrus,  Plumiera-like  Euphorbiaceae.— 

celastri  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  SEMELASPIDUS 

Pygidium  with  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin  about  twice  its 
length;  median  pair  of  lobes  small,  rounded,  entire;  second  and  third 
pairs  of  lobes  smaller,  slightly  notched;  second  and  median  pairs 
of  lobes  much  closer  together  than  second  and  third;  each  lateris 
irregularly  serrate;  paraphyses  four  in  number  on  each  side,  slender, 
median  pair  longest;  pectinae  narrow,  obscurely  lacinate;  meso- 
spiracerores numerous;  genacerores  in  threa  groups,  median  4-6, 
lateral  3-6. — India  on  leaves  of  unidentified  tree.—triglandulosa  Green. 
Pygidium  with  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin  about  three  times 
its  length;  median  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  bluntly  pointed,  sides 
slightly  emarginate;  second  pair  of  lobes  smallest,  near  median  pair; 
third  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  larger  than  median  pair;  pectinae 
small  and  inconspicuous;  paraphyses  four  in  number  on  each  side, 
median  pair  slightly  longer  than  others,  these  subequal;  each  lateris 
with  prominent  serrate  projections;  genacerores  in  three  groups, 
median  2-4,  lateral  2-5. — Ceylon  on  Cinnamomum.__cistaZoide*  Green. 
Aspidiotus  capsulatus  Green  from  Java  on  Piper  has  a  similar  scale 
and  undoubtedly  belong  to  this  genus. 

SPECIES   OF  SELENASPIDUS 

Body  with  cephalic  margin  entire  or  finely  or  distinctly  serrate, 
never  crenulate  with  projections  of  two  sizes. 

b.  Body  with  mesothoracic  marginal  spine  suddenly  drawn  out, 
conical,  bluntly  pointed,  length  about  equal  to  greatest  width; 
median  pair  of  lobes  entire,  rectangular,  frequently  with  faint 
lateral  notches,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  longer  than  broad; 
second  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  median,  subequal  in  length, 
lateral  margin  obliquely  rounded,  one  or  two  notches,  distal  end 


452  THE   COCCIDAE 

rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  long,  slender,  spine-like,  distant 
from  second  pair;  pectinae  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-5, 
those  of  median  and  second  incisurae  furcapectinae,  of  third  in- 
cisurae  broad  distapectinae,  and  of  lateres  unapectinae;  gena- 
cerores  in  two  groups  of  6-8  cerores  each;  calles  present,  mesal 
fused. — Selenaspidus  articulatus  simplex  Charm. — England,  West 
Africa,  Demerara,  West  Indies,  Brazil,  Panama,  Costa  Rica,  Mex- 
ico on  Pandanus,  Dictyosperma,  Cordyline,  orange,  lime,  coffee, 

Gardenia,  Ficus,  etc.  articulatus  Morg. 

bb.    Body  with  mesothoracic  marginal  spine  not  suddenly  drawn  out, 
twice   as   long   as   wide. 

c.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  distinctly  serrate;  median  pair  of 
lobes  quadrangular,  entire,  with  rounded  angles,  longer  than 
broad;  second  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  rounded,  distal 
margin  oblique,  sinuate  or  notched;  third  pair  of  lobes  dis- 
tant from  second,  spine-like,  hooked,  cephalic  surface  convex, 
caudal  concave,  not  conical;  pectinae  as  long  as  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  4-6,  those  of  each  third  incisura  very  broad; 
genacerores  in  two  groups;  calles  present,  mesal  calles  not 
fused. — Aspidiotus  (Selenaspidus)  articulatus  magnospinus 

Newst. — Uganda,  Africa magnospinus  Newst. 

cc.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  entire;  median  pair  of  lobes 
broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded,  entire  or  faintly  notched; 
second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  size  and  form  to  median  pair, 
entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  distant  from  second,  spine-like,  not 
hooked,  cephalic  and  caudal  margins  concave  or  straight,  as 
long  as  pectinae,  length  three  times  greatest  width;  pectinae 
subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2,  those  of  each 
third  incisura  broad;  genacerores  in  two  groups,  7-10;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous. — South  Africa  on  Euphorbia.  Mi- 

musops.  pertusus  Brain. 

aa.  Body  with  cephalic  margin  crenulate  with  projections  of  two  sizes, 
large  projections  with  smaller  ones  interspersed;  median  pair  of 
lobes  with  distal  end  bluntly  pointed,  distal  portion  of  lateral  mar- 
gin suboblique,  mesal  and  lateral  notches  faint  to  distinct,  longer 
than  broad;  second  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  distal  end 
bluntly  pointed,  lateral  margin  oblique,  mesal  notch  near  distal 
end  and  lateral  notch  near  middle  of  lateral  margin;  third  pair  of 
lobes  longer  than  broad,  pointed,  spine-like;  pectinae  subequal  in 
length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4-6,  those  of  median  incisura  dista- 
pectinae, others  unapectinae,  those  of  each  lateris  irregular;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous;  genacerores  in  two  groups;  mesothoracic 
marginal  spine  conical,  blunt,  greatest  width  equal  to  length. — 
Kamerun,  Africa  on  palms kamerunicus  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  DUPLASPIDIOTUS 

a.  Pygidium  with  two  pairs  of  paraphyses,  cephalic  end  enlarged, 
knob-like,  long  pair  between  first  and  second  pairs  of  lobes,  pair 
about  one-half  this  length  between  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes; 
median  pair  of  lobes  large,  rounded  at  distal  end,  distinct  lateral 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  453 

notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  distinct,  much  smaller  than 
median,  rounded  on  mesal  and  distal  margins,  prominent  lateral 
notch;  each  lateris  with  numerous  tooth-like  processes;  plates  short, 
arranged  0,  0,  2,  2;  mesopsiracerores  11,  metaspiracerores  0;  gena- 
cerores  arranged  in  inverted  U-shaped  mass. — Ceylon  on  Acalypha.— 

irreptus  Ruth. 
i.    Pygidium  with  three  or  four  pairs  of  paraphyses. 

b.  Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  paraphyses,  strongly  developed, 
ending  in  distinct  knob;  four  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  scarcely 
notched  on  mesal  margin;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  nar- 
rower than  median;  lobes  all  of  same  general  character,  second 
and  third  pairs  much  decreased  in  size;  each  lateris  cephalad  of 
fourth  pair  of  lobes  serrate  as  if  with  many  small  lobes;  anus 
distant  from  caudal  margin;  genacerores  present;  mesogenacerores 
and  pregenacerores  forming  a  continuous  semicircle. — Natal, 
Africa  on  Camellia. claviger  Ckll. 

b.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  paraphyses,  mesal  pair  located 
cephalad  of  median  incisura,  not  enlarged  at  cephalic  end,  short- 
er than  others,  all  other  pairs  with  distinct  ball-like  enlarge- 
ment, second  pair  longest,  third  and  fourth  pairs  subequal,  longer 
than  first;  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  triangular, 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  as  long 
as  median,  much  narrower,  notched;  lateres  with  triangular  lobe- 
like  projections;  plates  shorter  than  lobes,  slender,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  5;  mesospiracerores  7-9;  genacerores  in  form  of  horse- 
shoe, slightly  interrupted  at  middle,  17-23  on  each  side.— South 
Africa.  .  niger  Brain. 


SPECIES  OF  PSEUDAONIDEA 
a.    Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  subequal  lobes. 

b.  Body  of  adult  female  twice  as  long  as  wide,  tapering  uniformly 
from  constriction  to  caudal  end;  pygidium  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  with  sides  subparallel,  distal  ends  rounded,  mesal  and  lat- 
eral notches;  second,  third,  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in 
shape,  each  pair  successively  slightly  smaller;  pectinae  deeply 
lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  0;  each  lateris  with  its  margin 
irregularly  serrate,  with  two  deep  notches,  each  bounded  on 
cephalic  side  by  tooth-like  projection;  genacerores  0-2(21-24)16-27, 
rarely  with  mesogenacerores,  pregenacerores  always  most  numer- 
ous; mesospiracerores  12-20;  scale  of  adult  female  reddish  brown, 
exuviae  yellow.— Ceylon,  East  Indies,  Mauritius,  Japan,  Java, 
Brazil,  British  Columbia  on  Nothopegia,  Dalbergia,  Ficus,  orange, 

grape-fruit,  "umame,"  mandarin trilobitiformis  Green. 

bb.  Body  of  adult  female  oval,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide;  genacerores 
(23-25)10-11;  mesospiracerores  15-17;  scale  of  adult  female  almost 
pure  white. — Pseudaonidia  trilobitiformis  darutyi  Charm. — Mauri- 
tius, Seychelles,  Liberia,  Brazil  on  Mangifera,  Murraya,  Euphoria.— 

darutyi  Charm. 


454  THE   COCCIDAE 

aa.  Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  very  unequal  lobes;  median  pair  of 
lobes  projecting  distinctly  beyond  others,  broadly  bluntly  pointed, 
entire,  as  broad  as  long;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar, 
elongate,  sides  subparallel,  bluntly  pointed,  entire,  twice  as  long  as 
wide;  fourth  pair  of  lobes  short,  as  broad  as  long,  bluntly  rounded, 
entire;  pectinae  not  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  0,  mostly 
narrow  distapectinae  with  few  teeth;  each  lateris  coarsely  serrate 
with  deep  indentations;  genacerores  (30-42)  20-30;  mesospira- 
cerores  13-25;  scale  blackish  brown  with  orange  colored  exuviae. — 
Pseudaonidia  duplex  Ckll.,  Pseudaonidia  rhododendri  Green,  Pseu- 
daonidia  rhododendri  thearum  Fern. — India,  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Japan,  California,  District  of  Columbia  on  tea,  Camellia,  Eurya, 
Myrica,  Olea,  Rhus,  camphor-tree,  orange,  rhododendron,  "Umame," 
Azalea.  theae  Mask. 

SPECIES  OF  PSEUDAONIDIELLA 

Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  median,  second,  and  third  pairs  with 
mesal  and  lateral  notches;  fourth  pair  with  single  notch;  each  lat- 
eris with  two  or  three  pectinae;  mesospiracerores  about  15;  pregena- 
cerores  and  postgenacerores  of  each  side  apparently  fused  to  form 
single  group  consisting  of  70-76  cerores. — Japan,  California  on  Peony, 
Camellia,  Rhododendron,  Ilex,  Thea paeoniae  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  PARAONIDEA 

Pygidium  with  four  pairs  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  others 
successively  smaller,  all  with  mesal  margin  straight,  lateral  margin 
oblique  and  notched;  pectinae  not  conspicuously  lacinate,  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  3,  0;  paraphyses  club-shaped,  enlarged  at  cephalic  end,  three 
pairs,  first  and  second  pairs  subequal,  slightly  longer  than  third  pair; 
each  lateris  with  prominent  indentation;  mesal  portion  of  dorsum  with 
large  lattice-shaped  area;  anus  distant  from  caudal  margin;  genacerores 
in  two  large  curved  groups  of  about  45;  metathorax  with  lateral  mar- 
gins straight,  narrower  than  portions  of  body  cephalad  and  caudad  of 
it. — Ceylon  on  Mimusops. malleola  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  ENTASPIDIOTUS 
a.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  entire. 

b.  Pygidium  with  eleven  plates  or  pectinae  en  each  lateris;  median 
pair  of  lobes  entire,  broader  than  long,  broadly  rounded;  second 
pair  of  lobes  as  broad  as  median,  entire,  slightly  oblique,  broader 
than  long;  third  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  lateral  margin 
oblique  with  faint  emargination ;  pectinae  and  plates  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  11,  plates  in  incisurae,  dagger-shaped,  sometimes  finely 
serrate  on  each  lateris  near  third  lobe;  dorsal  oraceratubae  nu- 
merous; setae  minute,  shorter  than  lobes. — Abyssinia  on 

Euphorbia.   magnus   Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium   always   with    considerably   less   than   eleven   plates    or 
pectinae  on  each  lateris. 

c.    Pygidium  with  two  pectinae  or  plates  or  less  on  each  lateris. 
d.    Pygidium    with    clearly    defined    more    strongly    chitinized 
tongue-shaped  area  on  ventral  aspect,  pointing  caudad;    me- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  455 

dian  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  similar,  entire,  truncately 
rounded,  constricted,  subequal  in  size;  third  pair  of  lobes 
minute,  described  as  obsolete,  pointed;  pectinae  subequal  in 
length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1,  those  of  each  third  in- 
cisurae  and  each  lateris  broad,  unapectinae,  consisting  of 
long  distal  projection  and  remainder  broad  area  with  short 
teeth;  dorsal  oraceratubae  small,  numerous,  scattered;  anus 
located  slightly  caudad  of  tongue-shaped  area;  lateres  crenu- 

late. — South  Africa  on  Euphorbia euphorbiae  Newst. 

dd.  Pygidium  never  with  strongly  chitinized  tongue-shaped  area; 
median  pair  of  lobes  oval,  not  very  large;  second  pair  of 
lobes  subequal  to  median;  third  pair  of  lobes  small;  pectinae 
or  plates  arranged  2,  2,  3,  2,  those  of  incisurae  furcapectinae, 
those  of  each  lateris  broad  obliquely  truncate  plates;  lateres 
without  teeth;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous,  arranged  in 
rows;  calles  divided  into  four  parts. — Cape  Town,  South 
Africa  on  Mesembryanthemum lounsburyi  Marl. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  four  pectinae  on  each  lateris,  pectina  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  4,  all  trilacinate;  lobes  four  pairs,  similar,  median  pro- 
jecting, others  decreasing  regularly  in  size;  lateris  with  teeth 
in  three  areas;  spiracerores  7-8;  dorsal  oraceratubae  large,  con- 
spicuous, arranged  in  rows;  calles  wanting. — Java  on  mango- 
steen  and  mango greeni  Marl. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  notched. 

b.    Pygidium  with  three  or  more  pectinae  on  each  lateris  adjacent 
to  third  lobe. 

c.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  longer  than 
broad,  distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  notches 
broad  and  shallow;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  form, 
smaller,  distinct  mesal  and  faint  lateral  notches;  third  pair  of 
lobes  longer  than  broad,  dagger-shaped;  pectinae  subequal  in 
length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7,  mesal  projection  of  third 
incisurae  spine-like  plate,  others  unapectinae,  those  of  each 
lateris  irregular  unapectinae;  dorsal  oraceratubae  few. — 

Kamerun,  Africa  on  Agelaia,  Tricalysia. gracilis  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  broader  than  long, 
d.  Pygidium  with  width  of  third  incisurae  distinctly  greater 
than  total  width  of  median  pair  of  lobes  and  median  in- 
cisura;  median  pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  distal  end 
bluntly  pointed,  mesal  and  lateral  notches  deep;  second  pair 
of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  lateral  margin  slightly  oblique, 
mesal  and  lateral  notches  deep;  third  pair  of  lobes  sharply 
pointed,  spine-like;  pectinae  slightly  longer  than  median 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  4,  those  of  third  incisurae,  particu- 
larly two  cephalic,  broad  distapectinae,  those  of  each  lateris 
very  irregular;  dorsal  oraceratubae  numerous. — Kamerun, 
Dutch  East  Africa  and  south  Africa  on  Anacardiaceae,  Bandei- 
raea,  Rinorea,  Ficus,  Aberia,  Euonymus,  Berberis,  Chrysophyl- 
lum,  tea,  citrus,  palms. silvaticus  Lindgr. 


456  THE   COCCIDAE 

dd.  Pygidium  with  width  of  third  incisura  distinctly  less  than 
total  width  of  median  pair  of  lobes  and  median  incisura; 
median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangular,  distinct  lateral  and  me- 
sal  notches,  sides  straight,  subparallel;  second  pair  of  lobes 
longer  than  broad,  faint  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  third 
pair  of  lobes  sharply  pointed,  spine-like;  pectinae  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  2-3,  those  of  each  third  incisura  and  lateris  not  or 
only  slightly  longer  than  third  lobe;  spiracerores  wanting. — 

South  Africa  on  Phormium. pumilus  Brain. 

bb.    Pygidium   never   with   more    than    one   pectina    on    each    lateris, 
sometimes  none. 

c.  Pygidium  with  caudal  pectina  of  each  third  incisura  much  nar- 
rower than  others;  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  similar 
in  size  and  shape,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  bluntly 
rounded  between  notches,  proximal  portion  more  or  less  con- 
stricted; third  pair  of  lobes  small,  entire,  as  long  as  adjacent 
pectinae,  shorter  than  other  lobes,  crenulate;  pectinae  sub- 
equal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1-0,  one  on  each  lat- 
eris broad,  adjacent  to  third  lobe;  setae  small,  short;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  numerous,  tubes  very  long. — Southwest  Africa  on 

succulent  plant.   schultzei  Newst. 

cc.  Pygidium  with  caudal  pectina  of  each  third  incisura  as  broad 
as  one  next  to  it;  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  subequal, 
second  pair  slightly  smaller,  faint  mesal  and  lateral  notches, 
proximal  portion  more  or  less  constricted;  third  pair  of  lobes 
pointed,  as  long  as  pectinae  and  other  lobes;  pectinae  dista- 
pectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1,  subequal  in  length  to  lobes;  setae 
inconspicuous. — South  Africa  on  Arthrosolen griqus  Brain. 

SPECIES  OF  SCHIZASPIDIOTUS 

Body  with  deep  mesal  incision  at  cephalic  end  and  deep  thoracic  con- 
striction apparently  between  prothorax  and  mesothorax  and  two  others 
on  caudal  portion  of  preabdomen;  median  pair  of  lobes  quadrangu- 
lar, deep  lateral  and  mesal  notches  with  bluntly  pointed  projection 
between  them,  distant;  second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median, 
entire,  distal  end  broadly  rounded;  pectinae  deeply  lacinate,  longer 
than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  6  or  more,  one  next  each  second  lobe  a 
broad  pectina,  others  plates;  anus  slightly  more  than  its  width  from 
caudal  margin;  vulva  about  same  distance  cephalad  of  anus. — Philip- 
pine Islands  on  Ficus. lobata  Ckll.  &  Robs. 

SPECIES  OF  AMBIGASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  subtriangular,  bluntly  pointed, 
both  margins  crenulate;  second  pair  of  lobes  bluntly  rounded,  mesal 
margin  straight,  lateral  oblique,  crenulate,  broader  than  long;  third 
pair  of  lobes  twice  as  broad  as  long,  short,  mesal  margin  straight, 
lateral  oblique,  crenulate;  plates  dagger-like,  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 0,  0,  3,  5-7,  those  of  each  lateris  broader,  caudal  three  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  those  of  third  incisurae;  anus  and  vulva  situ- 
ated at  about  same  level;  mesospiracerores  and  metaspiracerores  2-2; 


TRIBE  ASPIDIOTINI  457 

lattice-shaped  thickenings  not  strongly  chitinized,  seen  with  difficulty 
—South  Africa  on  Lycium.  iycii  Brain; 

SPECIES  OF  LATTASPIDIOTUS 
a.    Pygidium  with  plates  or  pectinae  in  median  incisura. 

b.  Pygidium  with  furcapectinae,  wanting  on  lateres,  furcapectinae 
distinctly  divided,  slightly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  0; 
median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  slightly  constricted  on 
proximal  portion,  mesal  and  lateral  notches  distinct,  distal  end 
bluntly  rounded  between  them;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes 
long,  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  mesospiracerores  9-18,  metaspiracerores  (?)0;  oracera- 
tubae  large,  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows;  body  with  cephalic 
portion  bearing  many  large,  widely  separated  setae;  anus  distant 
from  caudal  margin.— Uganda,  Africa  on  Baikea.__6aifceae  Newst. 
bb.  Pygidium  with  plates,  one  to  three  on  each  lateris,  plates  as  long 
as  or  slightly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1-3;  median 
pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  subtriangular,  bluntly  pointed, 
faint  lateral  notch;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  smaller  than 
median,  second  smaller  than  third,  subtriangular,  faint  lateral 
notch  or  entire;  lateres  with  indentations  and  lobe-like  projec- 
tions; three  pairs  of  paraphyses  with  cephalic  end  with  ball-like 
enlargements,  second  and  third  pairs  sometimes  represented  only 
by  cephalic  enlargements;  anus  located  on  line  drawn  through 
cephalic  enlargements  of  second  paraphyses,  covered  by  cuticu- 
lar  flap,  caudal  margin  of  flap  deeply  emarginate. — South  Africa 

on  Acacia. laciniae  Brain. 

aa.    Pygidium  without  pectinae  or  plates  in  median  incisura. 

b.  Pygidium  with  two  plates  in  each  second  incisura;  median  pair 
of  lobes  quadrangular,  entire,  truncate  with  rounded  angles; 
second  pair  of  lobes  smaller  than  median,  broader  than  long, 
faint  lateral  notch,  rounded;  third  pair  of  lobes  broader  than 
second  pair,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches  with  rounded  pro- 
jection between  them;  each  lateris  with  two  pairs  of  dentate 
projections,  generally  larger  than  lobes;  plates  short,  subequal  in 
length  to  lobes,  arranged  0,  2,  3;  setae  slightly  longer  than  lobes; 
paraphyses  in  three  pairs,  mesal  pair  longest,  lateral  pair  short- 
est, uniform  in  width  throughout;  mesospiracerores  4-4,  meta- 
spiracerores 1-2. — Barbados  on  grape fossor  Newst. 

bb.    Pygidium  with  one  plate  in  each  second  incisura. 

c.  Pygidium  with  single  plate  on  each  lateris  cephalad  of  third 
lobe,  this  plate  about  twice  as  long  as  median  lobe,  other 
plates  subequal  in  length  to  lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  3,  1;  median 
pair  of  lobes  broader  than  long,  faint  mesal  and  lateral 
notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  short,  broader  than  long,  very 
faintly  notched;  third  pair  of  lobes  irregular  in  form,  some- 
times notched;  setae  very  long  and  slender,  especially  cephalic 
ones;  paraphyses  in  three  pairs,  distinctly  knobbed  at  cephalic 
end,  mesal  and  second  pairs  subequal,  third  pair  oval  in  out- 


458  THE   COCCIDAE 

line    and    one-half    length    of    second. — Antigua,    British    West 
Indies,  Java,  Mauritius,  Mexico  on  Malvaviscus,  Prunus,  Vitis... 

tesserata  Charm. 

cc.  Pygidium  without  plates  on  each  lateris,  plates  inconspicuous, 
arranged  0,  1,  1-2,  0;  median  pair  of  lobes  largest,  usually 
hroadly  rounded,  sometimes  slight  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in  shape,  second  pair 
larger  than  third,  rounded  at  distal  end,  prominent  lateral 
notch,  slightly  inclined  caudad;  each  lateris  with  several 
sharp-pointed  processes;  paraphyses  six  in  number,  mesal  and 
second  pairs  subequal,  cephalic  end  of  each  enlarged,  knob- 
like,  third  pair  located  cephalad  of  third  pair  of  lobes,  incon- 
spicuous; oraceratubae  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows;  setae 
long,  increasing  in  length,  'cephalad. — Ceylon  on  Oreodoxa, 
Acalypha.  oreodoxae  Ruth. 

SPECIES  OF  PARTARGIONIA 

Head  with  cephalic  indentation;  transverse  constriction  between  meso- 
thorax  and  metathorax,  first  and  second  abdominal  segments,  third 
and  fourth  abdominal  segments,  fifth  segment  and  pygidium;  pygi- 
dium  with  four  pairs  of  tooth-like  lobes;  small  setae  between  second 
and  third,  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  lobes,  and  on  each  lateris;  trans- 
verse thickening  near  middle  of  pygidium  and  with  two  projections 
on  cephalic  side. — India  on  Artocarpus artocarpi  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  PARROTTIA 

Pygidium  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  third  pair  small  and  tooth-like; 
paraphyses  two  in  number,  associated  with  second  incisurae;  anal 
opening  on  line  drawn  through  third  pair  of  lobes,  and  one  on  each 
lateris. — India  on  Grislea. moorei  Green 

SPECIES  OF  NEOMORGANIA 

a.  Pygidium  wilh  distal  end  of  median  pair  of  lobes  serrate,  oblique, 
proximal  ends  adjacent,  distal  ends  distant,  projecting  but  little 
beyond  pygidial  margin,  other  lobes  obsolete;  each  lateris  with  three 
indentations,  each  with  an  oraceratuba;  mesospiracerores  15,  meta- 
spiracerores  10;  plates  a  single  one  on  each  lateris  adjacent  to 
median  lobe. — New  South  Wales,  Tasmania  on  Eucalyptus,  Acacia, 

Hakea.   acaciae   Morgan. 

aa.    Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  with  distal  ends  entire;  dorsal 
oraceratubae  minute  and  limited  to  pygidium. 

b.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  distinctly  separated,  oblique, 
entire;  second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  represented  by  mere 
teeth;  each  lateris  with  setae  nearly  as  long  as  median  pair  of 
lobes;  spiracerores  apparently  wanting. — Australia  on  Eucal- 
yptus, Casuarina.  eucalypti  Mask. 

bb.  Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  contiguous  along  mesal  mar- 
gin, oblique  exteriorly,  giving  appearance  of  single  mesal  area  or 
lobe. — Australia  on  Acacia. junctiloba  Marl. 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  459 

SPECIES  OF  BAKERASPIS 

Pygidium  with  median  pair  of  lobes  rounded,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes 
deeply  incised,  mesal  lobelet  larger  than  lateral,  lobelets  rouuded, 
entire;  third  pair  of  lobes  broad,  not  prominent,  deeply  concave  at 
middle  of  distal  margin;  plates  subequal  in  length  to  median  pair  of 
lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  far  apart;  lat- 
eres  finely  crenulate;  preabdomen  with  lateral  margin  fringed  with 
quadrate,  serrate,  scale-like  projections;  genacerores  in  two  groups  of 

about  150   cerores  each. — Philippine  Islands  on   Schizostachyum 

schizostachyi  Ckll.  &  Robs. 

SPECIES  OF  GREENIELLA 

a.     Pygidium  of  adult  female  triangular,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  broad. 
b.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
with  mesal  and  lateral  notches. 

c.  Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  latapectinae  or  una- 
pectinae,  unequal  in  length;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate, 
distal  end  bluntly  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  sec- 
ond and  third  pairs  of  lobes  smaller,  oblique,  bluntly  pointed, 
lateral  margin  serrate;,  pectfnae  longer  than  lobes,  disten 
pectinae  and  unapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  1-2;  each  lateris 
with  several,  eight  to  ten,  irregular,  serrate,  pectinae-like  pro- 
jections; pygidium  of  adult  female  with  asymmetrically  ar- 
ranged projections,  variable  in  form,  frequently  with  two  or 
three  pairs  of  long  irregular  projections  with  smaller  projec- 
tions between  them. — Ceylon  on  Psychotria comigera  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  broad  distapectinae, 
subequal  in  length;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  much  long- 
er than  wide,  distinct  mesal  and  lateral  notches,  distal  end 
prolonged  and  rounded  between  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
similar  in  size  and  shape  to  median;  third  pair  of  lobes 
smaller,  similar  in  size  and  shape  to  second  pair;  pectinae 
slightly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  6-7,  those  of  me- 
dian incisura  furcapectinae,  of  second  and  third  incisurae 
narrow  distapectinae,  of  lateres  broad  distapectinae;  incis- 
urae with  seven  altaceratubae-like  oraceratubae ;  pygidium  of 
adult  female  triangular,  elongate;  median  pair  of  lobes 
elongate,  parallel  sides,  distinct  lateral  and  mesal  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  dagger-like,  pointed;  plates  and 
pectinae  arranged  2,  1,  0,  those  of  median  incisura  plates  or 
furcapectinae,  others  distapectinae;  lateres  undulate  and 
finely  serrate;  setae  minute. — Kamerun,  Africa  on  Schotia, 

Crudia,   Cynometra.    biafrae   Lindgr. 

bb.  Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes 
entire,  elongate,  distal  end  oblique,  and  continuous  with  lateral 
margin;  second  pair  of  lobes  short  and  broad,  bluntly  pointed, 
subtriangular,  entire;  pectinae  short  with  shallow  lacinations,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  those  of  each  lateris  placed  in  an  indentation 
cephalad  of  each  second  lobe;  lateres  with  prominent  serrate  pec- 
tina-like  or  plate-like  projections;  pygidium  of  adult  female  with 


460  THE  COCCIDAE 

pygidial  margin  with  asymmetrical  small  projections,  never  with 

long  paired  projections. — Ceylon  on  Mesua. messuae  Leon. 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  not   triangular,   distinctly   broader   than 
long. 

b.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pectinae  or  plates  want- 
ing in  median  incisura. 
c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  distinct  serrate  or  deeply  laci- . 

nate  pseudolobes. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  narrow,  distinctly  lacinate 
pectina-like  pseudolobes,  pseudolobes  arranged  in  groups 
with  two  or  three  small  tooth-like  projections  between  them; 
setae  long,  subequal  in  length  to  pseudolobes;  pygidium  of 
second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  similar,  sub- 
equal,  elongate  lobes,  mesal  notch  wanting,  lateral  notch 
deep  and  distinct;  pectinae  as  long  as  or  longer  than  lobes, 

arranged  0,  2,  2,  8. — India  on  Walsura dentata  Lindgr. 

dd.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  pseudolobes, 
distinctly  projecting,  broader  than  long,  all  similar  in  size 
and  form,  distal  margin  uniformly  deeply  serrate;  other 
smaller  pseudolobes  placed  between  larger,  arranged  2,  2, 
3,  2;  lateres  except  pseudolobes  named,  without  projections; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  median  pair  of 
lobes  short,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  distal  margin  with  five 
tooth-like  projections;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  to  me- 
dian, shorter;  third  pair  of  lobes  short,  smaller  than  sec- 
ond pair,  irregular;  pectinae  arranged  0,  2,  2,  1,  broad  dista- 
pectinae;  incisurae  with  six  altaceratuba-like  oraceratubae. 

— South  Australia  on  Casuarina. paradoxa  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  not  with  lacinate  pseudolobes,  with 
three  pairs  of  projections,  lobe-like  in  form  and  arrangement, 
margin  of  each  with  two  prominent  indentations;  each  side 
with  five  flask-shaped  plate-like  projections,  arranged  one  in 
second  and  third  incisurae  and  three  equidistant  on  lateres, 
attached  by  broad  base;  setae  particularly  of  lateres,  long  and 
slender,  longer  than  lobe-like  projections;  pygidium  of  second 
nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  median  pair  large, 
subadjacent,  deep  lateral  notch,  distal  end  bluntly  pointed; 
second  and  third  pairs  of  lobes  smaller,  with  deep  distal  notch; 
plates  or  pectinae  wanting;  setae  longer  than  median  lobes. — 

Burma  on  Miliusa. targioniopsis  Lindgr. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pectinae   or  plates   in 
median  incisura. 

c.    Pygidium   of  adult   female   with  lobes   or   pseudolobes. 
d.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct lobes. 

e.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  pair  of  short,  crenulate, 
lobe-like  projections;  each  lateris  with  one  or  two  short, 
lobe-like  extensions,  each  bearing  setae,  margin  of  lateres 
finely  crenulate;  pectinae  much  longer  than  median  lobe- 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  461 

like  projections,  arranged  1,  1;  setae  long,  particularly 
median  pair;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
median  pair  of  lobes  projecting,  bluntly  rounded,  distinct 
lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  subtriangular,  blunt, 
lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  pointed; 
pectinae  long,  deeply  lacinate,  much  longer  than  lobes,  ar- 
ranged 2,  2,  3,  3-4,  those  of  lateres  smaller  than  those  of 
incisurae;  incisurae  with  altaceratbuae-like  oraceratubae ; 
anus  twice  its  width  from  caudal  margin. — Natal  on 

Euphorbia.    austro-africana   Lindgr. 

ee.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  distinct  lobe-like  lobes; 
median  pair  of  lobes  subadjacent,  mesal  margins  sub- 
parallel,  bluntly  rounded,  lateral  margin  oblique,  two  or 
three  lateral  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes  broadly  round- 
ed, twice  as  broad  as  long,  slight  mesal  and  lateral  emar- 
ginations;  plates  shorter  than  lobes,  truncated,  arranged 
0,  2,  8,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged  3-1-1-1-1-1;  setae 
long  and  stout;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female 
with  median  pair  of  lobes  longer  than  broad,  rounded, 
lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  form  and 
subequal  in  size;  third  pair  of  lobes  much  smaller,  bluntly 
rounded,  longer  than  broad,  lateral  notch;  pectinae  about 
as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  7,  ithose  of  median 
incisura  furcapectinae,  those  of  other  incisurae  and  adja- 
cent to  third  lobe  broad  distapectinae,  others  more  point- 
ed and  irregular  in  form,  those  of  each  lateris  arranged 
3-2-2;  setae  as  long  as  lobes;  incisurae  with  altaceratuba- 

like   oraceratubae. — India  on   Mimusops 

spinosissima  Lindgr. 

dd.    Pygidium   of  adult   female  without   lobes,  but  with  pectina- 
like  pseudolobes. 

e.  Body  of  adult  female  entire,  not  crenulate;  pygidium  of 
adult  female  hyaline,  without  lobes,  provided  with  twenty- 
four  long  pectina-like  pseudolobes;  anus  located  about 
three  times  its  length  from  caudal  margin;  anus  and  vulva 
superimposed;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
pectinae  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  equal  in  length  with  lobes; 
each  lateris  with  an  acute  lobe-like  projection  cephalad  of 
pectinae;  median  pair  of  lobes  widest  at  middle,  lateral 
and  slight  mesal  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral 
notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  with  lateral  and  mesal  notches. — 

Ceylon   on   Mesua.    ferreae   Ruth. 

ee.  Body  of  adult  female  with  margin  with  deep  rounded 
crenulations;  pygidium  without  lobes,  but  with  about 
seven  elongate  deeply  lacinate  pectina-like  pseudolobes, 
one  located  on  meson;  margin  of  pygidium  between 
pseudolobes  distinctly  dentate;  pygidium  of  second  nymph- 
al female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate,  longer  than 
broad,  rounded,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  in  form,  larger;  fourth  pair 


£62  THE  COCCIDAE 

of  lobes  subequal  in  size,  somewhat  irregular  in  form; 
fifth  pair  of  lobes  triangular,  pointed;  pectinae  longer 
than  lobes,  deeply  lacinate,  arranged  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  2;  setae 
minute,  not  as  long  as  lobes;  margin  apparently  with  eight 

altaceratuba-like  oraceratubae. — India  on  Aglaia 

viridis  Lindgr. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes  or  pseudolobes,  with 
about  five  slight  undulations,  margin  serrate;  setae  minute, 
inconspicuous;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  me- 
dian pair  of  lobes  large,  elongate,  subquadrangular,  rounded, 
distinct  lateral  notch;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  size 
and  form  to  median  lobes;  third  pair  of  lobes  one-third  size 
of  second  pair,  bluntly  pointed;  pectinae  about  as  long  as  lobes, 
arranged  2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  later  is  adjacent  third  lobe 
and  broader  than  others;  lateres  irregularly  dentate. — New 
Caledonia  on  Podocarpus.  longa  Lindgr. 

SPECIES  OF  AONIDIA 

a.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobes  and  with  pseudolobes,  sec- 
ond nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes. 
b.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  known. 

c.  Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pectinae  arranged 
2,  2,  3,  0;  pectinae  with  sides  parallel,  subequal  in  length  to 
lobes;  lobes  conspicuous,  three  pairs,  lateral  and  mesal  mar- 
gins parallel,  distal  margin  crenulate,  pygidium  of  adult  fe- 
male with  mesal  depression  on  caudal  margin  on  each  side  of 
which  occasionally  short  wide  faint  lobes  can  be  identified. — 

West  Australia  on  Banksia. banksiae  Fuller. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with  pectinae  arranged 
0,  2,  2,  12,  each  lateris  completely  fringed  with  narrow  dista- 
pectinae,  pectinae  not  longer  ithan  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes 
elongate,  much  longer  than  wide,  mesal  margin  straight,  distal 
and  lateral  margins  continuous  curve,  notched;  second  and 
third  pairs  of  lobes  similar  to  median;  pygidium  of  adult 
female  with  numerous  asymmetrical  narrow  lobe-like  projections 
with  plate-like  projections  at  their  distal  end. — Ceylon  on 

Ficus. plane honioides  Green. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  unknown. 

c.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  always  with  lobe-like   or  plate-like 

projections,  although  sometimes  small. 

d.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  mesal  lobe-like  projection, 
e.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  truncate  mesal  projection 
bearing  three  small  spine-like  setae;  two  conical  projec- 
tions on  each  side  cephalad  of  mesal  projection,  equidis- 
tant from  each  other  and  mesal  projection,  each  bearing 
one  comparatively  long  and  two  short  setae;  margin  of 
pygidium  with  low,  broad,  inconspicuous,  lobe-like  projec- 
tion just  cephalad  of  each  projection,  minutely  serrate; 
anus  and  vulva  located  near  middle  of  pygidium. — Ceylon 
on  Mesua.  perplexa  Green. 


TRIBE   ASPEDIOTINI  463 

ee.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  mesal  truncate  projection 
not  bearing  setae,  sides  constricted,  much  smaller  triangu- 
lar lobe-like  projection  on  each  side  and  adjacent  to  mesal 
projection ;  margin  of  pygidium  adjacent  to  these  latter 
projections  with  three  or  four  rounded  prominences;  anus 
large  and  prominent,  not  adjacent  to  margin;  scale  yellow 
wita  a  whitish  secretion  which  persists  only  as  a  marginal 
fringe;  first  nymphal  exuvia  deciduous.— Ceylon  OR 

Carissa.  pusilla  Green. 

dd.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  mesal  projection. 

e.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  margin  with  six  minute 
thorn-like  projections,  arranged  hook-like,  three  on  each 
side  of  meson  extending  laterad;  margin  cephalad  of  pro- 
jections entire  or  gently  crenulate;  setae  minute;  anus 
located  slightly  caudad  of  middle  of  pygidium;  scale  dull 
reddish-brown,  roughened  with  innumerable,  slender, 
curved,  spine-like  projections  that  are  not  soluble  in  caustic 

potash. — Ceylon  on  Hemicyclia echinata  Green. 

ee.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  never  with  minute  hook-like  pro- 
jections with  long  slender  pseudolobes. 

f.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  not  with  lacinate  pseudolobes. 
g.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  pseudolobes  clavate, 
pair  on  meson,  pair  on  each  side  of  these  and  distant 
from  mesal  pair,  adjacent  to  and  cephalad  of  each 
of  these  on  each  side,  a  broad  triangular  lobe-like 
projection,  then  three  clavate  projections,  a  broad 
triangular  lobe-like  projection,  and  finally  three 
irregular  clavate  projections;  anus  located  about 
midway  between  vulva  and  caudal  margin,  four  times 
its  width  from  caudal  margin;  caudal  end  of  pygi- 
dium truncate. — Ceylon  on  Psychotria 

spatulata  Green. 

gg.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  large  number  of  long, 
slender,  dagger-shaped  pseudolobes,  djstal  end  al- 
ways pointed,  never  clavate;  setas  of  one  surface 
nearly  as  long  as  pseudolobes  and  of  other  surface 
minute,  hardly  projecting  beyond  margin;  anus  lo- 
cated near  and  caudad  of  vulva. — Spain  on  Billartia.__ 

picea  Leon. 

ff.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  pseudo- 
lobes  prolonged  into  lacinate  processes  with  deeply  ser- 
rate distal  ends,  other  lobes  and  here  and  there  on 
margin  with  smaller  similar  projections;  setae  spine- 
like,  few  in  number;  females  not  excreting  any  definite 
and  separate  scale,  congregated  in  numbers  under  gen- 
eral mass  of  thin,  whitish,  curling,  cottony  threads; 
second  exuvia  much  larger  than  adult  female. — Australia 

on  Syncarpia. syncarpiae  Mask. 

cc.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  lobe-like  or  plate-like  pro- 


464  THE   COCCIDAE 

jections;  margin  of  pygidium  irregularly  crenulate;  dorsal 
and  ventral  surface  with  few  irregularly  distributed  oracera- 
tubae;  anus  large,  circular,  located  near  middle  of  pygidium; 
pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  resembling  species  of 
Parlatoria  or  Gymnaspis;  scale  of  male  and  first  nymphal  fe- 
male, when  present,  with  number  of  long  curling  glassy  brittle 

processes  of  wax. — Australia  on  Callistemon pulchra  Green. 

aa.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  symmetrically  arranged  projections, 
apparently  lobes  and  not  pseudolobes. 
b.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  more  than  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  four  pairs  of  lobes,  pygidium 
transverse  with  caudal  margin  subtruncate;  median  pair  of 
lobes  narrow,  subquadrangular,  mesal  and  lateral  notches; 
second  pair  of  lobes  projecting  farther  caudad  than  median 
lobes,  similar  in  shape,  mesal  and  lateral  notches;  third  and 
fourth  pairs  of  lobes  successively  shorter  than  each  other  and 
second  pair  of  lobes,  mesal  and  laternal  notches;  plates  slender, 
hardly  longer  than  lobes,  arranged  2,  3,  5,  5,  6,  those  of  lateres 
adjacent  to  fourth  pair  of  lobes;  cephalic  end  of  body  with 
deep  mesal  cleft. — Ceylon  on  Loranthus loranthi  Green. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes  and  pygi- 
dium semicircular,  caudal  margin  uniformly  convex,  never 
subtruncate;  median  pair  of  lobes  distant,  bluntly  pointed, 
subtriangular,  entire;  second  pair  of  lobes  similar  in  shape 
to  median  pair,  more  than  twice  as  far  from  median  as  dis- 
tance between  median  pair  of  lobes,  entire;  third  pair  of 
lobes  minute,  similar  to  second  pair;  plates  of  second  and 
third  incisurae  twice  or  more  as  long  as  lobes,  arranged  2,  3, 
3,  2,  those  of  lateres  adjacent  to  third  pair  of  lobes;  each  lat- 
eris  with  two  indentations;  cephalic  end  of  body  entire,  not 

cleft. — Ceylon  on  Loranthus.   obscura  Green. 

bb.    Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  lobes. 

c.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  without  pectinae  or  plates;  median 
pair  of  lobes  contiguous  at  proximal  end,  bluntly  pointed,  tri- 
angular, lateral  margin  with  two  notches;  second  pair  of  lobes 
small,  triangular,  entire;  each  lateris  with  three  equidistant 
setae  and  two  broad  emarginations  or  indentations;  pygidium 
of  second  nymphal  female  with  three  pairs  of  lobes,  median 
pair  not  contiguous,  mesal  margins  straight,  distal  and  lateral 
margins  continuously  rounded,  notched;  second  pair  of  lobes 
broader,  deeper  lateral  notch;  third  pair  of  lobes  bluntly 
pointed,  triangular,  lateral  margin  serrate;  pectinae  narrow 
distapectinae,  arranged  2,  2,  2,  2,  those  of  each  lateris  distant 
from  third  lobe  width  of  lobe;  each  lateris  coarsely  crenulate. 
— Europe  on  Laurel.  lauri  Bouche. 

cc.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  separated 
by  pair  of  long,  slender,  plate-like  pseudolobes,  twice  as  Icng 
as  lobes;  median  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  long,  slender,  sides 
parallel,  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  wide;  second  incisura 
with  long,  broad,  dagger-like  plate  and  one  or  two  cephalad 
of  each  second  lobe;  plate-like  projections  variable  in  size 


TRIBE   ASPIDIOTINI  465 

and  form;  setae  long,  three  on  each  side,  one  near  to  and 
cephalad  of  each  lobe,  and  near  middle  of  each  lateris;  anus 
located  near  cephalic  part  of  pygidium;  margin  of  segments 

of  preabdomen  distinctly  toothed. — Java  on  Myristica 

javanensis  Green. 
SPECIES  OF  XEROPHILASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  with  two  pairs  of  small  subequal  lobes,  broader 
than  long,  margin  rounded,  entire;  median  incisura  normal,  one-half 
width  of  second;  pectinae  or  plates  wanting;  setae  minute,  shorter  than 
lobes;  ceratubae  small,  not  abundant;  anus  four  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin  and  once  from  vulva;  calles  obsolete;  pygidium  of 
second  nymphal  female  with  median  pair  of  lobes  large,  subtruncated, 
angles  rounded,  as  long  as  broad,  protuberant,  entire;  second  pair  of 
lobes  similar  in  form  to  median,  smaller;  third  pair  of  lobes  four  or 
five  times  as  broad  as  long,  mesal  margin  straight,  lateral  margin 
oblique,  emarginalte,  slightly  crenulate;  plates  small,  shorter  than 
lobes,  arranged  0,  1,  1,  0;  anus  over  eight  times  its  width  from  caudal 
margin. — Arizona  on  Prosopis. prosopidis  Ckll. 

SPECIES  OF  PHAULASPIS 

a.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  transverse,  truncated,  hardly  projecting 
beyond  the  margin;  preabdomen  fringed  with  six  small  equidistant 
setae,  minutely  serrate;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female  with 
single  pair  of  lobes;  median  pair  of  lobes  elongate  with  slightly 
converging  sides,  bluntly  pointed,  entire,  distant;  pectinae  or  plates 
wanting;  each  lateris  with  three  deep  indentations  limiting  areas 
with  prominent  caudal  angles;  each  median  lobe  and  each  of  two 
caudal  projections  bearing  two  setae;  mesospiracerores  present. — 

Australia  on  Hakea.  Jiakeae  Mask. 

aa.  Pygidium  of  adult  female  transverse,  truncated,  distinctly  project- 
ing beyond  the  margin,  entire,  deep  mesal  incision;  lobes,  pectinae 
or  plates,  and  setae  wanting;  pygidium  of  second  nymphal  female 
with  four  simple  lobes,  scarcely  projecting,  extending  cephalad 
paraphysis-like,  adjacent,  inconspicuous;  cephalad  of  lobes  two  large 
deep  inconspicuous  clefts;  pectinae  or  plates  wanting;  pygidium 
of  first  nymph  with  two  lobes  with  single  deep  cleft  on  each  side. — 
Gymnaspis  grandis  Green. — Seychelles  on  Lodoicea. grandis  Green. 

SPECIES  OF  ANCEPASPIS 

Pygidium  of  adult  female  strongly  narrowed  at  middle;  lobes  and 
pectinae  or  plates  wanting;  caudal  margin  with  two  deep,  narrow, 
parallel  emarginations,  extending  for  one-half  length  of  narrowed  por- 
tion; mesal  portion  between  emarginations  with  rounded  angles, 
bearing  single  seta  on  each  side  near  caudal  end  of  emarginations; 
each  lateral  portion  bordering  emargination  narrower  than  mesal, 
angulate  at  caudal  end;  anus  about  eighteen  times  its  width  from 
caudal  margin  and  once  from  vulva;  body  cephalad  of  constricted 
portion  broadly  rounded;  pygdidium  of  second  nymphal  female  rounded, 
entire,  two  undulations  where  median  lobes  usually  located  with 
emargination  between;  setae  minute,  more  numerous  than  in  adult; 
anus  six  times  its  width  from  caudal  margin;  lobes  and  pectinae  or 
plates  wanting;  pygidium  of  first  nymph  without  lobes,  short  setae, 
and  anal  setae.— Arizona  on  Prosopis tridentata  Ferris.. 


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470  THE   COCCIDAE 

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Descriptions  of  Brazilian  Coccidae.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 

(7),  7,  1901,  110-125,  206-219,  556-561;  ibid.,  8,  1901,  62-72,  100- 
111. 

Resultado  do  exame  de  diversas  colleccoes  de  Coccidas 

enviadas  ao  Institute  Agronomico  pelo  Sr.  Carlos  Moreira,  do  Museu 
Nacional,  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Boletim  da  Agricultura,  5,  1904,  311-323. 

Hooker,  William  J. — Cactus  cochinillifer.  Curt.  Botan.  Maga- 
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Kuwana,  S.  I. — Coccidae  (scale-insects)  of  Japan.  Proc.  Calif. 
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—  New  and  little  known  California  Coccidae.  Proc.  Calif. 
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Some  new  scale  insects  of  Japan.     Annot.  Zool.  Jap.,   9, 


1916,  145-152;  pi.  4. 

Leonard!,  G. — Generi  e  specie  di  Diaspiti.  Saggio  di  system- 
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8,  1901,  298-363. — Mytilaspides.  Portici.  1903.  114  pp.  also  Ann. 
R.  Scuola  Sup.  Agr.,  5,  1903,  114  pp. — Parlatoriae.  Portici.  1903. 
59  pp.  also  Ann.  R.  Scuola  Sup.  Agr.,  5,  1903,  59  pp. — Fioriniae. 
Firenze.  1906.  65  pp.  also  Redia  3,  1906,  16-65. — Leucaspides. 
Portici.  1906.  32  pp.  also  Ann.  R.  Scuola  Sup.  Agr.,  6,  1906,  32  pp. 

Lindinger,  I.. — Die  Schildlausgattung  Leucaspis.  Beiheft  Jahrb. 
Hamb.  Wiss.  Anst,  23,  1905,  1-60;  pis.  1-7. 

Die      Schildlausgattung      Selenaspidus.      Beiheft      Jahrb. 

Hamburg  Wiss.  Anst.,  26,  1909,  1-12;   pis.  1-3. 

Afrikanische     Schildlause.       I     und     II. — Beiheft     Jahrb. 

Hamb.  Wiss.  Anst.,  26,  1909,  12-46:  III.  Ibid.,  27,  1910,  33-48; 
pis.  1-3: — IV.  Kanarische  Cocciden,  ein  Beitrag  zur  Fauna  der 
Kanarischen  Inseln.  Ibid.,  28,  1911,  1-38;  pis.  1-3: — V.  Die  Schild- 
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—  Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  Schildlause  und  ihrer  Ver- 
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ibid.,  7,  1911,  9-12,  86-90,  126-130,  172-177,  244-247,  353-358,  378- 
383;  pis.  1-6. 

Die    Schildlause    (Coccidae).     Europas,    Nordafrikas    und 

Vorderasiens,  einschliesslich  der  Azoren,  der  Kanaren  und  Madeiras 
mit  Anleitung  zum  Sammeln,  Bestimmen  und  Aufbewahren.  Stutt- 
gart. 1912.  8  mo.  8  +  388  pp. 


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472  THE   COCCIDAE 

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Signoret,   V. — Essai   sur   les   Cochinelles    (Homopteres-Coccides). 
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Part      1.  (4),  8,  1868,  503-528   (1-26).     Literature. 

2.  (4),  8,  1868,  829-876  (27-74);  pi.  11   (1).     List  of  Species. 

3.  (4),  9,  1869,  97-104  (75-82);  pi.  4  (2).     Sections. 

4.  (4),  9,  1869,  109-138  (83-112);  pis.  5-6  (3-4).   Aspidiotus. 

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Chionaspis. 

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Dactylopites. 

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Coccides. 

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Coccides. 
Pagination  and  numbering  of  plates  of  both  editions  shown. 

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474  THE   COCCIDAE 

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di  Orticultura,  Anno  13,  1888,  1-14;  pi. 


CHANGES 

The  discovery  that  certain  names  used  on  previous  pages  were 
preoccupied  was  not  made  until  too  late  to  insert  other  names  in  their 
place.  The  following  need  to  be  changed:  — 

Douglasia  to  Douglariella 
Greenella    to    Greenacoccus 
Paragreenia    to    Neogreenia 
Hemiaspis    to  Hemaspidis 


INDEX 


Abdomen,  35,  221 
Abdominal  cerari,  122 
Abdominal  setae,  163 
Abdominal  spiracles,  37,  108 
Aberemoae,  254 
Aberrans,  279 
Abietis,  272,  399 
Acaciae,   Ceroplastodes,   178 
Acaciae,  Coccomytilus,  294 
Acaciae,  Epicoccus,  104 
Acaciae,  Gymnaspis,  256 
Acaciae,  Neomorgania,  458 
Acaciae,  Trullifiorinia,  376 
Acericola,  176,  177 
Aclerda,  175,  182 
Actenaspis,  263 
Actenaspis,  Species  of,  267 
Active  period,  8 
Acuminata,  339 
Adenostomae,  145 
Adiopugnatorische  organ,   123 
Adiscodiaspis,  313 
Adiscodiaspis,  Species  of,  366 
Adiscofiorinia,   372 
Adiscofiorinia,  Species  of,  378 
Adonidum,  137 
Aechmeae,   257 
Aegyptiaca,  73 
Aesculi,  414 
Affinis,  266 
Affirmaspis,  393 
Affirmaspis,  Species  of,  448 
Africana,   Adiscofiorinia,    378 
Africana,  Diaspis,  319 
Africana,  Gramenaspis,   354 
Africana,  Gymnaspis,   255 
Africana,  Monophlebus,  71 
Africana,   Neosignoretia,   425 
Africanus,   Hendaspidiotus,   439 
Africaspis,    307 
Africaspis,  Species  of,  338 
Agavis,   421 
Agavium,  141,  142 


Agonis,  335 

Agrifoliae,  Essigaspis,   324 

Agrifoliae,  Pseudococcus,  137 

Akermes,  175,  182 

Alaeodendri,  386 

Alatae,  340 

Alate  setae,  201 

Alatus,  386 

Albata,  176 

Albataspis,  275 

Albataspis,  Species  of,  290 

Albida,  154 

Albiventer,  fernaldi,  410 

Albizzae,  343 

Albolutea,  73 

Albopictus,  418 

Albus,  Coccomytilus,  293 

Albus,  juglans-regiae,  409 

Alecanopsis,   173,    178 

Aleyrodidae,   5 

Alichtensia,  171,  178 

Alienus,  418 

Allantomytilus,  276 

Allantomytilus,  Species  of,  295 

Allaudi,  Amelacoccus,  189 

Allaudi,  Aspidiotus,  386 

Alni,  Hendaspidiotus,  440 

Alni,  Targionia,  448 

Alni,  Xylococcus,  86 

Altaceratubae,   224,   301 

Alveolae,  163 

Amaniensis,  359 

Ambigaspis,  394 

Ambigaspis,  Species  of,  456 

Ambigua,  Ceroputo,  144 

Ambigua,  Scrupulaspis,  288 

Ambigua,  Unachionaspis,  337 

Amelococcus,  188,  189 

Americana,  Fundaspis,  338 

Americana,  Orthezia,  113 

Americanae,  Phenacoccus,  142 

Americanus,   Trionymus,   138 

Americoccus,  78 


475 


476 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Ametrochaspis,  311 

Ametrochaspis,  Species  of,  359 

Amorphococcus,  147,  189,  190 

Ampelodesmae,  280 

Amygdali,  176 

Anacerores,  27,  84 

Anal  aperature,  153 

Anal  cerari,  121 

Anal  chalazae,  64 

Anal  cleft,  160 

Anal  Lobe  Possessors,  48 

Anal  lobes,  38,  166,  186,  227 

Anal  operculum,  161  . 

Anal  plate,  109,  161,  222 

Anal  process,  151 

Anal  ring,  38,  161 

Anal  Ring  Conservers,  49 

Anal  Ring  Loosers,  49 

Anal  ring  setae,  38,  161,  186 

Anal  Ring  Type,  47 

Anal  setae,  166,  186 

Anal  spine,  151 

Anal  tube,  36,  84,  161,  186 

Anamaspis,  263 

Anamaspis,  Species  of,  267 

Anameflorinia,  372 

Anamefiorinia,  Species  of,  377 

Ancepaspis,  395 

Ancepaspis,  Species  of,  465 

Ancylus,  411 

Andaspis,   275 

Andaspis,  Species  of,  292 

Andreae,  74 

Andrei,  196 

Angraeci,  216 

Angulata,  255 

Angusta,  351 

Annae,  113 

Anomala,  365 

Anomalacoccus,   187,   189 

Anomaladensae,  235 

Anonae,  441 

Anoplura,  3 

Ansei,  415 

Antennae,  30,  158,  221 

Antennal  formula,  30,  158 

Antennata,  144 

Anterior  group,  236 

-Anterior-lateral  group,  236 


Anterior  laterals,  236 

Antonia,  132,  145,  211 

Antonia,  Species  of,  146 

Anus,  36,  162,  233 

Aonidia,  229,  395 

Aonidia,  Species  of,  462 

Aonidiella,  392 

Aonidiella,  Species  of,  442 

Aonidiformis,  252 

Aonidoides,  438 

Aonidomytilus,  275 

Aonidomytilus,  Species  of,  292 

Aonidum,  416 

Aperature  sessuale  feminae,  233 

Apex,  161 

Aphididae,  5 

Aphylonis,  133 

Apical  setae,  163 

Apicata,  441 

Apiococcus,  210,  211 

Apiomorpha,  201,  204 
Apiomorphinae,  54,  57,  61 
Apiomorphinae,  Subfamily,  199 
Apiomorphinae,  Genera  of,  204 
Apodema,  33 
Apteronidia,  247 
Araucariae,  145 
Arctorthezia,  111,  113 
Arctorthezia,  Species  of,  114 
Arctostaphyli,  404 
Ardisiae,  114 
Arecae,  dictyospermi,  416 
Arenae,  144 
Arenosus,  145 
Argentata,  Lichtensia,  175 
Argentata,  Niveaspis,  296 
Argentina,  Hemiberlesia,  436 
Argentina,  Pulvinaria,   176 
Argentina,   Tachardiella,   154 
Argentosis,  356 
Ariditalis,  182 
Arii,  280 
Arizonensis,  141 
Arizonica,  450 
Armatum,  Erium,  140 
Armatus,  Aspidoproctus,  74 
Armatus,  Eriococcus,  145 
Armatus,  Pseudokermes,  178 
Armored  scales,  217 


IXDEX 


477 


Arrangement,  pectinae,   229 

Artemisiae,  Eriococcus,  145 

Artemisiae,  Orthezia,  113 

Artemisiae,  Phenacoccus,  143 

Arthrocnemi,  344 

Articulatus,  452 

Artocarpi,   458 

Arundinariae,  353 

Ascelis,  201,  204 

Asper,  74 

Asperatus,  211 

Aspidiella,  387 

Aspidiella,  Species  of,  403 

Aspidiotini,  244 

Aspidiotini,  Genera  of,  387 

Aspidiotini,  Tribe,  380 

Aspidiotus,  387 

Aspidiotus,  Species  of,  396 

Aspidistrae,  343 

Aspidoides,  387 

Aspidoides,  Species  of,  406 

Assimilis,  Ultracoelostoma,   87 

Assimilis,  Unachionaspis,  337 

Aspidoproctus,  70,  74 

Aster,  141 

Asterolecaniinae,  56,  61 

Asterolecaniinae,  Genera  of,  187 

Asterolecaniinae,  Subfamily,  183 

Asterolecanium,   188,  189 

Asymmetraspis,  311,  360 

Atalantiae,  Adiscofiorinia,  379 

Atalantiae,  Syngenaspis,  252 

Atlantica,  322 

Atherospermae,   395 

Atripennis,  71 

Atriplicia,  131,  145 

Atriplicis,  364 

Attenuata,  178 

Aucubae,  346 

Augulaspis,  309 

Augulaspis,  Species  of,  353 

Aulacaspis,  305 

Aulacaspis,  Species  of,  316 

Aurantia,  141 

Auranticolor,  pentagona,  315 

Aurantii,  443 

Auratilus,  362 

Aurescens,  145 

Aureum,  189 


Auriculata,  282 
Aurilanatus,  135 
Austini,  197 

Australis,  Callipappus,  98 
Australis,  Diaspis,  320 
Australis,  Palaeococcus,  72 
Austriaca,  330 
Austro-africana,  461 
Austrolichtensia,   169,  175 
Auxiliary  setae,  122 
Axin,  71 
Azaleae,  145 
Aztectus,  178 

Baccharidis,  321 
Bahiae,  Ceroputo,  144 
Bahiae,  Eriococcus,  145 
Baikeae,  457 
Bakeraspis,  395 
Bakeraspis,   Species  of,   459 
Bambusae,  Asterolecanium,   189 
Bambusae,  Chaetococcus,  147 
Bambusae,  Chionaspis,  304 
Bambusae,  Ischnafiorinia,  378 
Bambusae,  Leucaspis,  264 
Bambusae,  Pinnaspis,  290 
Bambusarum,  424 
Bambusicola,  294 
Banksiae,  Aonidia,  462 
Banksiae,  Triaspidis,  277 
Banksiae,  Syngenaspis,  249 
Barberi,  Ceroputo,   144 
Barberi,  Pseudaulacaspis,  316 
Barbusano,  448 
Barrancorum,  360 
Basal  thickenings,  235 
Base,  161 

Basement  membrane,  25 
Bavaricus,  410 
Berlese,  162,  225 
Berlese  and  Leonardi,  42 
Berlesaspidiotus,  389 
Berlesaspidiotus,  Species  of,  423 
Berlesaspis,  274 
Berlesaspis,  Species  of,  289 
Berlesii,  352 
Betheli,  144 
Betulae,  86 
Beyeriae,  296 


478 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Biafrae,  459 

Biclavis,  363 

Bicornis,  Termiticoccus,  141 

Bicornis,  Triaspidis,  277 

Bidens,  Chorizaspidiotus,  434 

Bidens,  Fiorinia,  373 

Biformis,  407 

Bigeloviae,  Leonardianna,  450 

Bigeloviae,  Pulvinaria,  176 

Bilobis,  333 

Bilobis,  386 

Bipartita,  178 

Bipindensis,  291 

Bituberculatum,  179 

Blanchardii,  Ripersia,  141 

Blanchardi,  Parlatoria,  253 

Blankenhorni,   304 

Boguei,  197 

Bohemicus,  142 

Boisduvalii,  319 

Borealis,  145 

Bornmulleri,  428 

Bossiae,  386 

Boutelouae,  146 

Bouvari,  71 

Bouvieri,  74 

Bowreyi,  422 

Brachypodii,  176 

Brachyscelis,  204 

Bracteae,  224 

Braggi,  141 

Brainaspis,  390 

Brainaspis,  Species  of,  427 

Branagani,  198 

Brasilensis,   Cryptokermes,    87 

Brasiliensis,  Eriococcus,   145 

Brasiliensis,  Icerya,  73 

Brasiliensis,  Megasaissetia,  182 

Braziliensis,   Palaeococcus,   72 

Brevaceratubae,  224,  302 

Brevipes,  133 

Britannica,  Kuwania,  79 

Britannicus,   Aspidiotus,    402 

Broadwayi,  176 

Bromeliae,  Aonidella,  444 

Bromeliae,  Diaspis,  321 

Bromeliae,  Pseudococcus,  133 

Bromii,  140 

Bruneri,  177 


Bufo,  98 
Bulla,  223,  225 
Bullata,  256 
Bupleuri,  350 
Burmeisteri,  74 
Bussi,  348 
Buxi,  290 
Buzenensis,  284 

Cacti,  Coccus,  103 

Cacti,  Llaveia,  71 

Caerulea,  154 

Caffra,  333 

Calceolariae,  140 

Calcitectus,  144 

Caldesii,   386 

Calif ornica,  Aclerda,   182 

Calif ornica,  Orthezia,  113 

Californicus,  Aspidiotus,   396 

Calif ornicus,  Trionymus,  140 

Calles,  235 

Callipappinae,  53,  56,  59 

Callipappinae,   Subfamily,   94 

Callipappus,  98 

Callococcus,  147,  188,  189 

Calurna,  441 

Calyptroides,  320 

Calyx,  27 

Camelicola,  176 

Camelliae,  Fiorinia,   367 

Camelliae,  Hemiberlesia,  435 

Campylanthi,  Targionidea,  449 

Canaliculata,  Lepidosaphes,  280 

Canaliculata,  Circulaspis,   449 

Canariensis,  Chorizaspidiotus,  434 

Canariensis,  Dupkichionaspis,   332: 

Canaspis,   308 

Canaspis,  Species  of,  352 

Candida,  Duplachionaspis,  332 

Candida,  Icerya,  73 

Candida,  Phenacaspis,  352 

Candidula,   412 

Canella,  151,  159 

Capparis,  335 

Capensis,  Coccus,  104 

Capensis,  Dentachionaspis,  358 

Capensis,  fimbriatus,  402 

Capensis,  Margarodes,  93 

Capensis,  Truncaspidiotus,  431 


INDEX 


479 


Capreae,  180 

Capsulatus,  451 

Capulina,  210,  211 

Caricis,  175 

Cardiococcus,  170,  177 

Carinata,  292 

Carissae,  356 

Carpochloroides,  210,  211 

Carteria,  149 

Caruleli,  Diaspis,  313 

Carulaspis,  305 

Carulaspis,  Species  of,  313 

Caryae,  Eulecanium,  179 

Caryae,  Fundaspis,  338 

Cassiae,  339 

Cassinae,  284 

Castaneae,  140 

Castilloae,  181 

Casuarinae,  Anamefiorinia,  378 

Casuarinae,  Cylindrococcus,  211 

Casuarinae,  Frenchia,  190 

Casuarinae,   Ourococcus,   211 

Casuarinae,  Poliaspis,  304 

Casuarinae,   Scrupulaspis,   288 

Casuarinae,  Sphaerococcus,  147 

Casuarinae,  Targaspidiotus,  447 

Catalinae,  145 

Cataphracta,  114 

Cattleyae,  biformis,  407 

Caudalabiae,  123 

Caudal  postanal  setae,  125 

Caudal  setae,  186 

Caudo-lateral  group,  236 

Caudolateral  group,  236 

Caudo-lateral  margin,  161 

Caustic  potash,  15 

Cavaera,  37,  124,  159 

Cecconi,  425 

Cocropiae,  145 

Cedri,  447 

Celastri,  451 

Cells,  163 

Cellulae,  163 

Cellular  areas,  163 

Celtidis,  Lecaniodiaspis,   189 

Celtidis,  Diaspis,  304 

Cephalabiae,  123 

Cephalaspis,  274 

Cephalaspis,  Species  of,  286 


Cephalic  postanal  setae,  125 
Cephalo-lateral  group,  236 
Cephalolateral  group,  236 
Cephalo-lateral  margin,  161 
Cephalothorax,  28 
Ceraran  setae,  122 
Cerari,  121 
Cerarii,  121 
Cerata,  446 

Ceratoniae,  Lepidosaphes,  272 
Ceratoniae,  Phenacoccus,  350 
Ceratubae,  26,  185,  193,  223,  225 

385 

Ceravitreous  Coccids,  183 
Ceriferus,  196 
Cerococcus,  187,  189 
Ceronema,  169,  176 
Ceroplastes,   165,   170,   177 
Ceroplastidia,  177 
Ceroplastina,  177 
Ceroplastodes,  172,  178 
Ceroputo,  130,  144 
Cerores,  26,  230 
Cevalliae,  142 
Chaetachmae,  334 
Chaetococcus,  133,  147 
Chalaza,  64 
Chamaeropsis,  386 
Championi,  72 
Charmoyi,  430 
Cheilanthi,  113 
Chemnaspidiotus,  391 
Chemnaspidiotus,   Species  of,   439 
Chenopodii,  434 
Chentraspis,  391 
Chentraspis,  Species  of,  434 
Chilaspidis,  178 
Chilensis,  304 
Chilina,  313 
Chilopsidis,  278 
Chinensis,  254 
Chionaspiformis,  339 
Chionaspis,  299,  307 
Chionaspis,  Species  of,  324 
Chitinosa,  Mytilaspis,  272 
Chitinosus,   Coccomytilus,   294 
Chitinous  cradle,  32 
Chorizaspidiotus,  391 
Chorizaspidiotus,   Species   of,    432 


480 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Chrysomphalus,  388 
Chrysomphalus,  Species  of,  414 
Cicatrices,  123,  240 
Cicatrix,  240 
Cinerea,  249 
Cingala,  250 

Cinnamomi,  Aulacaspis,  317 
Cinnamomi,  Proceraspis,  363 
Circulaspis,  393 
Circulaspis,  Species  of,  449 
Circumferential  lamellae,  110 
Circumgenital   gland   openings, 

236 

Circumgenital  gland  orifices,   236 
Circumgenital  glands,  163,  236 
Cirripediformis,  177 
Cisanal  setae,  125 
Cissococcus,  131,  145 
Cistudiformis,  177 
Cistuloides,  451 
Citricola,  Lecanium,  178 
Citricola,  Takahashia,  177 
Citrina,  aurantii,  443 
Citri,  Prontaspis,  359 
Citri,  Pseudococcus,  134 
Citrophilus,  138 
Cladii,  442 
Clarifying,  15 
Classification,  40 
Clavaceratubae,  224 
Clavaspis,  391 
Clavaspis,  Species  of,  441 
Clavate  setae,  158 
Claviger,   Duplaspidiotus,    453 
Claviger,  Pseudococcus,  133 
Clavus,  159 
Clearing,  20 

Club-shaped  thickenings,  232 
Clypeococcus,  74 
Clypeus,  159 
Cohbii,  211 
Coccidae,  5 
Coccidae,   Subfamilies  of,   52 

Adult  females,  57 

Female  nymphs,  55 

First  nymphal  stage,  52 
Coccidae,  Synopsis  of  the,  45 
Coccinae,  53,  56,  58 
Coccinae,  Genera  of,  102 


Coccinae,  Subfamily,  99 
Coccineus,  145 
Coccomytilus,  276 
Coccomytilus,  Species  of,  292 
Cocculi,  286 
Coccura,  129,  142 
Coccus,  103 

Coccus,  Species  of,  103 
Cochineal  Insects,  99 
Cockerell,  41,  42 
Cookerellae,  Ripersia,  141 
Cockerellaspis,  306 
Cockerellaspis,  Species  of,  318 
Cockerellella,  71,  75 
Cockerelli,  Kermes,  197 
Cockerelli,  Leucaspis,  267 
Cockerelli,  Phenacaspis,  345 
Cockerelli,  Phenacoccus,  142 
Cockerelli,  Pseudococcus,  133 
Cockerelli,  Pulvinaria,  176 
Cocotiphaga,  408 
Coelostomidea,  86 
Colemani,  Phenacoccus,  143 
Colemani,  Unachionaspis,  337 
Colimensis,  175 
Colinensis,  73 
Colobopyga,  154 
Coloratus,  397 

Coloradensis,  Eriopeltis,   176 
Coloradensis,  Physokermes,  182 
Colvei,  304 
Comari,  142 
Compacta,  74 
Comperei,  406 
Compressis,  86 
Comstock,  40 
Comstockaspis,  391 
Comstockaspis,  Species  of,  438 
Comstocki,  Aspidiella,  405 
Comstocki,  Pseudococcus,  135 
Comstockiella,  388 
Comstockiella,  Species  of,  423 
Conchaspinae,  54,  57,  61 
Conchaspinae,  Genera  of,  215 
Conchaspinae,   Subfamily,   212 
Conchaspis,  213,  215 
Conchaspis,  Species  of,  215 
Concinnum,  366 
Concinulus,  198 


INDEX 


481 


Concolor,  292 

Condaliae,  361 

Confusus,  Aspidiotus,  386 

Confusus,  Coccus,  104 

Coniferarum,  439 

Conjunctiva,  1 

Conservans,  357 

Conspicus,  433 

Contigaspis,  309 

Contigaspis,  Species  of,  354 

Contrahens,  74 

Convexa,  Protopulvinaria,  176 

Convexus,  Coccomytilus,   294 

Cooley,  302 

Cooleyaspis,  308 

Cooleyaspis,  Species  of,  353 

Cooleyi,  176 

Coralinus,  386 

Cordaliae,  154 

Cordiae,  304 

Cordylinidis,  Fusilaspis,  289 

Cordylinidis,  Leucaspis,  264 

Coriae,  1,  10,  222 

Corni,  Chionaspis,  331 

Corni,  Eulecanium,  179 

Cornigera,  459 

Cornuaspis,  274 

Cornuaspis,  Species  of,  286 

Cornuparvum,  178 

Corokiae,  406 

Coronaspis,  312 

Cornaspis,  Species  of,  362 

Coronifera,  362 

Cornuta,  154 

Corpulenta,  74 

Corrugata,  283 

Corticis,  189 

Corticis-pini,  406 

Cortrioides,  Mytilaspis,  272 

Corticoides,  subrubescens,  396 

Corticosus,  419 

Coryphae,  401 

Coulteri,  176 

Coursetiae,  413 

Covilleae,  423 

Coxacoila,  33 

Coxartis,  33 

Cradle,  159 

Crassa,  272 


Crateraformis,  211 
Crawfordi,  74 
Crawii,  Antonia,  146 
Crawii,  Lepidosapb.es,  280 
Crawii,  Pseudaulacaspis,  314 
Crawii,  Pseudococcus,  134 
Credodiaspis,  313 
Credodiaspis,  Species  of,  366 
Cremastogastri,  189 
Crenulaspidiotus,  389 
Crenulaspidiotus,   Species  of,   426 
Crenulata,  257 
Crenulate,  228 
Crescentiae,  175 
Cribiform  plates,  186 
Cristata,  313 
Cristicola,  190 
Crocea,  73 
Crotonis,  295 
Crudiae,  278 
Crumena,  32,  218 
Cryptaspidus,  309 
Cryptaspidus,  Species  of,  357 
Cryptaspidotus,  389 
Cryptaspidiotus,  Species  of,  426 
Cryptes,  167,  174,  181 
Crypthemichionaspis,  372 
Cryptinglisia,  171,  178 
Cryptococcus,  132,  147 
Cryptodiaspis,  309 
Cryptodiaspis,  Species  of,  357 
Cryptokermes,  86,  87 
Cryptomeriae,  400 
Cryptoparlatoria,  248 
Cryptoparlatoria,   Species  of,   253 
Cryptophyllaspis,  390 
Cryptophyllaspis,   Species  of,   427 
Cryptoripersia,  128,  141 
Cryptoxanthus,  411 
Ctenochiton,  165,  171,  178 
Cualatensis,  133 
Cuculus,  433 
Cueroensis,  433 
Cupaniae,  176 
Cupidaspis,  312 
Cupidaspis,  Species  of,  363 
Cupressi,  Cupidaspis,  363 
Cupressi,  Ebrhornia,  144 
Cupressi,  Hendaspidiotus,  440 


482 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Cupressi,  Puto,  144 
Cupressicolus,  138 
Curculiginis,  451 
Cuticle,  25 
Cuticular  plates,  152 
Cuticular  tubes,  223 
Cyanogena,  341 
Cyanophylli,  407 
Cycadis,  356 

Cydoniae,  Aspidiotus,  412 
Cydoniae,  Tachardiella,  154 
Cylindrococcinae,  53,  56,  59 
Cylindrococcinae,  Genera  of,  210 
Cylindrococcinae,  Subfamily,  205 
Cylindrococcus,  206,  210,  211 
Cyst,  90 
Cystococcus,  202,  204 

Dalbergiae,  75 

Daleae,  178 

Darutyi,  453 

Darwiniensis,  japonica,  266 

Dasylirii,  133 

Dearnessi,  Phenacoccus,  144 

Dearnessi,  Remotaspidiotus,   434 

Decurvata,  348 

Defecta,  288 

Degeneratus,  419 

Dehydration,  20 

Deltoid  Scales,  380 

Dendrobii,  189 

Dendropthorae,  176 

Densariae,  227 

Densifloriae,  405 

Dentacerores,  125 

Dentachionaspis,  310 

Dentachionaspis,  Species  of,  358 

Dentaspis,  312 
Dentaspis,  Species  of,  362 
Dentata,  460 
Denticulate  pores,  125 
Dentiloba,  Pseudodiaspis,  364 
Dentilobis,  Remotaspis,   360 
Depressa,  Chionaspis,  304 
Depressa,  Pulvinaria,  176 
Dermal  cells,  163 
Dermal  plate,  187 
Dermal  pores,  163 
Destefanii,  289 


Destructor,  Aspidiotus,  396 

Destructor,   Cryptoparlatoria,    253 

Destructor,  Pseudococcus,  134 

Diaspicera,  225 

Diaspidinae,  55,  57,  61 

Diaspidinae,  Subfamily,  217 

Diaspidinae,  Tribes  of,  243 

Diaspidini,  244 

Diaspidini,  Genera  of,  304 

Diaspidini,  Tribe,  297 

Dispinae,  300 

Diaspini,  300 

Diaspis,  299,  306 

Diaspis,  Species  of,  319 

Diaspidistis,  305 

Diaspidistis,  Species  of,  314 

Diaspiformis,  374 

Diaspidiotus,  388 

Diaspidiotus,   Species  of,   411 

Dictyospermi,  416 

Difficilis,  327 

Diffinis,  437 

Digitules,  159 

Dilata,  351 

Dimorphus,  75 

Dinaspis,  276 

Dinaspis,  Species  of,  295 

Diosmae,  364 

Discaloca,  65 

Discal  setae,  163 

Disculi  ciripari,  236 

Disculi  ciripari  perivulvarea,  236 

Dishi  ciripari,  236 

Dispar,  272 

Distapectinae,  230 

Distichlii,   139 

Disticlium,  147 

Distinctissima,  256 

Distorta,  360 

Divergens,  334 

Diversispinus,  145 

Dorsal  gland  orifices,  223 

Dorsal  glands,  223 

Dorsal  lamellae,  109 

Dorsal  lip,  186 

Dorsal  ostioles,  123 

Dorsal  pilacerores,  109 

Dorsal  plates,  109 

Dorsal  pores,  223 


INDEX 


Dorsal  scale,  239 
Dorsal  setae,  122,  231 
Dorsal  tubercles,  158 
Dorsal  tubular  spinnerets,  223 
Double-shielded  Scales,  297 
Doughy  wax,  164 
Douglasia,  110,  111,  474 
Douglasiella,  474 
Dracaenae,   340 
Drimydis,  293 
Drosicha,  70,  74 
Dryandrae,   Syngenaspis,  251 
Dryandrae,  Targaspidiotus,   447 
Dubius,  Monophlebus,  71 
Dubius,  Eriococcus,  145 
Dugesi,  Monophlebus,  71 
Dugesii,   Ceroplastodes,   178 
Duplachionaspis,   307 
Duplachionaspis,  Species  of,  332 
Duplaspidiotus,  394 
Duplaspidiotus,  Species  of,  452 
Duponti,  286 
Dura,  361 

Dysoxyli,  Aspidiotus,  386 
Dysoxyli,  Chionaspis,  331 

Echancrueres,   226 

Echinata,  463 

Echiniformis,  204 

Edentata,  365 

Edwallia,  171,  178 

Eglandulosus,   386 

Ehretiae,  449 

Ehrhornia,  130,  144 

Ehrhorni,  Diaspidiotus,  413 

Ehrhorni,  Mycetococcus,   189 

Ehrhorni,  Pulvinaria,  176 

Ekebergiae,  lounsburyi,  349 

Elaeagni,  329 

Elaeidis,  397 

Elastica,  144 

Elegans,  435 

Elongata,  Cryptophyllaspis,  428 

Elongata,  Greenaspis,  339 

Elongata,  Triaspidis,  277 

Elongated  pores,  223 

Elongate   thickenings   body-wall, 

232 
Eloti,   141 


Endoskeleton,   32,   159,  221 
Ensign  Coccids,  105 
Entaspidiotus,   394 
Entaspidiotus,  Species  of,  454 
Entire,  228 

Ephedrae,  Genaparlatoria,  255 
Ephedrae,  Leucaspis,  265 
Ephedrae,  Philephedra,  176 
Ephedrae,  Pseudococcus,  134 
Ephedrarum,  429 
Epicoccus,  103,  104 
Epidendri,  189 
Epidiaspis,  306 
Epidiaspis,  Species  of,  318 
Epigaeae,  410 
Epiphytidis,  289 
Episternum,  33 
Equipment,  12 
Ericerus,  167,  174,  181 
Ericicola,  366 
Eriochitin,  168,  175 
Eriococcinae,  54,  57,  60 
Eriococcinae,  Genera  of,  127 
Eriococcinae,  Subfamily,  118 
Eriococcus,  131,  145 
Eremicoccus,  147 
Eriogoni,  Eriococcus,  145 
Eriogoni,  Erium,  140 
Eriogoni,  Phenacoccus,  144 
Eriogoni,  Pseudococcus,  138 
Eriopeltis,  169,  176 
Erium,  140 
Erythraspidis,  420 
Erythrocephala,  93 
Essigaspis,  306 
Essigaspis,  Species  of,  324 
Essigi,  197 
Etheliae,  335 
Etrusca,  332 
Eucalymnatus,  174,  181 
Eucalypti,  Mytilaspis,  272 
Eucalypti,  Neomorgania,  458 
Eucalypti,  Olliffia,  190 
Eucalypti,  Ourococcus,  211 
Eugeniae,  176 
Eulecanium,  173,  180 
Eulecanium,  Species  of,  179 
Euleucaspis,  262 
Euonymi,  Aspidotus,  435 


484 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Euonymi,  Chionaspis,  325 
Euonymi,  theae,  250 
Euparlatoria,  247 
Euphillipia,  168,  175 
Euphorbiae,  Duplachionaspis,  335 
Euphorbiae,  Entaspidiotus,  455 
Euphorbiae,  Walkeriana,  74 
Euphoriae,  Chionaspis,  304 
Euryae,  285 
Ewarti,  72 

Exaeretopus,  168,  175 
Exalbida,  333 
Excisus,  403 
Exocarpi,  355 
Expansa,  379 
Extensa,  446 
External  anatomy,  24 
Exuvia,  239 
Exuviae,  239 
Exuviae,  position,  240 
Exuvialess  Scales,  212 
Exuvium,  239 
Eye-like  glands,  123 
Eyes,  29 

Fabernii,  438 

Fabianae,  448 

Fagi,  147 

Fagisuga,  213,  215,  216 

Falcifer,  141 

Fallax,  175 

Farinosus,  98 

Fasciata,  281 

Fasciculeusis,  78 

Fast  method,  17 

Females,  9 

Fernald,  43 

Fernaldanna,  276 

Fernaldanna,  Species  of,  296 

Fernaldi,  411 

Ferox,  75 

Ferreae,  461 

Ferrisaspis,  388 

Ferrisaspis,   Species  of,  422 

Festucae,  Eriopeltis,  176 

Festucae,  Trionymus,  140 

Fici,  Duplachionaspis,  334 

Fici,  Hemichionaspis,  340 

Ficifolii,  283 


Ficus,  Lepidosaphes,  286 

Ficus,  Pulvinaria,   176 

Fifth  incisura,  227,  228 

Fifth  lobe,  228 

Fifth  pair  lobes,  228 

Filamentosus,  133 

Filicum,  Alecanopsis,  178 

Filicum,  Saissetia,  181 

Filiere,  121 

Filiere  aggregate,  236 

Filiere  isolate,  223 

Filiere  separee,  223 

Filieres,  236 

Filieres  isolee,  223 

Fillipia,  169,  176 

Filuri,  121 

Fimbriata,  216 

Fimbriate  plates,  229 

Fimbriatula,  141 

Fimbriatum,  Asterolecanium,   189 

Fimbriatus,  Aspidiotus,  402 

Fiorinia,  367,  372 

Fiorinia,  Species  of,  372 

Fioriniae,  374 

Fiorineides,  431 

Fioriniini,  244 

Fioriniini,  Genera  of,  372 

Fioriniini,  Tribe,  367 

First  exuvia,  238 

First  incisura,  226 

First  lateral  lobe,  228 

First  nymphal  stage,  219 

Fissidens,  428 

Fissus,  429 

Flabellae,  158 

Flabelliform  marginal  hairs,  158 

Flacourtiae,  316 

Flava,  Ametrochaspis,   359 

Flaveola,  Ripersia,  141 

Flaveolus,  Lecanium,  178 

Flavus,  Ctenochiton,  178 

Fletcheri,  179 

Floccifera,  176 

Floccosa,  114 

Florenciae,  399 

Floridensis,  177 

Floriger,  74 

Fluminiensis,  216 

Fodiens,  Chrysomphalus,  417 


INDEX 


485 


Fodiens,  Nudachaspis,  366 

Fodiens,  Ortheziola,  114 

Fonscolombia,  129,  141 

Forbesaspis,  388 

Forbesaspis,  Species  of,  422 

Forbesi,  422 

Formicarii,  Pseudococcus,  133 

Formicarius,  Stictococcus,  75 

Formicarum,  Margarodes,   93 

Formicarum,  Newsteadiella,   75 

Formiceticola,  175 

Formosa,  Phenacaspis,  352 

Formosus,  Trichomytilus,  276 

Fortis,  72 

Fossette  ostioliform  labiate,  123 

Fossor,  457 

Fourth  lobe,  228 

Fourth  incisura,  227,  228 

Fourth  pair  lobes,  228 

Foveola  labiate,  122 

Fraxini,  141 

Frayed  setae,  158 

Frenchi,  333 

Frenchia,  189,  190 

Fringe,  222 

Fringed  plates,  229 

Fringe  scales,  245 

Fringe  setae,  162 

Froggatt,  149,  201 

Froggattiella,  393 

Froggattiella,  Species  of,  450 

Frons,  28 

Fulgens,  154 

Fulleri,  Cissococcus,  145 

Fulleri,  Natalensia,  141 

Fulleri,  Pseudaulacaspis,  315 

Fulvoradiata,  154 

Fundaspis,  307 

Fundaspis,  Species  of,  337 

Funtumiae,  358 

Furca,  33,  66 

Furcate  plates,  229 

Furcate  setae,  158 

Furcaspis,  388 

Furcaspis,  Species  of,  406 

Furcapectinae,  230 

Furchadaspis,  310 

Furchadaspis,  Species  of,  358 

Furcillae,  396 


Furcraeicolus,   429 
Furfura,  331 
Fuscipennis,  72 
Fuscum,  Globulicoccus,  180 
Fuscus,  Monophlebulus,  75 
Fuse  marginales,  223 
Fusi,  223,  236 
Fusilaspis,  275 
Fusilaspis,  Species  of,  289 
Fusi  piliformis,  230 
Fusi  spiniformis,  230 

Gage's  Saurefuchsin,   20 
Gallica,  93 
Gallicola,  145 
Galliformens,  354 
Galliformens,  allaudi,  386 
Galliformis,  196 
Ganogene  cells,  225 
Garryae,  112 
Gascardia,  154 
Gelonii,  saprosmae,  377 
Gemmifera,  154 
Genacerores,   236,   303 
Genacerores  confluent,  237 
Genacerores,   formula,  236 
Genaparlatoria,  248 
Genaparlatoria,  Species  of,  255 
Generalized   Coccidae,   46 
Generalized  Diaspidinae,  241 
Genistae,  73 
Genital  aperature,  233 
Genital  orifice,  233 
Gennadii,  315 
Geococcus,  129,  142 
Ghiandole  ganogene,  225 
Ghiandola  sericipara,  225 
Giant  Coccids,  62 
Gidgei,  386 
Gigas,  264 

Gilletti,  Eriococcus,   145 
Gilletti,  Kermes,  196 
Glandiferous  spines,  106 
Glands  of  spiracles,  159 
Gland  spines,  230 
Glandular  pores,  159 
Glanduliferus,  411 
Glandulosa,  426 
Glassy,  165 


486 


THE    COCCIDAE 


Gleditsiae,  328 

Globosa,  Maskellia,  446 

Globosum,  Erium,  140 

Globosus,  Apiococcus,  211 

Globosus,  Unachionaspis,  337 

Globulicoccus,   180 

Glomerata,  445 

Glomerella,  154 

Gloverii,  283 

Gnidii,  145 

Gonaspidiotus,  390 

Gonaspidiotus,  Species  of,  431 

Gorodetskia,  79 

Gossyparia,  131,  145 

Gossypii,  142 

Gowdeyi,  425 

Gracilis,  Cylindrococcus,  211 

Gracillis,  Entaspidiotus,  455 

Gracilis,  Eucalymnatus,  181 

Graminellus,  432 
Gramenaspis,  309 
Gramenaspis,  Species  of,  353 
Graminis,  Duplachionaspis,  334 
Graminis,  Ehrhorma,  144 
Graminis,  Orthezia,   112 
Graminis,  Rugaspidis,  449 
Grandilobis,  288 
Grandis,  Kermes,  196 
Grandis,  Phaulaspis,  465 
Grandis,  Pulvinaria,  176 
Graphaspis,  310 
Graphaspis,  Species  of,  359 
Green,  42,  89,  150,  238,  302 
Greenacoccus,   474 
Greenaspis,  307 
Greenaspis,  Specis  of,  339 
Greeniella,  70,  75,  474 
Greeniella,  395 
Greeniella,  Species  of,  459 
Greeni,  Entaspidiotus,  455 
Greeni,  Mytilaspis,  272 
Greeni,  rossi,  421 
Greeni,  Syngenaspis,  250 
Greenoidea,  392 
Greenoidea,  Species  of,  446 
Gregarius,  211 
Grindeliae,  139 
Griqus,  456 
Grisea,  288 


Grossulariae,  374 
Ground  Pearls,  88 
Grouped  glands,  236 
Grouped  orifices  spiracles,  159 
Guerinella,  69,  72 
Guerinii,  74 
Guilding,  89 
Gularostria,  4 
Gularostria,  Families  of,  4 
Guterriziae,  Chorizaspidiotus,  432 
Gutierreziae,  Pseudococcus,  138 
Gymnaspis,  247,  248 
Gymnaspis,  Species  of,  255 
Gymnococcus,  129,  141 
Gymnococcus,   Species  of,   142 
Gymnosporiae,  403 

Haematochrous,  430 

Hairs,   232 

Hakeae,  465 

Hakearum,  175 

Halimicoccus,  211 

Hamata,  358 

Hameli,  93 

Hardening,  19 

Hartii,  404 

Hastata,  251 

Hawaiiensis,  292 

Head,  28 

Head  cerari,  121 

Head  pilacerores,  109 

Head  plates,  109 

Head  skeleton,  32 

Hederae,  400 

Hedyotidis,  327 

Heliantbi,  Phenacoccus,  144 

Helianthi,  Rhizaspidiotus,  431 

Heliococcus,  130,  142 

Hellenicus,  72 

Hemaspidis,   474 

Hemiaspis,  275,  474 

Hemiaspis,  Species  of,  291 

Hemiberlesia,  391 

Hemiberlesia,  Species  of,  434 

Hemichionaspis,  308 

Hemichionaspis,  Species  of,  340 

Hemichionaspiformis,  291 

Hemilecanium,   174,   181 

Hemiptera,  3 


INDEX 


487 


Hemipter,  Suborders  of,  4 
Hemisphaericum,  181 
Hemmicoccidinae,  193 
Hempeli,  74 
Hendaspidiotus,  391 
Hendaspidiotus,  Species  of,  439 
Herculeana,  441 
Herbae,  330 
Herrerae,  178 
Hesperidum,  178 
Hesperius,  fernaldi,  410 
Heterococcus,  130,  144 
Heterophyllae,  347 
Heteroptera,  4 
Hibisci,  angraeci,  216 
Hibisci,  Mytilaspis,  272 
Hiemalis,  93 
Hikosani,  361 
Hirsuta,   378 
Hispidus,   175 
Homoptera,   4 
Honey  dew  glands,  27 
Horny,  165 
Houardia,   174,   181 
Howardia,  312 
Howardia,  Species  of,  362 
Howardi,   Duplachionaspis,   336 
Howardi,  Eriococcus,  145 
Howardi,   Quadraspidiotus,   410 
Hubbard,  81 
Humilis,  351 

Hunteri,  Diaspidiotus,  412 
Hunteri,  Pulvinaria,  176 
Hymenocleae,   133 
Hymenantherae,  293 
Hypodermis,  25 
Hypopharynx,   159 
Hypopygial  setae,  162 

Icerya,  69,  73 

Icerya,  Species  of,  73 

Iceryoides,   133 

Ichesii,  295 

Idiococcidae,  206 

Illigeri,  74 

Imbricans,  181 

Imbricatum,    Neolecanium,    178 

Imbricata,   Protodiaspis,   365 

Immaculata,  424 


Immanis,   98 

Implicata,   406 

Inchoaspis,  310 

Inchoaspis,  Species  of,  359 

Incisaspis,  311 

Incisaspis,  Species  of,  361 

Incised  notches,   226 

Incision,   226,   228 

Incisions  thickened   edges,   227 

Incisor,  292 

Incisurae,  226 

Incisus,  178 

Indentata,  296 

Indiae-orientalis,  268 

Indica,  Suturaspis,  267 

Indicus,  Coccus,   103 

Indicus,   Margarodes,   93 

Inflata,  182 

Inflation,    17 

Inflatipes,   211 

Infunda,  159 

Ingae,    154 

Inglisia,  171,  178 

Inner  angle,   161 

Inner  margin,   161 

Innumerabilis,    176 

Insignicola,   182 

Insignis,  112 

Interantennal  setae,  124,  158 

Intercalary  plates,  110 

Interlobular  incisions,  226 

Intermedia,   Poliaspis,   355 

Intermedia,   Scrupulaspis,   287 

Introduction,  1 

Inusitata,  450 

Irishii,   Erium,   140 

Irishi,   Pseudococcus,   136 

Irregularis,  177 

Irreptus,  453 

Ischnafiorinia,  372 

Ischnafiorinia,  Species  of,  378 

Ischnaspis,  271,  275 

Ischnaspis,  Species  of,  291 

Ixorae,  293 

Jaboticabas,   211 
Jacobsoni,   73 
Jaliscensis,  177 
Janeirensis,   423 


488 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Japonica,  fioriniae,  374 
Japonica,  Leucaspis,  266 
Japonica,    Takahashia,    177 
Javanensis,  Aonidia,  465 
Javanensis,  Aulacaspis,   317 
Javanensis,  Opuntiaspis,  295 
Javanica,  Pinnaspis,  291 
Jordan!,  407 

Juglandis,  Aspidiella,  405 
Juglandis,  Furcaspis,  409 
Juglandis,   Mytilaspis,   272 
Juglans-regiae,   409 
Junctilobius,  Aspidiotus,  386 
Junctiloba,  Neomorgania,   458 
Juniperi,  Carulaspis,  313 
Juniperi,  Fiorinia,  373 
Juniperi,    Lepidosaphes,    282 
Juniperi,  Pseudococcus,  136 
Juniperi,  Targionia,  448 

Kafkae,  juglans-regiae,  409 
Kamerunensis,   277 
Kamerunicus,   452 
Kelloggi,   Chrysomphalus,   418 
Kelloggi,  Ripersiella,  141 
Kelloggi,  Suturaspis,   268 
Kellyi,  427 
Kemptoni,   145 
Kennedyae,   386 
Kermanensis,  54,  57,  61,  267 
Kermesiinae,   Subfamily,  191 
Kermes,  192,  195 
Kermes,  Species  of,  195 
Kermicus,  132,  147 
Kewensis,  379 
Kibariae,   178 
Kiggelariae,   356 
Kingii,  Kermes,  187 
Kingii,  Ripersia,  141 
Kinshinensis,  347 
Koebelei,  Ceroputo,  144 
Koebelei,  Chrysomphalus,   415 
Koebelei,  Icerya,  73 
Krauhniae,  134 
Kuwanae,   142 
Kuwanaspis,   311 
Kuwanaspis,  Species  of,  261 
Kuwania,    78 
Kuwaniinae,  53,  56,  59 


Kuwaniinae,   Genera  of,   77 
Kuwaniinae,    Subfamily,    76 
Kuwanina,   132,   147 
Labelling,   22 
Labiae,  123 
Labial  setae,  31 
Labiatarum,    398 
Labrum,   29 
Lac,   150 
Lacca,   154 
Laciniae,    457 
Lac  Insects,   148 
Lachnodiella,   131,   145 
Lachnodius,  131,  145 
Lacquer,  150 
Lactea,  290 
Lagosinia,  171,  178 
Lahillei,  Ceroplastina,  177 
Lahillei,   Dinaspis,   295 
Lamaceratubae,  224 
Lamellae,   230 
Lamelles,  227 
i  Lampas,  211 

».  ft  Laniger,  Sclopetaspis,  324 
Lanigerus,   Mallococcus,    175 
Larreae,  Eriococcus,  145 
Larreae,  Protargionia,  324 
Larreae,  Pseudodiaspis,  364 
Larreae,    Tachardiella,    154 
Larval  pellicle,  239 
Lasianthi,  281 
Lasii,  141 

Lassiorum,  Ceroputo,  144 
Lasiorum,  Orthezia,  113 
Last  segment,  222 
Latadentes,  226,  384 
Latadiscaloca,  65 
Latagenacerores,  237 
Lataniae,   412 
Latapectinae,  230 
Latastei,  405 
Lateral  callis,  235 
Lateral  cerari,  121 
Lateral  keels,   110 
Lateral  lobes,  227 
Lateral  margin,  226 
Lateral  notch,  228 
Lateral  orbacerores,  125 


INDEX 


489 


Lateral  plates,  ilO 
Lateral  pilacerores,  110 
Lateral  spinae,   160 
Lateres,  226 
Latilobis,  ancylus,  411 
Lattaspidiotus,   S94 
Lattaspidiotus,   Species  of,   457 
Lattice-shaped    thickenings,    234, 

386 

Lauretorum,  402 
Lauri,   464 
Laurinus,  432 
Leachii,  74 

Lecaniinae,  54,  57,  61 
Lecaniinae,   Genera  of,   167 
Lecaniinae,    Subfamily,    155 
Lecaniodiaspis,  187,  189 
Lecanium,  173,  178 
Lecanochiton,  172,  178 
Lecanodiaspidites,    184 
Lecanopsis,   169,  176 
Ledi,  133 
Lefroya,   128,   140 
Leg  formula,  34 
Legs,  34 

Lenticularis,   449 
Leonardaspis,   274 
Leonardaspis,   Species  of,   287 
Leonardi,  226,  247,  258,  368 
Leonardianna,    323 
Leonardianna,  Species  of,  450 
Lepidaspidis,   275 
Lepidaspidis,  Species  of,   292 
Leperii,  318 
Lepidosaphes,  274 
Lepidosaphes,   Species  of,   280 
Lepiodosaphini,   244 
Lepiodosaphini,  Genera  of,  273 
Lepidosaphini,    Tribe,    269 
Leptospermi,  Amorphococcus,  190 
Leptospermi,    Sphaerococcus,    147 
Leptopsermi,   Triaspidis,   277 
Leucadendri,   336 
Leucaenae,  178 
Leucaspidini,  243 
Leucaspidini,  Genera  of,  263 
Leucaspidini,  Tribe,   258 
Leucaspis,  253,  260,  263 
Leucaspis,   Genera  of,   263 


Lichenoidea,   74 

Lichtensia,  167,  168,  175 

Leucosoma,  141 

Lichtensioides,   140 

Lichtensteinii,  176 

Lidgetti,  Anamefiorinia,    378 

Lidgetti,  Triaspidis,  280 

Ligulaspis,   388 

Ligulaspis,    Species   of,    423 

Liliacearum,  133 

Lilacina,  442 

Limuloides,  366 

Linaceratubae,   224 

Lindingaspis,  388 

Lindingaspis,  Species  of,  422 

Lindinger,   262 

Lindingeria,  248 

Lindingeria,  Species  of,  254 

Linearis,  421 

Lineaspis,  308 

Lineaspis,  Species  of,  339 

Lineolatae,  176 

Lintneri,   328 

Liquidambaris,   439 

Littoralis,    73 

Litzeae,  345 

Llaveia,    69,    71 

Llaveia,  Species  of,  72 

Lobata,  Obluctaspis,  361 

Lobata,   Schizaspidiotus,    456 

Lobelets,   229 
Lobes,   227 
Lobulatus,   272 
Lobules,   227 
Loewi,  267 
Longa,  462 
Longiloba,  329 
Longirostris,  291 
Longisetosa,  Icerya,  73 
Longisetosus,  Pseudococcus,  136 
Longispina,  Morganella,   426 
Longispina,    Parlatoreopsis,    355 
Longispinus,    Pseudococcus,    137 
Longissima,    422 
Longivalvata,   176 
Longula,  Scrupulaspis,  287 
Longulum,  Lecanium,   179 
Lophococcus,   70,   74 
Loranthi,  Aonidia,   464 


490 


THE  COCCIDAE 


Loranthi,   Aulacaspis,    317 
Loranthi,    Macrocepicoccus,    142 
Lounsburyi,  Oryptinglisia,  178 
Lounsburyi,  Entaspidiotus,  455 
Lounsburyi,  Phenacaspis,  349 
Lower  lateral  group,  236 
Lubberly  Coccids,  205 
Lucumae,   435 
Luntii,   hartii,    404 
Lutea,  Lichtensia,   175 
Lutea,  Phenacaspis,  347 
Luzulae,  175 
Luzulaspis,  168,  175 
Lycii,  Ambigaspis,   457 
Lycii,  Lichtensia,  175 
Lycii,  Phenacoccus,   143 
Lycii,  Tachardiella,  154 

Macgregori,  283 

Machili,  288 

Maclurae,  176 

Macrocarpae,   86 

Macrocepicoccus,  130,  142 

Macrocerococcus,    130,    142 

Macropores,  224 

Macroprocta,  377 

Maculata,  432 

Madagascariensis,   Gascardia,   154 

Madagascarensis,   Tylococcus,  140 

Madiunensis,   324 

Madreporiform  bodies,  186 

Maeandrius,    430 

Maenariensis,   111 

Magna,  141 

Magnoliarum,   181 

Maideni,   295 

Magnani,   154 

Magnolicida,  133 

Magnospinus,   452 

Magnus,    Entaspidiotus,    454 

Magnus,  ostreaeformis,  410 

Major,   337 

Malleola,  454 

Males,  8 

Mallococcus,    168,    175 

Malloti,  323 

Malvacearum,   178 

Mammeae,   176 

Mamillariae,   133 


Mammillaris,  437 

Mandibles,   31 

Mangiferae,  Aulacaspis,  317 

Mangiferae,    Chrysomphalus,    415 

Mangiferae,   Genaparlatoria,  255 

Mangiferae,   Lecanium,   179 

Manihotis,   189 

Manni,  349 

Manzanillense,    178 

Manzanitae,   322 

Marchalaspis,    312 

Marchalaspis,  Species  of,  363 

Marchali,   341 

Margaritae,  336 

Margarodes,  92,  93 

Margarodinae,  52,  55,  59 

Margarodinae,  Genera  of,  92 

Margarodinae,  Subfamily,  88 

Margin,  226 

Marginal  gland  openings,   223 

Marginal  lunar  pores,  223 

Marginal  plates,   110 

Marginal  pores,  223 

Marginal  scales,  160 

Marginal  setae,   157,  160,  194 

Marianum,    181 

Maritima,    Ripersiella,    141 

Maritimus,  Pseudococcus,   137 

Marlattaspis,    387 

Marlattaspis,  Species  of,   406 

Marlatti,  Phoenicoccus,   211 

Marlatti,  Targaspidiotus,  447 

Marsupial  Coccids,  94 

Marsupium,  95,  106 

Maskell,  41 

Maskellana,  276 

Maskellana,  Species  of,  296 

Maskellia,  392 

Maskellia,  Species  of,  446 

Maskelli,  Anamefiorinia,  377 

Maskelli,  Drosicha,  74 

Matsucoccus,    77,    78 

Matsumurae,  78 

Mauritianus,    426 

Maxillae,  31 

Maximus,  74 

Mealy  Bugs,  118 

Media,  357 

Median  group,  236 


INDEX 


491 


Median  incisura,  226 
Median  lamellae,  109 
Median  lobe,  227 
Median  notch,   228,  234 
Median  pair  lobes,  226,  227 
Median  spina,   160 
Mediterraneus,   Cryptaspidiotus, 

426 

Mediterraneous,  Margarodes,  93 
Megaloba,  345 
Megasaissetia,  175,  182 
Melaleucae,   Lecanium,    179 
Melaleucae,    Lepidosapb.es,    280 
Melratuban   Coccids,    80 
Memaleucae,   280 
Mendozinus',  133 
Meridionalis,   Triaspidis,    278 
Mesal  callis,  235 
Mesal  cerari,  122 
Mesal   group,    236 
Mesal  lobes,  227 
Mesal  margin,  161 
Mesal  notch,  228 
Mesal  orbacerores,   125 
Mesal  plates,   110 
Mesal  setae,   162 
Mesocoria,  1,  33 
Mesodiscaloca,    65 
Mesofurcae,   34 
Mesogenacerores,  236,  237 
Mesolecanium,  173,  180 
Mesospiracles,   36 
Mesothoracic    spiracles,    152,    221 
Mesuae,  Amorphococcus,  190 
Messuae,  Greenella,  450 
Metacoria,  33 
Metafurcae,  1,  34 
Metamorphosis,  7,  9 
Metaspiracles,   36 
Metatentoria,  159 
Metathoracic  spiracles,  152,   221 
Metrosideri,    386 
Mexicana,  sabalis,  423 
Mexicana,  Schizochlamidia,   178 
Mexicana,  Tachardiella,  154 
Mexicana,  Triaspidis,   278 
Mexicanorum,  72 
Mexicanus,   Palaeococcus,    72 
Meyeri,  404 


Micrococcus,  131,  145 
Micropores,    224,   232 
Micropori,   325 
Migration  period,   8 
Miliaris,  189 

Mimosae,  Aonidiella,  443 
Mimosae,  Lichtensia,   175 
Mimosarum,  Triaspidis,  279 
Mimosicerya,   70,   74 
Miniatae,   424 
Minima,  Diaspis,  304 
Minima,   Hemichionaspis,    343 
Minima,   Lepidosaphes,   282 
Minima,  Ripersia,  141 
Minima,  Trullifiorinia,  376 
Minimum,  Lecanium,   179 
Minimus,  Gonaspidiotus,  431 
Minimus,   Phenacoccus,   142 
Minor,  fioriniae,  374 
Minor,  Hemiberlesia,  343 
Minor,  Icerya,  73 
Minuta,  Aonidiella,   444 
Minuta,  Tenuiaspis,   339 
Mirabilis,  Kermes,   196 
Mirabilis,    Lophococcus,    74 
Mirabilis,  Toumeyella,   181 
Mirabilis,   tricornis,   74 
Miranda,   313 
Mischocarpi,    346 
Missionum,  133 
Mitchell!,   435 
Mitulaspis,  310 
Mitulaspis,  Species  of,  358 
Monaonidiella,   392 
Monaonidiella,  Species  of,  445 
Monophlebinae,   52,  55,   58 
Monophlebinae,  Genera  of,   69 
Monophlebinae,  Subfamily,  62 
Monophlebus,   69,   71 
Monophlebulus,    71,    75 
Monticola,   112 
Monserati,   304 
Montserratensis,  73 
Montanus,  319 
Moorei,   458 
Moreirai,  400 
Morganella,   389 
Morganella,  Species  of,  426 
Mori,  413 


492 


THE    COCCIDAE 


Morrilli,  72 
Mounting,   21 
Mulgae,  272 
Multilobia,  314 

Multipora,  Lepidosasphes,  285 
Multipora  odinae,   373 
Multipora,  Psudodiaspis,  364 
Multispinosus,   Ericoccus,    145 
Multispinosus,  Stictococcus,  75 
Mussaendae,   344 
Mycetaspis,  392 
Mycetaspis,   Species  of,   442 
Mycetococcus,  188,  189 
Myopori,  387 
Myristicae,  318 
Myrmecophila,    141 
Myrthi,   Chionaspis,   304 
Myrthi,  Lepidosaphes,   272 
Myrtus,  Syngenaspis,  249 
Mytilaspiformis,    Duplachionas- 

pis,   333 

Mytilaspiformis,  Syngenaspis,  251 
Mytilella,    271,   275 
Mytilella,  Species  of,   291 
Myxilecanium,  172,  178 

Nanus,  179 
Natalaspis,  309 
Natalaspis,   Species   of,    354 
Natalensia,   141 
Natalensis,   Chionaspis,   304 
Natalensis,   Phenacaspis,   348 
Nativus,  141,  142 
Neglectus,   145 
Neo-caledonia,    375 
Neogreenia,  474 
Neolecanium,   172,  178 
Neoleonardia,  392,  446 
Neomargarodes,   92 
Neomexicanus,  133 
Neomorgania,   394 
Neomorgania,  Species  of,  458 
Neosignoretia,    38S 
Neosignoretia,    Species    of,    424 
Nephelii,  378 
Nerii,   325 
Newstead,   43 
Newsteadia,   111,   114 
Newsteadiella,   71,   75 


Newsteadii,  Coccus,  104 
Newsteadii,  Conchaspis,  215 
Newsteadi,   Lepidosaphes,   285 
Nidularia,   132,   147 
Niger,    Duplaspidiotus,     453 
Niger,   Margarodes,    93 
Nigerensis,  336 
Nigra,  Lepidosaphes,   281 
Nigra,  Tachardiella,   154 
Nigra,  Targionia,   448 
Nigra,    Trullifiornia,    376 
Nigrocincta,    112 
Nigrofasciata,   179 
Nigroupunctatus,    Chrysomphalus, 

421 

Nigroupunctatus,    Kermes,    198 
Nipa,  135 
Nipple,  223 

Nipponorthezia,   111,   114 
Nitens,  Poliaspis,   357 
Nitens,  Pseudokermes,  178 
Nitida,  304 
Nitrariae,   437 
Nivalis,  195 
Nivea,  Albataspis,  290 
Nivea,   Monaonidiella,   446 
Niveaspis,    276 
Niveaspis,  Species  of,  296 
Noacki,   Platinglisia,    178 
Noacki,  Pseudoparlatoria,   314 
Nopal  plant,  100 
Nortoni,    147 
Notched,  228 
Notched  plates,  229 
Notches,   226 
Nucum,  357 
Nuda,   111 
Nudachaspis,  312 
Nudachaspis,   Species  of,  365 
Nudata,    Augulaspis,    353 
Nudatus,   Palaeococcus,   72 
Number  of  cerores,  238 
Number  pectinae,  230 
Number  plates,  230 
Nymphal  exuvia,  229 
Nymphal  pellicle,  239 
Nymphs,  7 
Nyssae,   351 


INDEX 


Oahuensis,  145 

Obanal  setae,  125 

Oblongus,    ostreaeformis,    410 

Obluctaspis,  311 

Obluctaspis,    Species   of,    361 

Obscura,  Aclerda,   182 

Obscura,   Aonidia,    464 

Obscurus,    Chrysomphalus,    420 

Obscuratus,  147 

Obtusaspis,  393 

Obtusaspis,   Species  of,   450 

Obtusum,  180 

Occidentals,  Arctorthezia,   114 

Occidentalis,  Kermes,  197 

Occidentalis,  Pulvinaria,   176 

Occulta,  427 

Oceanicus,  430 

Ocellala,   29 

Ocellana,  29,  221 

Ocellara,   29 

Ocellata,  286 

Ocelli,  30 

Octacerores,  27,  184 

Octaspidiotus,  387 

Octaspidiotus,   Species  of,   395 

Odinae,  373 

Odonaspis,   388 

Odonaspis,   Species  of,   423 

Odontoglossi,  407 

Ohioensis,   412 

Okadae,   73 

Olea,   Diaspis,   304 

Olea,   Syngenaspis,  248 

Oleae,  Fillipia,   176 

Oleae,   pinnaeformis,   284 

Oleae,  Saissetia,  180 

Olivacea,  Orthezia,  113 

Olivaceus,  Pseudococcus,  133 

Olliffia,   188,   190 

Olliffiella,  188,  190 

Olivina,  175 

Omnagenacerores,  237 

Opercularia,  160 

Opercula,  166 

Operculum,   161 

Opisthoscelis,   201,  204 

Opuntiaspis,  271,  276 

Opuntiaspis,  Species  of,   295 

Oraceratubae,   223 


Oraceroris,   27 
Orbacerores,   125,  161 
Oreodoxae,  458 
Organo   retrattile   anali,    161 
Orientalis,    408 
Orlando,    344 
Ornata,   Pulvinaria,   177 
Ornatum,   Stictolecanium,   180 
Orthezia,    110,    111 
Orthezia,   Species  of,   111 
Ortheziinae,  53,  56,  60 
Ortheziinae,  Genera  of,  110 
Ortheziinae,  Subfamily,  105 
Orthezioides,    144 
Ortheziola,    111,    114 
Ortholobis,  327 
Osborni,  Diaspidiotus,   413 
Osborni,  Phenacoccus,  143 
Osmanthi,  387 
Ostreata,  304 
Ostreaeformis,    410 
Ourococcus,  210,  211 
Outer  angle,  161 
Outer  margin,  161 
Oval  pores,   223 
Ovatus,  145 
Oxycoccus,   404 
Oyster-shell   Scales,   269 

Paenoniae,  454 

Palaelecanium,   180 

Palaeococcus,   69,  72 

Palette,  227 

Pallae,   227 

Fallens,  289 

Pallida,   gloverii,   283 

Pallidus,  71 

Palmae,    Asterolecanium,    189 

Palmae,  Furcaspis,  407 

Palmeri,   Eriococcus,   145 

Palmeri,  Icerya,   73 

Paludicoccus,   132,   147 

Pandani,  387 

Pangoenensis,   429 

Papillosus,   93 

Paraceroris,  27 

Parachionaspis,   309 

Parachionaspis,    Species    of,    354 

Paradensae,    235 


494 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Paradoxa,  460 
Parafairmairia,   172,   178 
Parafiorinia,   372 
Parafiorinia,   Species  of,  378 
Paragreenia,  78,  474 
Paralecanium,   174,   181 
Paranal  plates,  109 
Paranewsteadia,   391 
Paranewsteadia,   Species  of,   432 
Paraonidia,  394 
Paraonidia,  Species  of,   454 
Paraonidiella,  392 
Paraonidiella,  Species  of,   442 
Paraphyses,  227,  232 
Parasitica,  3 

Parastigmatic  glands,   159 
Parastigmatic  pores,  159 
Parigenitals,   236 
Parischnaspis,   276 
Parischnaspis,  Species  of,  295 
Parcispinosus,   145 
Parlatoroides,  Pseudoparlatoria, 
314 

Parlatoreoides,  Syngenaspis,  252 

Parlatoreopsis,   309 

Parlatoreopsis,  Species  of,  354 

Parlatoria,  248 

Parlatoriae,  249 

Parlatoria,  Species  of,  252 

Parlatoriini,   243 

Parlatoriini,   Genera  of,   248 

Parlatoriini,   Tribe,   245 

Parrotti,  Antonia,  146 

Parrotti,  dif finis,   438 

Parrottia,   394 

Parrottia,  Species  of,  458 

Partargionia,    394 

Partargionia,  Species  of,  458 

Parthenolecanium,   180 

Parva,  Diaspis,  323 

Parva,  Tachardiella,   154 

Parvicornis,  181 

Parvula,  Lictensia,  175 

Parvula,  Protodiaspis,  365 

Parvus,   Kuwanina,   147 

Patavina,  408 

Paulistus,   416 

Pectinae,  224,  229 

Pectinae,  formula,  230 


Pectinata,  408 
Pedronis,  419 
Pegtop  Coccids,   199 
Pe-la,   181 
Peli  semplici,  232 
Pellicles,   239 
Pelomphala,   392 
Pelomphala,  Species  of,  441 
Penicillata,  450 
Pentagona,  315 
Penzigi,  318 
Percerorsus,  133 
Perconvexum,    178 
Perforatus,  181 
Pergande,  81 

Pergandei,   Porococcus,   142 
Pergandei,  Syngenaspis,  250 
Perissopneumon,   71,   75 
Peritreme,  37,  124 
Perlonga,  279 
Perlusus,   452 
Permutans,  359 
Perniciosa,  438 
Perplexa,  Aonidia,   462 
Perplexus,    Eriococcus,    145 
Perpusilla,   256 
Perrisii,  Margarodes,   93 
Perrisii,  Trionymus,   138,   140 
Perryi,  196 
Perseae,  420 
Persearum,  403 
Persimilis,  316 
Personata,  442 
Pertinax,  74 
Petinii,  229 
Petrophilae,  250 
Pettiti,    Kermes,    198 
Pettiti,  Phenacoccus,   143 
Phantosura,    373 
Phaulaspis,    395 
Phaulaspis,   Species  of,   465 
Phaulomytilus,   276 
Phaulomytilus,  Species  of,  296 
Phenacaspis,   308 
Phenacaspis,   Species  of,   344 
Phenacoleachia,    117 
Phenacoleachiinae,   53,   56,   60 
Phenacoleachiinae,   Subfamily, 
115 


INDEX 


495 


Phenacoccus,    130,   142 

Phenacoccus,  Species  of,  142 

Phenax,  442 

Philephedra,    170,    176 

Philococcus,   295 

Phoenicococcus,   211 

Phoradendri,  Diaspis,  320 

Phoradendri,    Mesolecanium,    180 

Phoradendri,    Pseudococcus,    133 

Phormii,  387 

Phyllanthi,  Greenoidea,  446 

Phyllanthi,  pergandei,  250 

Phymatodidid,  289 

Physokermes,  175,  182 

Physopoda,  3 

Picea,  Aonidia,  463 

Piceae,  Physokermes,  182 

Piceus,  Diaspidiotus,  413 

Pilacerores,  27,  106 

Pili  simplices,  232 

Pilosa,  Coelostomidea,  86 

Pilosa,  Icerya,  73 

Pilosellus,  144 

Pimentae,   450 

Pinifoliae,    326 

Pini,  Leucaspis,  265 

Pini,  Poliaspis,   355 

Pinnaeformis,    284 

Pinnaspis,   275 

Pinnaspis,  Species  of,  290 

Pinnuliferus,   416 

Piperis,  284 

Piricola,  318 

Pirogallis,   147 

Pisai,   400 

Pistaciae,  268 

Pittospori,  253 

Planchonii,  304 

Planchonioides,   462 

Plaque  de  filieres,   236 

Platani,  Phenacaspis,  345 

Platani,   Stomacoccus,   79 

Plate,  formula,  230 

Plates,  224,  230 

Platinglisia,   172,   178 

Platysaissetia,    174,   181 

Plebeium,  178 

Plucheae,  Palaeococcus,  72 

Plucheae,  Pulvinaria,  177 


Pluridentatus,   fissidens,   428 

Poleii,  74 

Poliaspis,  309 

Poliaspis,  Species  of,  355 

Poliaspoides,    309 

Poliaspoides,  Species  of,   357 

Pollini,  189 

Pollinia,   188,   189 

Polonicus,   93 

Foils,  232 

Pols,  229 

Polygoni,  326 

Popularum,   414 

Porococcus,    129,    142 

Porogymnaspis,    248 

Porogymnaspis,    Species   of,    254 

Porterae,   141 

Portoricensis,    427 

Postanal  plates,  110 

Position  anus,  233 

Position  vulva,  233 

Posterior  lateral  group,  236 

Posterior  lateral  plates,  110 

Posterior  laterals,  236 

Postgenacerores,  236 

Postparadensa,   236 

Pothi,   445 

Praelonga,  Cooleyaspis,  353 

Praelonga,  Orthezia,  112 

Preabdomen,  35,  222,  300 

Preanal  plates,  109 

Pregenacerores,  236 

Preparadensa,  236 

Preparation,   11 

Primary  lobes,   227 

Primitiva,  72 

Privignus,  399 

Proboscidariae,  374 

Proceraspis,  312 

Proceraspis,  Species  of,  363 

Processes,  232 

Processi  chitenosi,   232 

Procoria,  1 

Prontaspis,  311 

Prontaspis,  Species  of,  359 

Propinqua,  rubra,  378 

Proposimus,  415 

Prosopidis,  Lecaniodiaspis,   189 

Prosopidis,  Pseudococcus,  138 


496 


THE    COCCIDAE 


Prosopidis,  Xerophilaspis,  465 
Protargionia,  306 
Protargionia,  Species  of,  324 
Proteae,  Separaspis,  427 
Proteus,  Syngenaspis,  251 
Protodiaspis,  312 
Protodiaspis,  Species  of,  364 
Protopulvinaria,    170,    176 
Provincialis,  436 
Pruinosa,   189 
Pruni,  juglans-regiae,  409 
Pruni,  Pulvinaria,  177 
Pseudaonidia,   394 
Pseudaonidia,   Species  of,   453 
Pseudaonidiella,   394 
Pseudaonidiella,  Species  of,  454 
Pseudaspidiotus,  255 
Pseudaspidistrae,   341 
Pseudaulacaspis,  305 
Pseudaulacaspis,    Species   of,    314 
Pseudinglisia,  213 
Pseudischnaspis,  388 
Pseudischnaspis,   Species  of,  421 
Pseudococcus,  127,  133 
Pseudococcus,   Species  of,  134 
Pseudodiaspis,  312 
Pseudodiaspis,  Species  of,  363 
Pseudogall  Coccids,   191 
Pseudohesperidum,  179 
Pseudokermes,  172,  178 
Pseudolobes,  227,  229 
Pseudonipiae,   133 
Pseudoparlatoria,   305 
Pseudoparlatoria,  Species  of,   314 
Pseudophillipia,   169,   176 
Pseudopulvinaria,   169,   176 
Pseudoripersia,  129,  141 
Pseudospinosa,   404 
Pseudotargionia,  389 
Pseudotargionia,    Species   of,    426 
Psidii,  177 
Psyllidae,  5 
Pubescens,  195 
Pugionifera,  361 
Pulchella,  Pulvinaria,   177 
Pulchella,  Pulvinella,  176 
Pulchellus,   Callococcus,   147,   189 
Plucher,  Palaeococcus,  72 
Pulchra,  Aonidia,  464 


Pulchra,  Protodiaspis,   365 
Pulvinaria,  176 
Pulvinaria,  Species  of,  177 
Pulvinata,  Nidularia,   147 
Pulvinella,  169,  176 
Pumilus,   456 
Punicae,  405 

Puparium,   229,  238,  240 
Purpurea,  146 
Purchasi,   63,  73 
Pusilla,  Actenaspis,   267 
Pusilla,  Aonidia,  463 
Pusillaspis,   262 
Pustulans,  Aspidiotus,  398 
Pustulans,    Asterolecanium,    189 
Pustulata,  154 
Putearia,  427 
Puto,  130,  144 
Pygidial   formula,    231 
Pygidial  fringe,  222,  226,  303 
Pygidial  incision,  234,  301 
Pygidial  margin,  226 
Pygidial  setae,  231 
Pygidial  Type,  47 
Pygidiaspis,   392 
Pygidiaspis,    Species   of,   447 
Pygidium,    35,    222,    300,    383 
Pygidium  deeply  concave,  234 
Pygidium  emarginate,  234 
Pygidium  indented,  234 
Pygidium  notched,  234 
Pyri,  Cryptoparlotoria,  254 
Pyri,  Epidiaspis,  318 
Pyriformis,   Pulvinaria,   177 
Pyriformis,  Triaspidis,  277 

Quadraspidiotus,  388 
Quadraspidiotus,    Species   of,    409 
Quadriclavatus,    414 
Quadrifasciata,    181 
Quaintancii,  Pseudococcus,   133 
Quaintancii,    Pseudophtllipia,  176 
Quercicola,   189 
Quercifex,   180 
Quercus,    192 
Quercus,  Cerococcus,  189 
Quercus,    Ericoccus,    145 
Quercus,  Fundaspis,  338 
Quercus,   Kuwania,    78 


INDEX 


497 


Quercus,    Xylococcus,    86 
Quiescent  period,  8,  10 

Raddoni,  74 

Radiata,  189 

Radicum,  142 

Radicum-gramina,   141 

Rapax,  435 

Rapid  method,  22 

Rattani,  197 

Rectal  spinnerets,  27 

Recurvata,  Mytilaspis,  272 

Recurvatum,    Hemilecanium,    181 

Regius,  403 

Regularis,  323 

Remotaspidiotus,    391 

Remotaspidiotus,    Species   of,   434 

Remotaspis,  311 

Remotaspis,  Species  of,  360 

Reniformis,   417 

Replicata,  439 

Reticulatus,    430 

Retigera,  332 

Rhizaspidiotus,   390 

Rhizaspidiotus,   Species  of,   430 

Rhizococcus,  130,  145 

Rhizoecus,  128,  141 

Rhizophila,  450 

Rhizophorae,  419 

Rhododendri,   342 

Rhois,  177 

Rhus  venix,  150 

Riccae,  265 

Rileyi,  Icerya,  73 

Rileyi,   Margarodes,   93 

Ringeyed  Coccids,  115 

Ripersia,   128,  141 

Ripersiella,  128,  140 

Ripersioides,  142 

Riverae,  423 

Rodrigueziae,  213 

Rombica,  290 

Rosae,  Aulacaspis,   316 

Rosae,   Chionaspis,  304 

Rosae,  Palaeococcus,   72 

Rosae,  Tachardiella,   154 

Roseotinctus,  133 

Rossi,   421 

Rostral  fold,  32 


Rostral  furrow,    31 
Rostralis,  32,   159,  221 
Rostrum,   31,  159,  221 
Rotundata,  154 
Rubellus,   179 

Ruber,   Gymnococcus,   141,   142 
Rubi,  Tetrura,  142 
Rubiginosus,   98 
Rubivorum,  142 
Rubra,   Parafiorinia,   378 
Rubra,  Tachardiella,  154 
Rubribullata,   387 
Rubrolineata,   377 
Rubrovittatus,    282 
Rubsaameni,   428 
Rufescens,   189 
Rufa,   Porogymnaspsis,   254 
Rufus,    Tollaspidiotus,    426 
Rugaspidiotus,   393 
Rugaspidiotus,  Species  of,  449 
Rugosa,  Edwallia,   178 
Rugosa,   Lecaniodiaspis,    189 
Rumicis,   140 
Rutherfordia,   306 
Rutherfordia,  Species  of,  323 
Ryani,   135 

Sabalis,  423 
Sacchari,   405 
Sacchari-folii,  304 
Salicicola,  262,  263 
Salicicola,   Species  of,   267 
Salicis,   329 
Salicis-nigrae,  330 
Salinus,    Cryptoripersia,    141 
Salinus,  Ericoccus,  145 
Salinus,  Pseudococcus,  138 
Saissetia,  173,  180 
Saissetia,  Species  of,  180 
Sallei,  Capsulina,   211 
Sallei,  Neolecanium,  178 
Salmonacea,   141 
Samoana,   Lindingaspis,    422 
Samoana,   Phenacaspis,   346 
Santali,  387 
Saprosmae,  376 
Sassceri,   Chionaspis,   329 
Sassceri,  Kermes,  198 
Saundersii,   71 


498 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Saurefuchsin,  20 

Scales,   158,    201,   213,   238,    298, 

381 

Scaly  hairs,  229 
Schizaspis,   394,   456 
Schizaspis,    Species   of,    456 
Schizochlamidia,  172,  178 
Schizostachyi,  459 
Schrottkyi,  73 
Schultzei,  456 
Sclopetaspis,  307 
Sclopetaspis,  Species  of,   324 
Scobinaspis,  274 
Scobinaspis,   Species  of,    286 
Scrobicularum,   Hemichionaspis, 

341 

Scrobicularum,    Trullifiorinia,  377 
Scrupulaspis,  274 
Scrupulaspis,  Species  of,  287 
Scutare,  213,  215,  216 

Scutiae,   354 
Scutiformis,  418 

Secreta,  Adiscofiorinia,   379 

Secreta,  Odonaspis,  423 

Secretus,   Pseudococcus,    133 

Second  exuvia,   239 

Second  exuvium,  239 

Second  incisura,  227 

Second  lateral  lobe,  228 

Second  lobe,   228 

Second  pair  lobes,  228 

Segmentation,  27,  35 

Segregatus,  133 

Selenaspidus,   385,   394 

Selenaspidus,  Species  of,  451 

Semelaspidus,   393 

Semelaspidus,   Species  of,   451 

Semiocculata,   190 

Semilunar  marginal  pores,  223 

Senegalensis,  322 

Senex,  74 

Sentali,  304 

Separaspis,  390 

Separaspis,  Species  of,  427 

Separata,  340 

Sequoiae,    136 

Serrate,  228 

Serrated  ducts,  229 

Serrate  plates,  229 


Serratulae,   73 

Serratus,  ancylus,  411 

Serrata,  Aspidiotus,   387 

Serrata,  Ripersia,  141 

Serrei,  74 

Serrifrons,  287 

Serrulata,   314 

Serrulate  plates,  229 

Setae,  26 

Setiger,    415 

Setosus,   133 

Seurati,  438 

Sexes,  7 

Seychellarum,  73 

Shastae,   432 

Shastensis,  196 

Signata,  375 

Signoret,  40 

Signoreti,  Leucaspis,   265 

Signoreti,    Ortheziola,    114 

Sikkimensis,   176 

Silvaticus,  455 

Silvestri,  145 

Simillimus,   Aspidiotus,   401 

Simillima,  Lichtensia,   175 

Simillis,   376 

Simplex,  articulatus,  452 

Simplex,  hederae,  400 

Simplex,  Natalaspis,  354 

Simplex,  Phenacoccus,  142 

Simplex,  Poliaspoides,   357 

Simplex,  Pseudococcus,   133 

Simulans,  177' 

Silveirai,    178 

Sinensis,  175 

Singularis,   211 

Sinistraspis,  309 

Sinistraspis,  Species  of,  353 

Sinoran  Coccids,  76 

Siphones,  89 

Siphonodontis,   290 

Situlaspis,   311 

Situlaspis,   Species  of,   361 

Sjostedti,  Monophlebus,  71 

Sjostedi,  Stictococcus,  75 

Slow  method,  17 

Smilacis,  445 

Smithii,  139 

Socialis,  Antonia,  146 


INDEX 


499 


Socialis,  Conchaspis,  216 
Socotrana,  449 
Solani,   Phenacoccus,   143 
Solani,  Pseudococcus,  133 
Solacerores,  237 
Solenopsis,   142 
Solus,  414 
Solidaginis,  113 
Sonorensis,   Orthezia,  112 
Sonorensis,   Toumeyella,    181 
Sophorae,   387 
Sorghiellus,   135 
Spartinae,  325 
Spathulata,    296 
Spatulata,  463 
Specialized  Coccidae,   47 
Specialized   Diaspidinae,    241 
Spermococcus,  168,  175 
Sphaerococcopsis,   210,  211 
Sphaerococcus,   132,   147,   206 
Sphaerolecanium,   180 
Sphaerioides,  420 
Spinae,  159,  187 
Spinaspidiotus,   390 
Spinaspidiotus,   Species  of,   428 
Spine  ducts,  230 
Spines,  106,  232 
Spinifera,  Berlesaspis,   289 
Spiniferus,  Cylindrococcus,   211 
Spiniger,  433 
Spinnerets,  159,  223,  236 
Spinnerets  of  spiracles,  159 
Spiniferus,  142 
Spinomarginata,   256 
Spinosissima,    461 
Spinosa,   Berlesaspis,   289 
Spinosus,  Aspidiotus,   398 
Spinosus,  Eriochitin,   175 
Spinulae,  26 

Spinulosa,  Luzulaspis,   175 
Spinulosa,   Pulvinaria,   177 
Spiracerores,    151,   159 
Spiracles,    36 

Spiracular  depressions,   160 
Spiracular  grooves,   160 
Spiracularia,  37,  64 
Spiracular  setae,  160 
Spiracular  spines,  160 
Sporoboli,   141 


Spuria,   145 

Squamae,  229 

Squameaux,  229 

Squames,   229 

Squamosus,    304 

Stachyos,  142,  143 

Staining,  19 

Stantophri,  326 

Stebbingii,   75 

Steelii,  136,  140 

Steingelia,  78 

Stellifera,   177 

Stick-lac,   152 

Stictococcus,  71,  75 

Stictolecanium,  173,  180 

Stigmacoccus,   70,    74 

Stigmata,  36 

Stigmatic  aperatures,  153 

Stigmatic  clefts,  160,  221 

Stigmatic  process,  151 

Stigmatic  spines,   160 

Stilosa,    323 

Stomacoccus,  78,  79 

Stotzia,   168,   175 

Strachani,  Lagiosinia,  178 

Strachani,  minor,  343 

Striata,  Lineaspis,   340 

Striata,   Phaulomytilius,   296 

Striata,  Stotzia,  175 

Stricta,  264 

Stringaspidiotus,  393 

Stringaspidiotus,    Species   of,    451 

Strobilanthi,   350 

Subandina,  73 

Subapical  setae,  163 

Subcircular  scars,  65 

Subcorticalis,    352 

Subcuticularis,    444 

Subdorsal  keels,  109,  110 

Subdorsal  plates,  109,  110 

Suberi,  vitis,  448 

Submarginal   setae,   231 

Submarginal  tubercles,   158 

Subnudata,  354 

Subrubescens,  395 

Subsimilis,   440 

Substriata,   362 

Subterranea,  Epidiaspis,   304 

Subterraneus,    Pseudococcus,    133 


500 


THE   COCCIDAE 


Superbus,  142 
Supplementary  scales,   110 
Suturaspis,   262,   264 
Suturaspis,   Species  of,   267 
Sutures,  222 
Sylvatica,  338 
Sylvestris,  147 
Syncarpiae,   463 
Syngenaspis,  246,  247 
Syngenaspis,   Species  of,  248 
Synopsis  of  the  Diaspidinae,   241 
Syriaca,   320 

Tachardia,  153,  154 
Tachardiella,  153,  154 
Tachardiinae,  53,  56,  61,  148 
Tachardiinae,  Genera  of,   153 
Tachardiinae,   Subfamily,    148 
Tachardina,  154 
Tafiranus,   406 
Takahashia,   170,   177 
Tamarinda,   75 
Tangalla,  73 
Tangana,  348 
Taorensis,  436 
Taprobana,  444 
Targaspidiotus,   392 
Targaspidiotus,  Species  of,   446 
Targionia,  393 
Targionia,  Species  of,  447 
Targionidea,  393 
Targionidea,  Species  of,  449 
Targioniopsis,  460 
Targioni  Tozzetti,  40 
Tasmaniae,  398 
Taxa,  443 
Taxicola,  304 
Taxifoliae,  182 
Tayabana,   445 
Tectaria,    425 
Tectococcus,  131,  145 
Tectonae,  436 
Tectopulvinaria,  170,  176 
Tegalensis,  304 
Telson,  110 
Temnaspidiotus,  387 
Temnaspidiotus,    Species    of,    403 
Tenebricosa,  443 
Tentorium,    159 


Tenuiaspis,  308 

Tenuiaspis,   Species  of,   339 

Tenuidisculis,   360 

Tenuior,   281 

Tenuipes,  141 

Tenuis,    375 

Terminaliae,  179 

Termitococcus,  129,  141 

Terrestris,  141 

Tessalata,    Lecaniodiaspis,    189 

Tesselatus,  Eucalymnatus,  181 

Tesserae,    163 

Tesserata,   458 

Tessarobelus,   70,   74 

Test,  151,  152,  165,  185 

Tetrura,  142 

Texanus,    Rhizococcus,    145 

Texensis,  Diaspis,  322 

Texensis,  Pseudococcus,  133 

Theae,  Duplaspidiotus,  454 

Theae,   Eriochitin,    175 

Theae,  Fiorinia,   375 

Theae,    Hemichionaspis,    342 

Theae,  Syngenaspis,  249 

Thickened  lateral  margin,  226 

Thickenings  body-wall,   232 

Third  incisure,  227 

Third  lateral  lobe   228 

Third  lobe,   228 

Third  pair  lobes,  228 

Theobromiae,    72 

Thoracic  cerari,   122 

Thoracic  spiracles,   221 

Thorax,  33 

Tiliae,   177 

Timberlakei,    134 

Tinctorius,   142 

Tinerfensis,   437 

Tinsleyi,  Eriococcus,  145 

Tinsleyi,  Pulvinaria,  17,7 

Tokionis,   182 

Tollaspidiotus,   389 

Tollaspidiotus,  Species  of,  425 

Tomentosus,  103 

Tools,  14 

Tortoise  Scales,  155 

Toumeyella,   175,   181 

Toumeyi,   316 

Townsendi,    Asterolecanium,    189 


INDEX 


501 


Townsendi,   Cockerellella,   75 
Townsendi,  Diaspis,   321 
Townsendi,    Hemichionaspis,    344 
Townsendi,   Palaeococcus,   72 
Townsendi,  Pseudococcus,  133 
Townsendi,    Quadraspidiotus,    409 
Townsendiana,   293 
Trabuti,  Hemiberlesia,  437 
Trabutina,  130,  144 
Transcaspiensis,    440 
Translucens,    401 
Transparens,   401 
Transverse    pilacerores,    109 
Transverse  plate,  109 
Transverse   thickenings,    235 
Travancorensis,  279 
Triaspidis,   273 
Triaspidis,  Species  of,  276 
Trichomytilus,   273 
Trichomytilus,  Species  of,  276 
Tricerores,   27,   121 
Trichura,   141 
Tricolor,    439 
Tridentata,   465 
Trifolii,  139 
Triglandulosa,    451 
Triloba,  216 
Trilobitiformis,  453 
Trimeni,  93 
Trinacis,  304 
Trinotatus,  198 
Trionymus,    127,    138 
Trionymus,  Species  of,  139 
Trivittata,   141 
Troglodytes,    181 
Trullae,    227 
Trullifiorinia,    372 
Trullifiorinia,   Species  of,   375 
Truncaspidiotus,    390 
Truncaspidiotus,    Species   of,    431 
Tsugae,   407 

Tubercularis,  Aulacaspis,  317 
Tuberculatum,    Neolecanium,    178 
Tuberculatus,   Pulvinaria,   177 
Tubular  dermal  glands,  185 
Tubular  glands,   185 
Tubular  spinnerets,   223 
Tubuli,   223 
Tuliparum,   133 


Tumida,  374 
Turgida,  182 
Turgipes,  141 
Tylococcus,  127,  140 

Uberifera,  253 

Uhleri,    72 

Uhleria,   369 

Uhlerian,  Scales,  367,  368 

Ulmi,    Hendaspidiotus,    440 

Ulmi,  Lepidosaphes,  285 

Ulmicola,   ficifolii,   283 

Ultima,   112 

Ultracoelostoma,   86,   87 

Umbaspis,   306 

Umbaspis,  Species  of,  323 

Umbonatus,   177 

Umboniferus,   417 

Unachionaspis,   307 

Unachionaspis,   Species  of,   337 

Unacoria,  1 

Unapectinae,    230 

Unaspidiotus,  387 

Unaspidiotus,   Species  of,   405 

Unaspis,  308 

Unaspis,  Species  of,  339 

Undulatus,  432 

Ungulaspis,   274 

Ungulaspis,  Species  of,   286 

Ungulata,  286 

Ungual    digitules,    159 

Unicolor,   286 

Unilateralis,  353 

Uniloba,  292 

Unilobus,   434 

Upper  group,   236 

Upper  lateral  group,  236 

Urbicola,    177 

Urichi,  Neolecanium,  178 

Urichi,   Asterolecanium,    189 

Urticae,  113 

Uviae,   412 

Uvariae,  342 

Vaginal  aeroles,   65 
Vaginal  discs,  65 
Vaginal   opening,   233 
Valve  anali,  161 
Valve  of  operculum,   161 


502 


THE    COCCIDAE 


Varians,    397 

Varicaspis,  390 

Varicaspis,  Species  of,  431 

Varicosa,    346 

Variolosum,  189 

Vagabundus,  402 

Vejdovskyi,    114 

Ventralabia,  123 

Ventralis,   179 

Ventral  glands,  236 

Ventral  grouped  glands,  236 

Ventral  pilacerores,   109 

Ventral  plates,   109 

Ventral  scale,  239 

Ventral  scars,   65 

Ventral  setae,  231 

Ventral  thickenings,  162,  235 

Versiculaspis,    312 

Versiculaspis,   Species  of,   364 

Viburni,  175 

Victoriae,  intermedia,  287 

Villosa,   Ripersia,   141 

Villosa,  Trionymus,   139 

Vinsonia,  171,  177 

Virescens,   396 

Virgatus,  133 

Viridis,  Carpochloroides,  211 

Viridis,  Greeniella,  462 

Viridis,  Lecanium,  179 

Viridis,  Syngenaspis,  251 

Viridis,   theae,   249 

Viridula,  Ripersia,   141 

Viridulum,    Asterolecanium,    189 

Visci,  Diaspis,  304 

Visci,  Phenacaspis,  350 

Vitiensis,  Aspidiotus,  399 

Vitiensis,  Diaspis,  304 

Vitis,  Chionaspis,  326 

Vitis,  Pulvinaria,   177 

Vitis,  Targionia,  447 

Vitium,   Margarodes,   93 

Vuilleti,    Hendaspidiotus,    440 

Vuilleti,  Lophococcus,   74 

Vuilleti,    Marchalaspis,    363 

Vulva,  36,  162,  233 


Wairoensis,  86 

Waldeni,   197 

Walkeriana,   70,   74 

Washing,   18 

Wax,  223 

Wax  ducts,  223,   224 

Wax  glands,  236 

Websteriella,  247 

Wedge-shaped  plates,  110 

Westwoodii,  98 

Wheeleri,   133 

White-shield  Scales,   258,   260 

Wilga,    287 

Wilmattae,  142 

Wistariae,   349 

Wroughtoni,    147 

Xanthopthalma,  312 
Xanthopthalma,   Species  of,    366 
Xanthorrhoeae,   336 
Xerophilaspis,    395 
Xerophilaspis,   Species  of,   465 
Xylococcinae,  53,  55,  59 
Xylococcinae,   Genera  of,    85 
Xylococcinae,    Subfamily,    80 
Xylococcus,  85 
Xylococcus,   Species  of,   86 

Yuccae,   Ceroputo,   144 
Yuccae,  Fonscolombia,  141 
Yuccae,  Lecaniodiaspis,  189 
Yuccae,  Neosignoretia,  424 
Yuccarum,   447 
Yulupae,    424 

Zamiae,  358 

Zapotlanum,  Erium,  140 
Zapotlana,  Lichtensia,   175 
Zealandica,  Coelostomidea,   86 
Zealandica,    Phenacoleachia,    117 
Zeteki,  73 
Zeylanica,   78 
Zimmermanni,  75 
Zizyphi,   252 
Zonata,  409 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

194 

WAY    19   195 


Form  L-9-15m-2,'S 


liliilii 

AA    000796842    3 


AGRIC.    DEFT 

QL 


